id_phr cluster TU gtf_idf gtf energy phr 26 0_CONCLUSION UT=000229157800004 38.7113 19 349 The structural model was tested on two separate technology clusters, and partial support was found for linking sophistication in information search, and prior technology ownership to technological innovativeness. 8 0_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200006 39.6224 18 309 These latter two findings suggest that Belief in Community Connection serves as both a facilitator and inhibitor of community network use depending on whether belief is followed by intention. 14 0_CONCLUSION UT=000226681300003 21.4189 13 175 Our findings have several implications for research and technology management practices in law enforcement, which are also discussed. 21 0_CONCLUSION UT=000085526300002 17.2209 8 74 For some, use was constrained by perceptions that they needed to have more knowledge or understanding in order to use the Internet better. 9 0_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200006 1.67918 2 15 Implications are discussed. 17 0_METHOD UT=000085526300002 171.938 90 6351 The authors describe the three stages in the research: identification of elements of an analytical framework; testing of a behavioral intention model of Internet use based on the theory of planned behavior, and use of the model to identify attitudes to the Internet, social influences on Internet use, perceived control of Internet use, and changes in these factors as the Internet became more widely known. 4 0_METHOD UT=000233478200006 115.158 60 3447 The final selected model, which was called the community network use model, included seven predictors of use: three behavioral beliefs (i.e., Learning, Social Interactions, and Community Connection), Normative Beliefs Individuals, Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Intention. 18 0_METHOD UT=000085526300002 60.1167 28 1539 They observed that learners ' intended uses of the Internet became more specific between 1994 and1996. While the influence of the media and the general community increased in this period, attitudes remained relatively stable. 11 0_METHOD UT=000226681300003 88.4258 30 1048 Motivated by the significance of ISI in law enforcement ( particularly in the digital government context) and the limited investigations of officers ' technology-acceptance decision-making, we developed and empirically tested a factor model for explaining law-enforcement officers ' technology acceptance. 3 0_METHOD UT=000233478200006 37.4369 17 674 The developed structural equation model ( SEM) was tested using a sample of 417 users of a community network. 5 0_METHOD UT=000233478200006 27.5353 14 652 In particular, Intention moderated the relationships between Use and the other six variables. 23 0_METHOD UT=000229157800004 37.1121 11 217 The current study focuses on the personality factors that determine the likelihood of adoption of a technological innovation. 12 0_METHOD UT=000226681300003 35.4502 10 160 Specifically, our empirical examination targeted the COPLINK technology and involved more than 280 police officers. 24 0_METHOD UT=000229157800004 38.3191 9 83 To that end, the study distinguishes between global innovativeness and context-specific innovativeness. 10 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000226681300003 65.6738 28 726 The importance of Intelligence and Security Informatics ( ISI) has significantly increased with the rapid and large-scale migration of local/ national security information from physical media to electronic platforms, including the Internet and information systems. 1 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200006 38.5492 17 308 Understanding users ' attitudes and perceptions and their influence on behavior is crucial to predict the use of community information and communication technology. 16 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300002 38.3732 17 305 Data were collected through a short open-ended electronic mail survey delivered to participants in Internet training courses held in Iceland over a three-year period. 2 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200006 38.5492 17 286 In this study, the authors attempt to uncover this process by elaborating onI. Ajzen 's ( 1985, 1991) theory of planned behavior ( TPB), a widely applied social behavior model. 15 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300002 24.7351 14 222 This longitudinal study, carried out between November 1993 and 1998, investigated the reasons that adult learners in Iceland gave for wanting to learn about the Internet, and their attitudes to it. 22 0_OBJECTIVE UT=000229157800004 22.4728 7 49 An, innovator 's personality along with the perceived attributes of an innovation predicts the rate of diffusion. 7 0_RESULT UT=000233478200006 40.6258 32 916 Belief in Community Connection was indirectly and positively related to community network use via Intention; Belief in Community Connection was directly and negatively related to Use. 6 0_RESULT UT=000233478200006 33.7702 23 637 Further, beliefs in both Community Connection and Social Interactions were directly related to community network use, as was Attitude. 25 0_RESULT UT=000229157800004 45.7665 18 294 An information processing model was tested where technological innovativeness was purported to be indirectly influenced by an individual 's global innovativeness, through its impact on communication and media use behaviors. 13 0_RESULT UT=000226681300003 34.5179 12 150 Overall, our model shows a good fit to the data collected and exhibits satisfactory power for explaining law-enforcement officers ' technology acceptance decisions. 19 0_RESULT UT=000085526300002 24.8867 9 90 Participants found the Internet interesting and useful, with positive advantages over other media. 20 0_RESULT UT=000085526300002 5.6243 3 24 They were positively disposed toward it: as a source of information. 114 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900006 191.512 39 1405 Second, to construct the user space model of users ' representation of images, which is then combined with the document space model to eliminate mismatch between the page author 's expression and the user 's understanding and expectation. 92 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500010 142.671 37 1231 Of particular interest to the authors is the expansion of work by researchers in image indexing to include image content based feature extraction capabilities in their work. 30 10_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400003 124.092 33 1038 Although researchers using the content-based approach actively communicated with colleagues from the same group, collaboration between the different clusters of scientists should be further promoted and encouraged to advance research and development in image indexing and retrieval. 80 10_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400003 70.2254 33 1017 Implications for image indexing tools and image retrieval system design are proposed. 39 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500007 139.608 28 810 The application of this methodology to the Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials produced 768 representations that supported users of a prototype browsing-based retrieval system in searching large, indexed photograph collections. 45 10_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100008 204.075 28 782 Congruence was greater for image-based surrogates than for text-based surrogates overall, while congruence between text-based surrogates and videos was greatest when a specific task was introduced. 87 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500009 112.343 26 715 The experiments performed suggest that the Pyramid is conceptually robust (i.e., can accommodate a full range of attributes), and that it can be used to organize visual content for retrieval, to guide the indexing process, and to classify descriptions obtained manually and automatically. 100 10_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 124.687 27 707 The findings indicate that a hypertext index with multiple access points for each concept, all linked to the same resource, led to greater effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval on almost all measures. 57 10_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 88.9977 24 645 Implications for the development of models for visual information retrieval, and for the design of Web search engines are discussed. 35 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500008 57.1294 21 593 This provides a rich superstructure for the meaningful retrieval of images by their semantic contents. 101 10_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 127.069 22 508 Satisfaction measures were more variable, The study offers insight into potential improvements in the design of Web-based indexes and provides preliminary assessment of the validity of the measures employed. 115 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900006 116.91 18 366 Third, to discover the relationship between low-level and high-level features, which is extremely useful for assigning the low-level features ' weights in similarity assessment. 58 10_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 45.1326 15 225 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 73 10_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400002 45.1326 15 225 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 81 10_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400003 45.1326 15 225 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 56 10_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 89.4307 12 156 We contrast this to earlier work byP.G.B. Enser, Journal of Documentation 51 ( 2) ( 1995) 126-170, who examined written queries for pictorial information in a non-digital environment. 64 10_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900009 58.455 9 118 When use in conjunction with vectors, our method displays improved efficiency when querying large databases. 52 10_METHOD UT=000167008800007 509.803 180 18223 We provide data on: ( 1) image queries - the number of queries and the number of search terms per user, ( 2) image search sessions - the number of queries per user, modifications made to subsequent queries in a session, and ( 3) image terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. 103 10_METHOD UT=000167198000007 220.698 84 6959 They were required to finish a term paper including at least 20 images, The participants ' image queries were collected by pre- and postsearch questionnaires, and three human reviewers mapped these queries into the previously identified features. 51 10_METHOD UT=000167008800007 138.587 75 6647 Twenty-eight terms were used to identify queries for both still and moving images, resulting in a subset of33,149 image queries by 9855 users. 84 10_METHOD UT=000170707500009 339.286 87 6317 Various experiments are presented, which address the Pyramid 's ability to achieve several tasks: ( 1) classification of terms describing image attributes generated in a formal and an informal description task, ( 2) classification of terms that result from a structured approach to indexing, and ( 3) guidance in the indexing process. 90 10_METHOD UT=000170707500010 139.229 59 4818 This article proposes a number of methods to utilize image primitives to support term assignment for image classification. 49 10_METHOD UT=000167008800007 116.204 51 3698 This study examined visual information needs as expressed in users ' Web image queries. 83 10_METHOD UT=000170707500009 468.964 59 3262 The structure, which was developed from empirical research in several fields (e.g., Computer Science, Psychology, Information Studies,etc.), classifies visual attributes into a " Pyramid " containing four syntactic levels ( type/ technique, global distribution, local structure, composition), and six semantic levels ( generic, specific, and abstract levels of both object and scene, respectively). 50 10_METHOD UT=000167008800007 152.386 32 2763 The data set examined consisted of1,025,908 sequential queries from211,058 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 76 10_METHOD UT=000169989400003 57.6729 32 2574 They were required to finish a term paper including at least 20 images. 77 10_METHOD UT=000169989400003 140.856 39 2317 The participants ' image retrieval tasks were collected by pre- and post-search questionnaires, and a post-search interview. 109 10_METHOD UT=000170123900006 72.5863 33 2309 The system can also serve as a Web image search engine. 37 10_METHOD UT=000170707500007 126.82 34 2286 A principled approach to this task is to organize the subject terms by their relationship to activity contexts that are commonly understood among users. 108 10_METHOD UT=000170123900006 128.701 40 2235 In this article, we present an effective approach to and a prototype system for image retrieval from the Internet using Web mining. 110 10_METHOD UT=000170123900006 99.0548 36 2082 One of the key ideas in the approach is to extract the text information on the Web pages to semantically describe the images. 96 10_METHOD UT=000088865500002 351.786 45 1833 By employing index usability metrics developed by Liddy and Jorgensen ( 1993; Jorgensen & Liddy, 1996) and modified to accommodate a hypertext environment, the study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of 20 subjects who used one existing index ( the A-Z index on the FedStats Web site at http: / /www. 60 10_METHOD UT=000170123900009 105.076 28 1666 The comparisons that determine similarity between images depend on the representations of the features and the definition of appropriate distance function. 89 10_METHOD UT=000170707500010 46.7327 22 1494 However, human beings often prefer to locate images using words. 32 10_METHOD UT=000170707500008 279.327 36 1447 We propose a structure for natural language descriptions of the semantic content of visual materials that requires descriptions to be ( modified) keywords, phrases, or simple sentences, with components that are grammatical relations common to many languages. 33 10_METHOD UT=000170707500008 153.262 24 1266 This structure makes it easy to implement a collection 's descriptions as a relational database, enabling efficient search via the application of well-developed database-indexing methods. 95 10_METHOD UT=000088865500002 126.241 25 930 The exploratory study reported on here investigates one specific component of a Web site-the index structure. 42 10_METHOD UT=000167098100008 111.091 17 807 The basic factor considered is the ability of a surrogate to enable users to make the same distinctions that they would make given the actual video. 69 10_METHOD UT=000169989400002 145.601 24 762 Fifty participants completed an unconstrained sorting task in which they were asked to sort into groups 47 documents associated with the voluminous work A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens. 28 10_METHOD UT=000171050400003 112.148 21 682 The study confirms that there exist in this rapidly growing field two distinctive research groups employing the content-based and description-based approaches, respectively. 41 10_METHOD UT=000167098100008 101.184 15 495 Of primary concern is evaluating the representativeness of different types of surrogates for various tasks. 70 10_METHOD UT=000169989400002 125.542 20 493 Participants were asked to group documents based on how similar they were to each other and such that the groups would help them to remember how to find them at a later time. 66 10_METHOD UT=000167309100002 102.482 12 314 Acquisition, indexing and thesauri, publishing and dissemination and the document management industry are also addressed. 61 10_METHOD UT=000170123900009 128.828 14 262 Most of the research literature uses vectors as the predominate representation given the rich theory of vector spaces. 97 10_METHOD UT=000088865500002 13.9292 2 47 fedstats. 74 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400003 189.169 117 7775 This project applied Jorgensen 's three image retrieval tasks ( 1995) and Enser 's four models of image retrieval ( 1995) to investigate end-users ' image retrieval tasks and image query modes in the field of art history. 59 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900009 84.6729 69 4150 Content-based image retrieval is based on the idea of extracting visual features from image and using them to index images in a database. 102 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000007 183.112 54 3185 This study investigates end-users ' image queries by comparing the features of the queries to those identified in previous studies by Enser and McGregor ( 1992), Jorgensen ( 1995), and Fidel ( 1997), Twenty-nine college students majoring in art history were recruited. 27 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400003 87.3188 38 2037 Documents relevant to the subject of image indexing and retrieval, obtained from the SCI and SSCI databases, were examined and analyzed. 88 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500010 82.0169 37 2016 The use of primitive content features of images for classification and retrieval has matured over the past decade. 40 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100008 45.6832 34 1829 This article is concerned with the problem of representing moving images for information retrieval. 36 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500007 121.558 33 1511 To support browsing-based subject access to image collections, it is necessary to provide users with networks of subject terms that are organized in an intuitive, richly interconnected manner. 82 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500009 83.9821 31 1476 This article presents exploratory research evaluating a conceptual structure for the description of visual content of images. 105 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900006 106.26 29 1355 The popularity of digital images is rapidly increasing due to improving digital imaging technologies and convenient availability facilitated by the Internet. 48 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 161.139 38 1212 Little research has examined how people search for non-textual information on the Internet, and few large-scale studies has investigated visual information-seeking behavior with general-purpose Web search engines. 107 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900006 51.2253 25 1191 The main reason is that the Web images are usually not annotated using semantic descriptors. 68 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400002 129.902 29 1181 This paper investigates the ways in which people group or categorize documents associated with a voluminous work to guide the construction of organized displays for information retrieval systems ( IRSs). 106 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900006 34.4646 21 1107 However, how to find user-intended images from the Internet is nontrivial. 47 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 78.4033 26 1086 The vast majority of these studies have concentrated on the area of textual information retrieval ( IR). 65 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167309100002 108.937 23 927 Present and possible future developments in the techniques of document management are reviewed, the major ones being text retrieval and scanning and OCR. 75 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400003 63.0985 15 658 Twenty-six undergraduate students majoring in art history were recruited in this study. 93 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 71.5532 19 442 portant area of research as Web sites proliferate and problems with use are noted. 46 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 60.756 16 391 A growing body of research is beginning to explore the information-seeking behavior of Web users. 94 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 84.8565 16 306 Generally, aspects of Web sites that have been investigated focus on such areas as overall design and navigation. 31 10_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500008 101.977 13 214 Keyword search of multimedia collections lacks precision and automatic parsing of unrestricted natural language annotations lacks accuracy. 104 10_RESULT UT=000167198000007 580.846 78 5270 Enser and McGregor 's categories of Unique and Nonunique, and Jorgensen 's classes of Location, Literal Object, Art Historical Information, People, and People-Related Attributes received high degrees of matching by three reviewers, This finding can be applied to add more details to Enser and McGregor 's four categories ( Unique, Nonunique, Unique with refiners, and Nonunique with refiners) and to regroup Jorgensen 's 12 classes of image attributes. 85 10_RESULT UT=000170707500009 143.557 50 2026 Several descriptions, generated by naive users and indexers, are used in experiments that include two image collections: a random Web sample, and a set of news images. 111 10_RESULT UT=000170123900006 97.4293 46 1782 The text description is then combined with other low-level image features in the image similarity assessment. 38 10_RESULT UT=000170707500007 169.5 44 1728 This article describes a methodology for creating networks of subject terms by manually representing a large number of common-sense activities that are broadly related to image subject terms. 78 10_RESULT UT=000169989400003 231.421 40 1513 There was a significant difference between the mean number of search keywords or phrases participants planned to use and the mean number of search keywords or phrases they actually used. 54 10_RESULT UT=000167008800007 102.56 36 1485 Image queries contained a large number of unique terms. 63 10_RESULT UT=000170123900009 114.652 34 1313 In this paper, we propose similarity measures and an indexing algorithm based on information theory that permits an image to be represented as a single number. 53 10_RESULT UT=000167008800007 115.74 35 1299 On average, there were3.36 image queries per user containing an average of3.74 terms per query. 79 10_RESULT UT=000169989400003 235.171 35 1256 The study found a significant relationship between the level of success for the search results and the percentage of search keywords or phrases drawn from the topic title or topic description participants planned to use. 43 10_RESULT UT=000167098100008 217.877 37 1187 To explore this issue, four types of video surrogates were created and compared under two tasks, Multidimensional scaling ( MDS) was used to map the dimensional dispersions of users ' judgments of similarity between videos and similarity between surrogates. 55 10_RESULT UT=000167008800007 98.0008 32 1183 The most frequently occurring image related terms appeared less than 10 % of the time, with most terms occurring only once. 113 10_RESULT UT=000170123900006 127.447 30 1127 First, the accuracy of the document space model of image representation obtained from the Web pages is improved by removing clutter and irrelevant text information. 86 10_RESULT UT=000170707500009 106.578 30 1092 To test descriptions generated in a structured setting, an Image Indexing Template ( developed independently over several years of this project by one of the authors) was also used. 112 10_RESULT UT=000170123900006 112.179 29 1000 Another main contribution of this work is that we apply data mining on the log of users ' feedback to improve image retrieval performance in three aspects. 91 10_RESULT UT=000170707500010 87.0472 26 865 Further, the authors propose to release code for image analysis in a common tool set for other researchers to use. 62 10_RESULT UT=000170123900009 135.944 23 658 While vectors are an extremely useful representation, their use in large databases may be prohibitive given their usually large dimensions and similarity functions. 34 10_RESULT UT=000170707500008 105.453 15 334 Description components may be elements from external resources ( thesaurus, ontology, database, or knowledge base). 71 10_RESULT UT=000169989400002 85.4426 15 313 Data collected from the sorting task were summarized using cluster analysis, employed to discover common groupings created by participants. 29 10_RESULT UT=000171050400003 85.9219 11 192 However, research in the content-based domain is currently dominating in the field, while the other approach has less visibility. 99 10_RESULT UT=000088865500002 32.5028 7 172 User satisfaction with the indexes was also evaluated. 44 10_RESULT UT=000167098100008 61.1739 8 151 Congruence between these maps was used to evaluate the representativeness of each type of surrogate. 72 10_RESULT UT=000169989400002 65.0992 8 141 Groupings discovered frequently shared physical format, language, and audience attributes. 98 10_RESULT UT=000088865500002 53.3723 7 87 gov) and three experimental variants to complete five researcher-generated tasks. 67 10_RESULT UT=000167309100002 30.3001 3 9 The emerging standards are reviewed and the impact of the Internet is analysed. 156 11_CONCLUSION UT=000250259400005 549.331 148 14081 The authors argue that this result is significant in that the identification of search outcome metrics will pave the way for assessing the effectiveness of site specific search engines and a greater understanding of the effectiveness of search engine functionality. 416 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000005 620.2 160 13799 Additionally, the searching characteristics of Web users are compared and contrasted with users of traditional information retrieval and online public access systems to discover if there is a need for more studies that focus predominantly or exclusively on Web searching, The comparison indicates that Web searching differs from searching in other environments. 149 11_CONCLUSION UT=000226508300006 488.515 139 12539 To guarantee that the modified query can always be processed by the Web search interfaces and to make the method adaptive to different user requirements on search result effectiveness, we have developed new fast classification learning algorithms. 199 11_CONCLUSION UT=000250259400004 444.093 120 11251 Since search engines provide snippets, when the user clicks on a specific page he already has some information on what is to be found on the page and the user makes a conscious decision to click on the specific result. 198 11_CONCLUSION UT=000250259400004 374.736 126 11201 We are not aware of any previous study that analyzed the relation between the query submitted to the search engine and the webpage the user clicked on the search results page. 373 11_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500003 677.344 110 9265 The results indicate that there were six distinct categories of use in the MELVYL system: knowledgeable and sophisticated use, unsophisticated use, highly interactive use with good search performance, known-item searching, help-intensive searching, and relatively unsuccessful use. 361 11_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100006 367.499 95 8375 Furthermore, these three dimensions of the behavioral " cube " are positively associated with speed of navigation, but negatively associated with the Web users ' explicit online information search propensity and the degree of relatedness among the sites they visited. 345 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 320.942 95 7941 Implications for the development of models for visual information retrieval, and for the design of Web search engines are discussed. 119 11_CONCLUSION UT=000169032200004 785.963 91 7866 Using this concept, a term discrimination capacity for distinguishing one term from others in the space can also be visualized within the visual space, Applications of these methods facilitate more effective assignment of term weights to index terms within documents and may assist searchers in the selection of search terms. 187 11_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100005 715.945 93 7844 Initial results of a user evaluation study comparing MetaSpider, NorthernLight, and MetaCrawler in terms of clustering performance and of time and effort expended show that MetaSpider performed best in precision rate, but disclose no statistically significant differences in recall rate and time requirements. 391 11_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400006 273.845 87 7681 The results of this study might contribute to the development of more efficient and effective Web search engines and services. 208 11_CONCLUSION UT=000183501500005 652.487 89 7128 Although this study 's results provide no compelling reasons for systems to support features that make domain-expert strategies possible, there is need for system features that scaffold nondomain experts from their usual strategies to the strategies characteristic of domain experts. 207 11_CONCLUSION UT=000183501500005 425.268 83 6705 The few times that the undergraduates in this study enlisted search strategies that were characteristic of domain experts, it usually took perseverance, trial-and-error, serendipity, or a combination of all three for them to find useful information. 131 11_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400008 283.542 74 6438 Subjects expressed concerns about the accuracy of machine translation of scholarly terminologies and preferred to have user control over multilingual Web searches. 311 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379700010 276.496 76 6365 We discuss the implications of our findings in relation to metasearch for Web searchers, search engines, and content providers. 143 11_CONCLUSION UT=000227150600006 435.439 78 6146 In general, the information behavior of P2P users has been changing as the P2P technology becomes more mature and the P2P users become more familiar with the technology. 222 11_CONCLUSION UT=000251377600019 398.152 75 6124 The method was developed using transaction logs from the Excite search engine to provide a tool for an ongoing research project that is endeavoring to develop a greater understanding of Web-based searching by the general public. 398 11_CONCLUSION UT=000227957700001 195.965 70 5974 We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of Web search engines. 239 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500007 357.402 78 5854 The results of this analysis have been used to provide implications for future support of information seeking on the Web as well as direction for future research in this area. 299 11_CONCLUSION UT=000232617500001 246.213 68 5531 The analysis also can be applied in e-government research by investigating how information should be delivered to users in government Web sites. 383 11_CONCLUSION UT=000229892500004 201.924 64 5355 We also show that users ' behavior within this search system can be approximated by Zipf 's Law distribution. 238 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500007 503.6 68 5321 In particular, Information Gathering tasks were the most complex; participants spent more time completing this task, viewed more pages, and used the Web browser functions most heavily during this task. 288 11_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900002 348.016 62 5239 The resulting algorithm is directly applicable to many approaches to IR, and the unified framework can help explain previously reported results as well as guide the search for new methods that utilize feedback data in IR. 180 11_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400001 220.469 64 5223 The research raises questions about considering cultural differences in designing web search access mechanisms. 320 11_CONCLUSION UT=000232442000007 227.432 63 5108 It also provides design implications for search interface developers as well as information professionals who are involved in teaching online searching. 271 11_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500006 197.55 58 4948 Applications that arise from a better understanding of the topics users search and their relationships are discussed. 200 11_CONCLUSION UT=000250259400004 230.441 59 4733 Thus, this type of analysis provides additional information about the users ' actual information needs. 188 11_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100005 374.513 59 4583 Our experimental study also reveals that MetaSpider exhibited a higher level of automation than the other two systems and facilitated efficient searching by providing the user with an organized, comprehensive view of the retrieved documents. 382 11_CONCLUSION UT=000229892500004 246.075 55 4498 Specifically, our results show how AutoDoc users are more inclined to submit new queries or resubmit modified queries than to navigate by link-following. 354 11_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 355.564 58 4416 A model of choice behavior shows relationships among the initial question, the reasons, and the choice of initial search strategies. 264 11_CONCLUSION UT=000228698800011 154.122 46 4006 These conclusions underscore the need to develop " bias profiles " for search engines. 251 11_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 276.134 55 3868 We discuss the implications for the design of information retrieval systems and future research directions. 319 11_CONCLUSION UT=000232442000007 230.175 50 3804 The research reported here suggests that end-users with varying levels of domain knowledge are able to use thesauri that are integrated into search interfaces. 282 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379800009 284.723 50 3487 This research also sheds light on the more complex aspects of Web searching involving query modifications and may lead to advances in searching tools. 216 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600005 274.365 45 3436 Though there are a number of large and small studies of Internet and Web use, few of them focus on temporal influences. 164 11_CONCLUSION UT=000228698800008 202.366 45 3398 However a change in the distribution of the users ' queries could reduce the performance of a clustered system. 424 11_CONCLUSION UT=000229157800010 309.796 44 3095 The results are considered from both a theoretical and design perspective, and have direct implications for digital library usability and metadata generation, and query expansion systems. 333 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300003 492.675 47 3038 The authors key contribution is twofold: They outline a method for studying both the static and topical properties of a very large query log over varying periods, and they identify and examine topical trends that may provide valuable insight for improving both retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. 411 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600003 189.193 39 3016 A possible solution is for the scientific world to develop its own search and data collection tools. 325 11_CONCLUSION UT=000231994000009 267.873 45 2948 Originality/ value - The paper suggests that the method has a great potential in library and information science research. 257 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000004 188.357 38 2921 This study provides an insight into the public practices and choices in Web searching. 423 11_CONCLUSION UT=000229157800010 132.003 36 2870 In addition, strategic behavior varied depending on prior search conditions. 310 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379700010 159.557 30 2242 These aspects of metasearching may be what define the differences from other forms of Web searching. 344 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 243.516 34 2194 We contrast this to earlier work byP.G.B. Enser, Journal of Documentation 51 ( 2) ( 1995) 126-170, who examined written queries for pictorial information in a non-digital environment. 309 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379700010 284.935 33 2113 Overall, metasearchers seem to have higher degrees of interaction than searchers on non-metasearch engines, but their sessions are for a shorter period of time. 124 11_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400006 180.254 47 1979 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 169 11_CONCLUSION UT=000183342400006 180.254 47 1979 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 174 11_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400002 180.254 47 1979 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 346 11_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 180.254 47 1979 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 355 11_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 180.254 47 1979 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 375 11_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500003 195.64 26 1798 The analysis shows that each group had distinct patterns of use of the system. 165 11_CONCLUSION UT=000228698800008 144.539 40 1672 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 231 11_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500012 144.539 40 1672 ( c) 2006 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 265 11_CONCLUSION UT=000228698800011 144.539 40 1672 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 132 11_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400008 132.932 33 1356 ( c) 2005 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 392 11_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400006 132.932 33 1356 ( c) 2005 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 281 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379800009 258.666 24 1211 Implications are that for measuring searching traffic, unique sessions may be a better indicator than the common metric of unique visitors. 405 11_CONCLUSION UT=000185857000003 458.098 30 1163 The current indexing of the archived material is restricted to production-related attributes, and access to the material is, thus, frequently dependent on the archivists ' extensive knowledge of the archived material and films in general. 293 11_CONCLUSION UT=000180495500005 107.894 27 1137 ( C) 2002 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. 144 11_CONCLUSION UT=000227150600006 206.966 19 1106 As the P2P technology begins to be adopted in e-Business, we foresee that there will be more changes in the future. 250 11_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 162.324 17 1093 There does not seem to be a correlation between the use of assistance and previous searching performance. 217 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600005 107.465 16 1002 This study extends knowledge in this area of inquiry. 230 11_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500012 183.699 18 995 While such pruning may not always be desirable in practice, it provides a useful benchmark against which other pruning strategies can be measured. 332 11_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300003 136.597 17 873 Additionally, they show that certain categories of queries trend differently over varying periods. 249 11_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 164.146 13 494 Searchers appear receptive to automated assistance; there is a 71 % implementation rate. 374 11_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500003 31.7735 4 336 Their characteristics were interpreted and compared qualitatively. 142 11_CONCLUSION UT=000227150600006 148.418 9 130 The topics of interest have shifted from entertainment and sexuality to computers and entertainment. 167 11_METHOD UT=000183342400006 2201.26 524 163009 In this paper we examine trends in multimedia Web searching by Excite users from 1997 to2001. Results from an analysis of1,025,910 Excite queries from 2001 are compared to similar Excite datasets from 1997 to1999. Findings include: ( 1) queries per multimedia session have decreased since 1997 as a proportion of general queries due to the introduction of multimedia buttons near the query box, ( 2) multimedia queries identified are longer than non-multimedia queries, and ( 3) audio queries are more prevalent than image or video queries in identified multimedia queries. 340 11_METHOD UT=000167008800007 1679.36 564 155751 We provide data on: ( 1) image queries - the number of queries and the number of search terms per user, ( 2) image search sessions - the number of queries per user, modifications made to subsequent queries in a session, and ( 3) image terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. 171 11_METHOD UT=000085411400002 1768.97 517 135895 We provide data on: ( i) sessions - changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback; ( ii) queries - the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers; and ( iii) terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms, We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user. 296 11_METHOD UT=000232617500001 1341.18 444 109232 Our results show that some statistics, such as the number of search terms per query, of Web users are the same for general-purpose search engines and Web site search engines, but others, such as the search topics and the terms used, are considerably different. 137 11_METHOD UT=000227150600006 1127.5 273 72501 Several issues have been investigated in these studies including number of unique and repeat queries, length of queries, terms being used in queries, successive searching, multitasking searching, multiple searching sessions, changes of topics, multimedia searching,etc. The number of similar studies in P2P networks is significantly less. 146 11_METHOD UT=000226508300006 766.481 268 64886 In this article we propose a method employing the taxonomy-based search services such as Web directories to facilitate searches in any Web search interfaces that support Boolean queries. 378 11_METHOD UT=000229892500004 987.632 287 63937 Based on log data obtained from a search and navigation documentation system called AutoDoc, we propose a model of user search sessions and provide analysis on users ' link or clickthrough selection behavior, reformulation activities, and search strategy patterns. 152 11_METHOD UT=000250259400005 594.147 236 59207 Two search metrics - the time lapse between searches and the number of searches in a session - were developed to see whether they could measure search success or satisfaction. 147 11_METHOD UT=000226508300006 672.308 253 58552 The proposed method enables one to convey current search context on taxonomy of a taxonomy-based search service to the searches conducted with the Web search interfaces. 253 11_METHOD UT=000167198000004 809.66 218 55001 We found that most people use few search terms, few modified queries, view few Web pages, and rarely use advanced search features. 316 11_METHOD UT=000232442000007 675.907 219 53747 Academic staff viewed the function of a thesaurus as being useful for narrowing down a search and providing alternative search terms, while postgraduates stressed the role of the thesaurus for broadening searches and providing new terms. 254 11_METHOD UT=000167198000004 704.892 204 51932 A small number of search terms are used with high frequency, and a great many terms are unique; the language of Web queries is distinctive. 388 11_METHOD UT=000230105400006 837.224 209 50257 The results of this study show that users behave in a simple way: they type in short queries with a few query terms, seldom use advanced features, and view few results ' pages. 193 11_METHOD UT=000250259400004 1040.43 208 46512 Logfile analysis of the SHIL website revealed to our surprise that about60.7 % of the requests reaching SHIL from external sites ( excluding requests from robots) are from general search engines (e.g. Google and MSN), and users reach a specific page on the site linked from the search results page. 350 11_METHOD UT=000169989400004 720.908 192 43529 The participants not only indicated a fairly high degree of familiarity with the initial search options and used different search strategies but also were influenced in their choice of an initial search strategy by question-related characteristics. 339 11_METHOD UT=000167008800007 497.04 150 43322 Twenty-eight terms were used to identify queries for both still and moving images, resulting in a subset of33,149 image queries by 9855 users. 183 11_METHOD UT=000171753100005 591.324 167 37263 Meta-search engines improve precision by selecting and integrating search results from generic or domain-specific Web search engines or other resources. 338 11_METHOD UT=000167008800007 529.486 146 36285 The data set examined consisted of1,025,908 sequential queries from211,058 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 420 11_METHOD UT=000229157800010 812.011 160 36179 Search attempts were coded on quantitative dimensions such as the number of unique terms and average time per trial, and as a whole in an attempt to characterize the user 's conceptual map for the topic under differing conditions of participant-defined domain expertise. 295 11_METHOD UT=000232617500001 538.119 154 34841 In this article, we report our research on analyzing the search logs of the search engine of the Utah state government Web site. 314 11_METHOD UT=000232442000007 655.379 147 31441 Users were asked to comment on a range of thesaurus and interface characteristics including: ease of use, ease of learning, ease of browsing and navigation, problems and difficulties encountered while interacting with the system, and the effect of browsing on search term selection. 138 11_METHOD UT=000227150600006 869.005 149 29929 We have previously studied the information behavior of Gnutella P2P network based on data collected in2002. In this paper, we present changes in Gnutella queries, based on the previously collected data and new data collected in2003. Similar metrics to those used by Spink, Wolfram, Jansen, and Saracevic and in our previous study are used. 337 11_METHOD UT=000167008800007 409.084 133 29836 This study examined visual information needs as expressed in users ' Web image queries. 117 11_METHOD UT=000169032200004 581.071 130 28630 The term discrimination capacity is analyzed using the comparison of the distance and angle-based visual representations with and without a specified term, thereby allowing the user to see the impact of the term on individual documents within the density space. 329 11_METHOD UT=000246379300003 407.858 100 28013 To further their analysis, they examine query traffic on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis by matching it against lists of queries that have been topically precategorized by human editors. 220 11_METHOD UT=000251377600019 468.849 109 27434 It allows sequences of query transformations to be represented as graphical networks, thereby giving a richer view of search behavior than is possible with the usual sequential descriptions. 219 11_METHOD UT=000251377600019 343.542 97 26737 The method uses techniques that look for similarities between queries and identify sequences of " query transformation ". 386 11_METHOD UT=000230105400006 589.956 130 26014 This study examines current transaction log analysis methodologies and proposes a method for log cleaning, session definition, and query classification. 413 11_METHOD UT=000167198000005 907.372 160 25418 This aspect provides a unique opportunity to review the current state of research in the field, identify common trends, develop a methodological framework, and define terminology for future Web searching studies, In this article, the results from published studies of Web searching are reviewed to present the current state of research. 136 11_METHOD UT=000227150600006 447.907 118 23816 There are a large number of studies related to the information behavior of WWW search engines in the US and Europe. 290 11_METHOD UT=000180495500005 616.568 116 22253 Given that non-English users now tend to make up the majority in this environment, our main objective is to analyze and evaluate the retrieval effectiveness of various indexing and search strategies based on test-collections written in four different languages: English, French, German, and Italian. 419 11_METHOD UT=000229157800010 385.575 93 21284 We explore differences between experts and novices as they generate search terms over 10 successive trials and under two feedback conditions. 394 11_METHOD UT=000227957700001 728.601 124 20803 This article reports research that used transaction log analysis to examine the characteristics and changes in AltaVista Web searching that occurred from 1998 to2002. The research questions we examined are ( 1) What are the changes in AltaVista Web searching from 1998 to 2002? 395 11_METHOD UT=000227957700001 326.91 85 19852 ( 2) What are the current characteristics of AltaVlsta searching, including the duration and frequency of search sessions? 153 11_METHOD UT=000250259400005 156.486 78 18215 In all, 4 million search statements by900,000 users were evaluated. 234 11_METHOD UT=000246678500007 721.005 122 17896 We have conducted a field study of 21 participants, in which we logged detailed Web usage and asked participants to provide task categorizations of their Web usage based on the following categories: Fact Finding, Information Gathering, Browsing, and Transactions. 328 11_METHOD UT=000246379300003 369.959 77 17130 In contrast, this study builds on the authors ' previous work, which showed changes in popularity and uniqueness of topically categorized queries across the hours in a day. 379 11_METHOD UT=000229892500004 336.011 100 16962 We also conducted a simple user study to gauge users ' perceptions of their information seeking activity when interacting with the system. 127 11_METHOD UT=000230105400008 463.372 103 16513 The case study reported here explored bilingual user behaviors, perceptions, and preferences with respect to the capability of the Web as a multilingual information resource. 357 11_METHOD UT=000250741100006 439.692 101 16438 In an attempt to fill in the gap, this study proposes a three-dimensional, cubic typology for the characterization of Web users ' online information behavior. 225 11_METHOD UT=000241539500012 374.599 76 16302 In this paper, we introduce two novel applications of query logs, in the context of distributed information retrieval. 177 11_METHOD UT=000169354400001 422.605 86 16160 The paper found significant differences between the two groups ' initial search strategies and for three of the four types of questions. 260 11_METHOD UT=000228698800011 252.472 69 15644 This ideal is approximated by the distribution produced by a collection of search engines. 235 11_METHOD UT=000246678500007 643.164 76 15318 We used implicit measures logged during each task session to provide usage measures such as dwell time, number of pages viewed, and the use of specific browser navigation mechanisms. 303 11_METHOD UT=000246379700010 460.336 80 14730 com, a major Web metasearch engine, with the aim of discovering how Web searchers interact with metasearch engines. 211 11_METHOD UT=000246379600005 200.919 46 13074 Interviews and observations were conducted with 34 participants searching on their own queries. 414 11_METHOD UT=000167198000005 347.723 82 12254 The analysis of the limited Web searching studies available indicates that research methods and terminology are already diverging. 121 11_METHOD UT=000085411400006 420.412 77 12065 Traditional ranking methods for information retrieval, based on term and inverse document frequencies, have been found to work poorly in this context. 277 11_METHOD UT=000246379800009 1097.05 91 12056 com on May 6,2005. We compare session analysis using ( a) Internet Protocol address and cookie; ( b) Internet Protocol address, cookie, and a temporal limit on intrasession interactions; and ( c) Internet Protocol address, cookie, and query reformulation patterns. 387 11_METHOD UT=000230105400006 336.219 67 11947 A term definition method which is necessary for Korean transaction log analysis is also discussed. 305 11_METHOD UT=000246379700010 320.728 74 11697 com on May 6, 2005 and compare these results with findings from other Web searching studies. 285 11_METHOD UT=000170123900002 315.498 60 10631 The problem is that it is not clear whether the relevance feedback data should be used to train the system about what the users really mean, or about what the documents really mean. 172 11_METHOD UT=000085411400002 254.491 55 10303 With these characteristics as a basis, we then conducted a failure analysis, identifying trends among user mistakes. 128 11_METHOD UT=000230105400008 253.419 59 9313 Twenty-eight bilingual academic users from Myongji University in Korea were recruited for the study. 323 11_METHOD UT=000231994000009 566.158 74 8912 Findings - While implementing the verbal protocol method this study has developed a scheme of coding with the help of which the protocol data were analysed and proposed a generic model of online catalogue searching process flow. 203 11_METHOD UT=000183501500005 461.112 72 8822 This article describes the results of a study to answer three research questions: ( 1) do nondomain experts enlist the strategies of domain experts? 304 11_METHOD UT=000246379700010 170.743 46 8319 We report results examining2,465,145 interactions from534,507 users of Dogpile. 226 11_METHOD UT=000241539500012 220.503 43 8087 First, we use query log terms to guide sampling from uncooperative distributed collections. 161 11_METHOD UT=000228698800008 366.883 49 8044 In a purely distributed information retrieval system, the brokers become the bottleneck due to the high number of local answer sets to be sorted. 122 11_METHOD UT=000085411400006 240.585 38 7494 Under the cover density measure, ranking is based on term proximity and cooccurrence. 267 11_METHOD UT=000088171500006 246.669 39 7250 More than 1000 of the most frequently cooccurring term pairs were categorized into one or more of 30 developed subject areas. 349 11_METHOD UT=000169989400004 830.616 72 6538 Data were gathered via a questionnaire asking for decisions for 16 questions of four types: closed/ predictable source; closed/ unpredictable source; open/ predictable source; open/ unpredictable source. 275 11_METHOD UT=000246379800009 202.066 36 6509 All three methods are computationally straightforward and therefore easily implemented for detection of session changes. 322 11_METHOD UT=000231994000009 245.213 38 6244 Design/ methodology/ approach - This is based on a sample of 18 OPAC users of the British Council Library in Kolkata. 276 11_METHOD UT=000246379800009 116.234 33 6125 We examine2,465,145 interactions from534,507 users of Dogpile. 245 11_METHOD UT=000233478200003 290.446 34 5520 However, the improvement is less dramatic than one might expect, with an approximately 20 % performance increase, as measured by the number of user-selected relevant documents. 351 11_METHOD UT=000169989400004 362.224 53 5392 Of the two question characteristics in the study, the most influential is the predictable/ unpredictable source of the answer. 367 11_METHOD UT=000170707500003 205.401 33 5376 Third, a two-stage, hybrid clustering method was proposed to categorize sessions into groups. 176 11_METHOD UT=000169354400001 678.604 65 5099 The paper looks at these differences for four types of questions with two variables: closed/ open and predictable/ unpredictable source of answer ( n=16 questions per searcher; total n=864 questions). 315 11_METHOD UT=000232442000007 346.864 36 5016 Findings-The results suggest that interface usability is a factor affecting thesaurus browsing/ navigation and other information-searching behaviours. 159 11_METHOD UT=000228698800008 181.976 24 4941 We analyse the effectiveness of a distributed, replicated and clustered architecture simulating a variable number of workstations ( from I up to 4096). 366 11_METHOD UT=000170707500003 248.292 34 4856 Second, principal component analysis was employed to reduce the dimensions of the original data set. 243 11_METHOD UT=000233478200003 390.754 51 4733 The study used a client-side automated assistance application, an approximately500,000-document Text REtrieval Conference content collection, and six topics. 268 11_METHOD UT=000088171500006 286.666 31 4079 Subject area frequencies and their cooccurrences with one another were tallied and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. 365 11_METHOD UT=000170707500003 113.996 19 4079 The values of these variables were computed for approximately257,000 sessions. 407 11_METHOD UT=000167170600003 172.851 38 4007 For each method, some studies utilizing it are reviewed, and advantages and shortcomings of each technique are discussed. 401 11_METHOD UT=000185857000003 265.295 29 3484 The findings include that the requesters make use of a broad range of need attributes in specifying their information needs. 227 11_METHOD UT=000241539500012 225.685 30 3119 We show that while our sampling strategy is at least as efficient as current methods, it consistently performs better. 184 11_METHOD UT=000171753100005 192.462 25 2796 Document categorization promises better organization and presentation of retrieved results. 212 11_METHOD UT=000246379600005 382.579 29 2469 Despite an increase in the time allowed for searching, most people spent less than 30 minutes on the Internet, carrying out tasks like paying bills, shopping, browsing, and making reservations. 284 11_METHOD UT=000170123900002 150.792 17 2433 Still, one fundamental difficulty has limited the ability to fully exploit this valuable data. 244 11_METHOD UT=000233478200003 148.852 20 2418 Results indicate that automated assistance can improve searching performance. 160 11_METHOD UT=000228698800008 296.421 28 2207 A collection of approximately 94 million documents and I terabyte ( TB) of text is used to test the performance of the different architectures. 194 11_METHOD UT=000250259400004 115.114 12 1873 This finding seems to indicate that the site is not known well enough to the public. 261 11_METHOD UT=000228698800011 355.16 26 1411 Differences between bias and classical retrieval measures are highlighted by examining the possibilities for bias in four extreme cases of recall and precision. 291 11_METHOD UT=000180495500005 269.983 26 1407 Our second objective is to describe and evaluate various approaches that might be implemented in order to effectively access document collections written in another language. 408 11_METHOD UT=000167170600003 160.718 16 1401 The paper emphasizes that data collection must be carried out with great care. 192 11_METHOD UT=000250259400004 173.437 14 1250 It has interfaces in four languages: Hebrew, Arabic, Russian and English. 204 11_METHOD UT=000183501500005 53.5277 8 983 ( 2) if they do, how did they learn about these strategies? 368 11_METHOD UT=000170707500003 323.744 21 982 Finally, an external criteria-based test of cluster validity was performed to verify the validity of the resulting usage groups ( clusters). 358 11_METHOD UT=000250741100006 235.482 16 854 We discuss a set of hypotheses concerning the relationships among these dimensions as well as those between these dimensions and related behavioral aspects. 402 11_METHOD UT=000185857000003 195.573 14 654 These attributes relate to the production, content, subject, context and screening of films. 213 11_METHOD UT=000246379600005 133.848 10 445 Those who took more than 30 minutes were looking for jobs or browsing. 294 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000232617500001 846.765 378 61580 A large number of studies have investigated the transaction log of general-purpose search engines such as Excite and AltaVista, but few studies have reported on the analysis of search logs for search engines that are limited to particular Web sites, namely, Web site search engines. 347 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 599.709 225 35516 This gaper studies the influence of question-related variables ( closed/ open and predictable/ unpredictable source) on Web users ' choices of search strategy ( direct address, subject directory, and search engine) in the initial stage of a search. 175 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400001 696.324 182 28740 This paper uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodology to analyse differences between Finnish and American web searchers ( n=27 per country) in their choice of initial search strategies ( direct address, subject directory and search engines) and their reasoning underlying these choices, with data gathered via a questionnaire. 252 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000004 322.176 182 26109 In studying actual Web searching by the public at large, we analyzed over one million Web queries by users of the Excite search engine. 384 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400006 387.734 175 25723 Transaction logs of NAVER, a major Korean Web search engine, were analyzed to track the information-seeking behavior of Korean Web users. 336 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 509.751 177 24970 Little research has examined how people search for non-textual information on the Internet, and few large-scale studies has investigated visual information-seeking behavior with general-purpose Web search engines. 326 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300003 405.185 172 24187 The authors review a log of billions of Web queries that constituted the total query traffic for a 6-month period of a general-purpose commercial Web search service. 150 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250259400005 277.772 153 23869 This paper argues that metrics can be generated from search transactional web logs that can help evaluate search engine effectiveness. 181 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100005 220.239 158 22764 It has become increasingly difficult to locate relevant information on the Web, even with the help of Web search engines. 209 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600005 307.337 151 22504 This study examines the influence of time constraints on Internet and Web search goals and search behavior. 232 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500007 417.307 157 22495 Previous studies have examined various aspects of user behavior on the Web, including general information-seeking patterns, search engine use, and revisitation habits. 300 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379700010 485.335 156 21766 Metasearch engines are an intuitive method for improving the performance of Web search by increasing coverage, returning large numbers of results with a focus on relevance, and presenting alternative views of information needs. 224 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500012 296.352 144 21545 The resulting search engine query logs are valuable resources that can be used to predict how people interact with the search system. 393 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000227957700001 311.181 135 19681 Major Web search engines, such as AltaVista, are essential tools in the quest to locate online information. 289 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000180495500005 329.985 140 19583 Search engines play an essential role in the usability of Internet-based information systems and without them the Web would be much less accessible, and at the very least would develop at a much slower rate. 356 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100006 416.561 133 17557 Although the body of literature pertaining to the study of micro, context-specific behavior on the Web is growing, there lacks a global, macro analysis as to the behavioral dimensions of Web users ' online activities. 376 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000229892500004 383.109 132 16896 We report on a study that was undertaken to better understand search and navigation behavior by exploiting the close association between the process underlying users ' query submission and the navigational trails emanating from query clickthroughs. 120 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400006 653.589 136 16660 We investigate the application of a novel relevance ranking technique, cover density ranking, to the requirements of Web-based information retrieval, where a typical query consists of a few search terms and a typical result consists of a page indicating several potentially relevant documents. 223 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500012 267.633 112 15797 Users of search engines express their needs as queries, typically consisting of a small number of terms. 258 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800011 192.653 102 15736 This paper examines a real-time measure of bias in Web search engines. 312 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000232442000007 344.896 101 15318 Purpose-This paper seeks to report an investigation into the ways in which end-users perceive a thesaurus-enhanced search interface, in particular thesaurus and search interface usability. 157 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800008 548.231 138 15314 The increasing number of documents to be indexed in many environments ( Web, intranets, digital libraries) and the limitations of a single centralised index ( lack of scalability, server overloading and failures), lead to the use of distributed information retrieval systems to efficiently search and locate the desired information. 182 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100005 297.337 98 14755 Two approaches to addressing the low precision and poor presentation of search results of current search tools are studied: meta-search and document categorization. 170 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400002 315.309 107 14741 We analyzed transaction logs containing51,473 queries posed by18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 266 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500006 292.475 97 14232 Queries submitted to the Excite search engine were analyzed for subject content based on the cooccurrence of terms within multiterm queries. 166 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000183342400006 248.601 108 13902 Multimedia is proliferating on Web sites, as the Web continues to enhance the integration of multimedia and textual information. 272 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800009 443.197 117 13211 Detecting query reformulations within a session by a Web searcher is an important area of research for designing more helpful searching systems and targeting content to particular users. 313 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000232442000007 286.367 86 11482 Design/ methodology/ approach-Thirty academic users, split between staff and postgraduate students, carrying out real search requests were observed during this study. 145 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000226508300006 190.852 85 11045 Introducing context to a user query is effective to improve the search effectiveness. 240 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 361.766 77 9953 We report quantitative and qualitative results of an empirical evaluation to determine whether automated assistance improves searching performance and when searchers desire system intervention in the search process. 321 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000231994000009 258.213 71 9752 Purpose - This study aims to investigate how participants have interacted during the execution of Online Public Access Catalogue ( OPAC searches, and whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied or confused. 334 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 198.842 78 9690 A growing body of research is beginning to explore the information-seeking behavior of Web users. 233 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500007 250.941 79 9363 Little research has been conducted to study how users navigate and interact with their Web browser across different information-seeking tasks. 400 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000185857000003 360.406 82 9206 Based on a Jug year of e-mail requests addressed to a large film archive this study analyses what types of information needs real users have and how these needs are expressed. 125 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400008 212.478 79 8672 The problem of language in Web searching has been discussed primarily in the area of cross-language information retrieval ( CLIR). 273 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800009 577.935 87 8593 Methods explored by other researchers include both qualitative (i.e., the use of human judges to manually analyze query patterns on usually small samples) and nondeterministic algorithms, typically using large amounts of training data to predict query modification during sessions. 151 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250259400005 142.015 54 8229 Search logs from the BBC website were analysed and metrics extracted. 158 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800008 462.326 84 8054 This work is a case study of different architectures for a distributed information retrieval system, in order to provide a guide to approximate the optimal architecture with a specific set of resources. 202 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000183501500005 551.486 86 8006 Because of the transformation of integrated library systems into Information Gateways in the late 1990s, both nondomain experts and domain experts have had available to them the wide range of information-seeking strategies in a single system. 418 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000229157800010 233.129 59 7797 In the work reported here we investigate the effects of domain knowledge and feedback on search term selection and reformation. 362 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500003 361.003 83 7752 Different users of a Web-based information system will have different goals and different ways of performing their work. 135 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150600006 233.647 81 7590 It hosts information for sharing and submits queries to search for information from all of the other peers at the same time. 377 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000229892500004 291.07 69 6588 To our knowledge, there has been little research towards bridging the gap between these two important processes pertaining to users ' online information searching activity. 201 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000183501500005 322.498 60 6524 User studies demonstrate that nondomain experts do not use the same information-seeking strategies as domain experts. 116 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200004 410.555 69 6465 A visual term discrimination value analysis method is introduced using a document density space within a distance-angle-based visual information retrieval environment. 218 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000251377600019 173.518 52 6462 This article reports on the development of a novel method for the analysis of Web logs. 241 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 228.775 65 6457 Forty participants interacted with two fully functional information retrieval systems in a counterbalanced, within-participant study. 210 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600005 375.197 61 6214 Specifically, it looks at the searching behavior of public library Internet users who, previously limited to 30 minutes per Internet session, are given an unlimited amount of time for use. 406 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600003 212.232 53 6203 We present different methods of data collection fi om the Web for informetric purposes. 348 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 156.047 46 6151 Subjects are 54 Finnish and American students with about2.5 yr of Web searching. 412 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000005 109.83 45 5867 Research on Web searching is at an incipient stage. 335 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 229.178 60 5806 The vast majority of these studies have concentrated on the area of textual information retrieval ( IR). 134 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150600006 209.94 48 5734 Unlike the World Wide Web ( WWW), every peer in a P2P network is both client and server. 189 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250259400004 144.915 42 5273 SHIL on the Web is the website of the Israeli Citizens ' Advice Bureau. 283 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900002 317.308 57 4861 Empirical work shows significant benefits from using relevance feedback data to improve information retrieval ( IR) performance. 259 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800011 274.86 51 4744 The measure captures the degree to which the distribution of URLs, retrieved in response to a query, deviates from an ideal or fair distribution for that query. 417 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000229157800010 164.784 50 4662 Query formation and expansion is an integral part of nearly every effort to search for information. 385 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400006 162.009 36 4408 These transaction logs include more than 40 million queries collected over 1 week. 301 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379700010 145.977 30 4385 However, the use of metasearch engines in an operational environment is not well understood. 327 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300003 159.005 35 4008 Previously, query logs were studied from a single, cumulative view. 190 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250259400004 209.033 39 3308 It provides information about rights, social benefits, government and public services and civil obligations. 133 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150600006 195.785 39 3048 Peer-to-peer ( P2P) networks have been drawing significant attention in the area of information management and sharing recently. 363 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500003 169.93 36 2894 This article explores the possibility that we can automatically detect usage patterns without demographic information about the individuals. 364 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500003 117.696 28 2727 First, a set of 47 variables was defined that can be used to characterize a user session. 302 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379700010 82.1851 18 2104 In this study, we investigate the usage of Dogpile. 242 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 158.079 20 1462 The systems were identical in all respects except that one offered automated assistance and the other did not. 399 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000185857000003 164.763 20 1319 Multimedia retrieval is a complex and to some extent still unexplored area. 126 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400008 214.92 20 1299 However, much CLIR research centers on investigation of the effectiveness of automatic translation techniques. 191 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000250259400004 112.783 10 1242 Activity on the site approaches10,000 pages visited per day. 274 11_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800009 162.182 18 1062 In this article, we explore three alternative methods for detection of session boundaries. 308 11_RESULT UT=000246379700010 880.869 211 24391 com searchers are mainly from the USA ( 84 % of searchers), use about 3 terms per query ( mean =2.85), implement system feedback moderately (8.4 % of users), and generally ( 56 % of users) spend less than one minute interacting with the Web search engine. 397 11_RESULT UT=000227957700001 1050.1 191 21701 The results of our research show ( 1) a move toward more interactivity with increases in session and query length, ( 2) with 70 % of session durations at 5 minutes or less, the frequency of interaction is increasing, but it is happening very quickly, and ( 3) a broadening range of Web searchers ' information needs, with the most frequent terms accounting for less than 1 % of total term usage. 197 11_RESULT UT=000250259400004 720.101 191 21407 The analysis is based on the266,295 queries from search engines that reached SHIL during March-October2005. Studying queries submitted to search engines is a novel technique for analyzing the access patterns to the site and provides a better understanding of the user needs and intentions than analyzing the distribution of the visited pages only. 148 11_RESULT UT=000226508300006 678.09 186 20956 The basic idea is to learn the search context in the form of a Boolean condition that is commonly accepted by many Web search interfaces, and to use the condition to modify the user query before forwarding it to the Web search interfaces. 280 11_RESULT UT=000246379800009 365.058 152 16757 Searchers most often modified their query by changing query terms ( nearly 23 % of all query modifications) rather than adding or deleting terms. 360 11_RESULT UT=000250741100006 1124.1 153 16733 We found that a Web user 's width (i.e., number of categories of Web sites explored), length (i.e., number of sites visited per category), and depth (i.e., number of pages downloaded per site) of online information behavior are highly correlated. 381 11_RESULT UT=000229892500004 362.58 137 14951 On average, AutoDoc users submitted only one query per search session and entered approximately two query terms. 263 11_RESULT UT=000228698800011 723.329 120 12950 Three general conclusions are drawn: ( 1) the performance of search engines can be distinguished with the aid of the bias measure; ( 2) bias values depend on the subject matter under consideration; ( 3) choice of search terms does not account for much of the variance in bias values. 341 11_RESULT UT=000167008800007 301.501 106 11420 On average, there were3.36 image queries per user containing an average of3.74 terms per query. 262 11_RESULT UT=000228698800011 453.237 108 11238 The results of experiments examining the influence on bias measurement of subject domains, search engines, and search terms are presented. 297 11_RESULT UT=000232617500001 511.955 110 11022 Possible reasons for the differences include the focused domain of Web site search engines and users ' different information needs. 215 11_RESULT UT=000246379600005 399.597 102 10972 In this context, influences like time-dependent and time-independent tasks, use of search hubs to perform more efficient searches, and search diversity were recorded. 390 11_RESULT UT=000230105400006 239.502 101 10761 It is of interest that users tend to change their queries totally rather than adding or deleting terms to modify the previous queries. 306 11_RESULT UT=000246379700010 475.507 96 9909 We collect data on geographical location of searchers, use of system feedback, content selection, sessions, queries, and term usage. 130 11_RESULT UT=000230105400008 363.873 97 9301 For search queries, they selected a language that represents their information need most accurately depending on the types of information task rather than choosing their first language. 140 11_RESULT UT=000227150600006 295.329 88 9284 The number of repeat queries in P2P has decreased but is still more than that for WWW search engines. 331 11_RESULT UT=000246379300003 329.513 89 8794 They show that query traffic from particular topical categories differs both from the query stream as a whole and from other categories. 278 11_RESULT UT=000246379800009 456.482 80 8536 Overall, our analysis shows that defining sessions by query reformulation along with Internet Protocol address and cookie provides the best measure, resulting in an 82 % increase in the count of sessions. 380 11_RESULT UT=000229892500004 281.966 85 8376 The results obtained show that analyzing both the query submissions and navigation starting from query clickthrough, reveals much more interesting patterns than analyzing these two processes independently. 352 11_RESULT UT=000169989400004 478.677 91 8257 The participants mentioned 24 different types of reasons for selecting the initial search strategy, which were grouped by their focus on questions, sources, and search strategy options. 279 11_RESULT UT=000246379800009 441.787 77 8092 Regardless of the method used, the mean session length was fewer than three queries, and the mean session duration was less than 30 min. 410 11_RESULT UT=000167170600003 594.171 83 7608 At the current time, the quality and the reliability of most of the available search tools are not satisfactory, thus informetric analyses of the Web mainly serve as demonstrations of the applicability of informetric methods to this medium, and not as a means for obtaining definite conclusions. 129 11_RESULT UT=000230105400008 306.39 75 7152 Findings show that the subjects did not use Web search engines as multilingual tools. 342 11_RESULT UT=000167008800007 238.059 66 6724 Image queries contained a large number of unique terms. 343 11_RESULT UT=000167008800007 334.645 61 6648 The most frequently occurring image related terms appeared less than 10 % of the time, with most terms occurring only once. 228 11_RESULT UT=000241539500012 209.621 67 6644 Second, we propose and evaluate a pruning strategy that uses query log information to eliminate terms. 256 11_RESULT UT=000167198000004 285.88 73 6566 Findings are compared to data from two other large studies of Web queries. 163 11_RESULT UT=000228698800008 341.895 69 6408 Finally, we demonstrate that a clustered system will outperform a replicated system if a high number of query servers is used, essentially due to the reduction of the network load. 162 11_RESULT UT=000228698800008 353.865 68 6163 In a replicated system, the network is the bottleneck due to the high number of query servers and the continuous data interchange with the brokers. 318 11_RESULT UT=000232442000007 387.185 60 5986 This area is new since previous research has particularly focused on how professional searchers and librarians make use of thesauri and thesaurus-enhanced search interfaces. 298 11_RESULT UT=000232617500001 410.814 66 5921 The findings are useful for Web site developers to improve the performance of their services provided on the Web and for researchers to conduct further research in this area. 154 11_RESULT UT=000250259400005 333.247 60 5693 The BBC search engine possessed a number of functional attributes which sought to improve retrieval and these were subjected to the two metrics to help determine how successful they were in practice. 389 11_RESULT UT=000230105400006 212.617 53 5528 Users also behave in a passive way: they seldom change search environments set by the system. 141 11_RESULT UT=000227150600006 136.968 48 5368 The length of queries has been increased by about 40 %. 415 11_RESULT UT=000167198000005 494.874 68 5305 A framework is proposed for future studies that will facilitate comparison of results, The advantages of such a framework are presented, and the implications for the design of Web information retrieval systems studies are discussed. 330 11_RESULT UT=000246379300003 155.432 48 5138 These lists represent 13 % of the query traffic. 359 11_RESULT UT=000250741100006 351.212 51 4648 Online panel data consisting of month-long clickstreams of2,022 Web users obtained from lnsightXplore, Taiwan are made available for the empirical validation of the hypotheses. 155 11_RESULT UT=000250259400005 231.901 47 4636 There was some evidence to support the proposition that the search outcome metrics did indeed indicate the effectiveness of engine functionality. 317 11_RESULT UT=000232442000007 303.514 49 4540 Originality/ value-The paper provides an insight into the ways in which end-users make use of and interact with a thesaurus-enhanced search interface. 196 11_RESULT UT=000250259400004 196.706 47 4532 In this paper we analyzed the external requests coming from search engines. 118 11_RESULT UT=000169032200004 226.946 44 4457 Next, the concept of a " term density space " is introduced for term discrimination analysis. 287 11_RESULT UT=000170123900002 254.015 51 4415 We show how all the available data can be used to simultaneously estimate both documents and queries in proportions that are optimal in a maximum likelihood sense. 139 11_RESULT UT=000227150600006 115.64 43 4367 We found that the number of non-English queries has increased. 292 11_RESULT UT=000180495500005 484.248 54 4208 As a third objective, we will explore the underlying problems involved in searching document collections written in the four different languages, and we will suggest and evaluate different database merging strategies capable of providing the user with a single unique result list. 168 11_RESULT UT=000183342400006 218.106 45 4080 Overall, we see multimedia Web searching undergoing major changes as Web content and searching evolves. 369 11_RESULT UT=000170707500003 402.422 46 3989 The proposed methodology was demonstrated and tested for validity using two independent samples of user sessions drawn from the transaction logs of the University of California 's MELVYL(R) on-line library catalog system ( www. 255 11_RESULT UT=000167198000004 113.965 38 3722 Queries about recreation and entertainment rank highest. 409 11_RESULT UT=000167170600003 419.54 50 3566 Since the Web changes constantly, the findings of any study are valid only in the time frame in which it was carried out, and are dependent on the quality of the data collection tools, which are usually not under the control of the researcher. 178 11_RESULT UT=000169354400001 491.831 51 2894 The reasoning varied across countries and questions as well, with Finns mentioning fewer reasons although both groups mentioned in aggregate ii total of1,284 reasons in twenty-four reason categories. 396 11_RESULT UT=000227957700001 143.765 29 2681 ( 3) What changes in the information needs of AltaVista users occurred between 1998 and 2002? 236 11_RESULT UT=000246678500007 213.833 31 2641 We also report on differences in how participants interacted with their Web browser across the range of information-seeking tasks. 269 11_RESULT UT=000088171500006 467.126 42 2288 The cluster analyses revealed several anticipated and a few unanticipated groupings of subjects, resulting in several well-defined high-level clusters of broad subject areas. 247 11_RESULT UT=000233478200003 208.272 27 2166 Results indicate that there are predictable patterns of times when searchers desire and implement searching assistance. 270 11_RESULT UT=000088171500006 299.927 31 1984 Multidimensional scaling of subject cooccurrences revealed similar relationships among the different subject categories. 229 11_RESULT UT=000241539500012 253.957 24 1937 Our experiments show that our proposed pruning method maintains the accuracy achieved by complete indexes, while decreasing the index size by up to 60 %. 206 11_RESULT UT=000183501500005 309.874 30 1659 Interviews, audio recordings, screen captures, and observations were used to gather data from 14 undergraduate students who searched an academic library 's Information Gateway. 221 11_RESULT UT=000251377600019 258.371 25 1628 We also perform a basic analysis to study the correlations between observed transformation codes, with results that appear to show evidence of behavior habits. 324 11_RESULT UT=000231994000009 207.556 25 1616 It is suggested that the method has a great potential in library and information science research. 246 11_RESULT UT=000233478200003 280.966 25 1604 Concerning patterns of interaction, we identified1,879 occurrences of searcher-system interactions and classified them into 9 major categories and 27 subcategories or states. 404 11_RESULT UT=000185857000003 198.361 22 1425 Further, as much as 43 per cent of the requests contain no information about the context that gives rise to the request. 185 11_RESULT UT=000171753100005 177.073 20 1411 This article introduces MetaSpider, a meta-search engine that has real-time indexing and categorizing functions. 179 11_RESULT UT=000169354400001 279.342 26 1179 The reasoning indicated that both country groups considered not only question-related reasons but also source- and search-strategy-related reasons in malting their decision. 195 11_RESULT UT=000250259400004 180.879 15 1093 On the other hand the site is very active, thus it seems to serve Israeli citizens well, even without being a well known brand. 248 11_RESULT UT=000233478200003 183.44 19 1046 The most common three-state pattern is Execute Query-View Results: With Scrolling-View Assistance. 353 11_RESULT UT=000169989400004 132.135 16 811 The reasons varied across question types. 173 11_RESULT UT=000085411400002 158.237 18 738 We conclude with a summary of findings and a discussion of the implications of these findings. 286 11_RESULT UT=000170123900002 165.8 15 581 In this paper, we resolve the question using a maximum likelihood framework. 237 11_RESULT UT=000246678500007 130.831 12 566 Within each type of task, we found several distinguishing characteristics. 214 11_RESULT UT=000246379600005 78.051 8 542 E-mail use was universal. 422 11_RESULT UT=000229157800010 110.313 9 504 Differences emerged as a function of both expertise and feedback. 403 11_RESULT UT=000185857000003 250.332 17 494 However, a few attributes - especially title, production year and director - account for the majority of the attribute instances. 123 11_RESULT UT=000085411400006 129.405 10 465 Experimental comparisons show performance that compares favorably with previous work. 186 11_RESULT UT=000171753100005 179.029 14 360 We report in this paper the major components of MetaSpider and discuss related technical approaches. 307 11_RESULT UT=000246379700010 65.6034 8 316 Findings show that Dogpile. 421 11_RESULT UT=000229157800010 63.5881 6 315 Nine distinct strategies were identified. 205 11_RESULT UT=000183501500005 27.0304 2 62 and ( 3) are they successful using them? 370 11_RESULT UT=000170707500003 19.0921 1 1 melvyl. 371 11_RESULT UT=000170707500003 19.0921 1 1 ucop. 372 11_RESULT UT=000170707500003 19.0921 1 1 edu). 602 12_CONCLUSION UT=000189228000007 251.96 55 2079 Our findings, we believe, have implications for Web users and suggest the need for future research to assess the relationship between Web page characteristics and their perceived reputation. 459 12_CONCLUSION UT=000183605700003 262.324 41 1592 Related implications for Website development are discussed, with an emphasis on the need for librarians to not only acknowledge teens ' developmental needs but to take into consideration their expectations of Web technologies. 509 12_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200004 373.838 41 1544 A critical analysis of these issues results in a proposal for an expanded concept of collection that considers the perspectives of both the user and the collection developer, invites rigorous user-centered research, and looks at the collection as an information-seeking context. 528 12_CONCLUSION UT=000087652000007 235.464 45 1523 The results of the study are discussed to understand the nature of the interactive IR process, and to further suggest their implications for the design of adaptive IR systems. 493 12_CONCLUSION UT=000180036000002 233.025 40 1504 Related implications for librarians and teachers are also discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of teaching young people to become more critical users of the Web. 557 12_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 163.359 43 1473 We discuss the implications for the design of information retrieval systems and future research directions. 438 12_CONCLUSION UT=000222619700004 307.68 39 1309 Since a growing number of information sources of various types are competing for people 's attention, general level conceptions of sources and channels will gain importance as a criterion by which sources will be accepted or rejected. 594 12_CONCLUSION UT=000184780500005 220.337 37 1274 Project findings have implications in a range of areas, including the marketing of CD-ROM packages, research and development and practices within schools. 471 12_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100004 138.123 33 1175 Implications for formal Web training and system design improvements are discussed. 545 12_CONCLUSION UT=000221399000002 254.867 38 1164 The results raise questions about the apparent tendency of the public to regard the Internet as the best source of information on complex topics like genetics, for which it may be ill-suited. 431 12_CONCLUSION UT=000168426400002 298.846 31 975 The present study suggests that the application of individual instances of classificatory attributes and the distinction between Content and Context Attributes emphasized by Kwasnik play a minimal role in the development of a multi-user classification system for bookmarks. 537 12_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400007 106.615 27 969 Implications for user training and system design are discussed. 635 12_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 114.662 27 928 The implications of the results for the design of IR interfaces are discussed. 621 12_CONCLUSION UT=000181925300001 249.225 29 852 This project was exploratory in nature, and the pattern of findings are proposed as prima facie evidence to support the notion that study approaches can influence choice of search strategies. 522 12_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400001 145.349 26 845 The research raises questions about considering cultural differences in designing web search access mechanisms. 446 12_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200001 135.947 26 818 The Web needs both a more straightforward interface and more information specifically aimed at the young before it can seriously threaten its rivals. 501 12_CONCLUSION UT=000187938400004 158.186 27 817 However, the link structure of the Internet can be used to identify Web sites that are more likely to contain accurate reference information. 516 12_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700001 146.089 26 774 They conclude by identifying further areas for research and by recommending that information scientists should lead the way in defining this growing area. 470 12_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100004 139.948 25 768 Children expressed their information needs and provided recommendations for improving the interface design of Yahooligans! 612 12_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 110.428 28 728 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 611 12_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 243.762 26 707 A model of choice behavior shows relationships among the initial question, the reasons, and the choice of initial search strategies. 494 12_CONCLUSION UT=000180036000002 109.206 27 703 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 566 12_CONCLUSION UT=000171016300006 109.206 27 703 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 565 12_CONCLUSION UT=000171016300006 56.5626 19 653 Implications of this body of research are discussed. 452 12_CONCLUSION UT=000223985200009 89.5343 25 646 ( C) 2003 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 573 12_CONCLUSION UT=000187738300007 89.5343 25 646 ( C) 2002 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 603 12_CONCLUSION UT=000189228000007 89.5343 25 646 ( C) 2003 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 460 12_CONCLUSION UT=000183605700003 88.3123 24 621 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 578 12_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100009 140.417 20 618 Finally, the role of the subjects ' level of domain expertise is discussed and directions for future research are proposed. 634 12_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 227.436 24 543 Overall end-user searching behaviour is complex and it seems that just one factor can cause poor performance, whereas good performance can result from suboptimal strategies that compensate for some difficulties. 544 12_CONCLUSION UT=000221399000002 198.894 18 391 Age, income, and self-reported understanding of genetics are shown to be predictors of whether someone goes to medical professionals for advice, rather than to the Internet or public library. 485 12_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 145.103 17 390 The relevance criteria of documents changed more than the criteria of references during the process. 622 12_CONCLUSION UT=000181925300001 105.742 15 382 The results are considered essentially as hypotheses for further systematic study, for which suggestions are made. 536 12_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400007 184.924 17 376 The findings provided insights into children 's behaviors and success, as their weighted traversal effectiveness and efficiency scores, as well as quality moves. 484 12_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 140.76 15 343 The more structured the task in the process, the more able the person is to distinguish between relevant and other sources. 593 12_CONCLUSION UT=000184780500005 170.954 16 337 When youngsters themselves compared the two resources as information-seeking tools, CD-ROM software was criticized for its lack of detailed material and the Internet for the problems in locating what was desired. 439 12_CONCLUSION UT=000222619700004 68.4763 12 327 This seems to be a particular characteristic of networked information environments. 633 12_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 141.525 15 289 Poor performers frequently exhibited several factors of good searcher behaviour and failed for just one reason. 584 12_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500005 92.4977 10 180 The agency selected for study is the Federal Emergency Management Administration. 556 12_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 88.2561 8 97 There does not seem to be a correlation between the use of assistance and previous searching performance. 486 12_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 50.0562 6 95 Moreover, it seems that understanding of topicality varies depending on the phase of the process. 555 12_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200003 106.927 9 86 Searchers appear receptive to automated assistance; there is a 71 % implementation rate. 448 12_METHOD UT=000223985200009 1585.02 176 23034 In addition to the four types of source credibility proposed by previous studies ( presumed credibility, reputed credibility, surface credibility, and experienced credibility), this study shows that two other types of source credibility ( verifiable credibility and cost-effort credibility) play a significant role in shaping students ' perceptions of credibility. 576 12_METHOD UT=000085990100009 938.952 159 14191 The results indicate that subjects with WWW-experience are more proficient in locating Web sites than are novice WWW-users, The observed differences were ascribed to the experts ' superior skills in operating Web search engines, However, on tasks that required subjects to locate information on specific Web sites, the performance of experienced and novice users was equivalent-a result that is in line with hypertext research. 561 12_METHOD UT=000171016300006 738.942 152 12879 Research on adult searchers focused on describing search patterns, and many studies investigated effects of selected factors on search behavior, including information organization and presentation, type of search task, Web experience, cognitive abilities, and affective states. 606 12_METHOD UT=000169989400004 656.282 97 8480 Data were gathered via a questionnaire asking for decisions for 16 questions of four types: closed/ predictable source; closed/ unpredictable source; open/ predictable source; open/ unpredictable source. 443 12_METHOD UT=000089368200001 371.813 95 7089 The children overall demonstrate a sophistication both in their appreciation of the Web 's strengths and weaknesses as an information source, end in their information retrieval strategies. 607 12_METHOD UT=000169989400004 491.055 90 6916 The participants not only indicated a fairly high degree of familiarity with the initial search options and used different search strategies but also were influenced in their choice of an initial search strategy by question-related characteristics. 575 12_METHOD UT=000085990100009 426.166 78 6226 This study examined the effect of a user 's WWW experience on both phases of the search process, Twenty-five students from two schools for Dutch pre-university education were observed while performing three search tasks. 540 12_METHOD UT=000221399000002 403.995 87 6160 The authors make use of survey data to explore this thesis in regards to information sources about genetic testing and the influence of the Internet on the information seeking behaviors of the public. 442 12_METHOD UT=000089368200001 211.44 73 5742 They also discuss how they searched for information on the Web and the ways in which this differs from looking for information in printed sources. 580 12_METHOD UT=000088865500005 422.162 73 5328 Another body of research from information technology advocates suggests that Information Technology 's inherent capabilities transform organization hierarchy and control outside of management 's control. 569 12_METHOD UT=000187738300007 455.966 77 5213 Undergraduates talked aloud while searching digital environments about the decisions they were making about the information they encountered while transaction analyses software ( Lotus ScreenCam) recorded both their search moves and their decision-making through verbal protocol analysis. 599 12_METHOD UT=000189228000007 587.376 76 5143 The 4800 individual assessments of 240 sites that represent 12 topics indicated that Google tends to identify and highly rank significantly more reputable Web sites than TOPIC, which, in turn, outputs more than AltaVista and Lycos, but this was not consistent from topic to topic. 518 12_METHOD UT=000169354400001 523.416 68 5085 The paper looks at these differences for four types of questions with two variables: closed/ open and predictable/ unpredictable source of answer ( n=16 questions per searcher; total n=864 questions). 513 12_METHOD UT=000166468700001 218.15 64 4690 Previous research has identified a lack of information on how students experience and define information literacy. 503 12_METHOD UT=000166380600003 394.252 67 4573 Despite changes in the kinds of information that are stored and the technologies that enable their storage, the relationship between a reader 's time and the distance of material from the reader is a constant challenge to information providers. 589 12_METHOD UT=000184780500005 254.304 48 4568 No attempts were reported to check the credibility of any information retrieved from electronic sources. 477 12_METHOD UT=000181362200004 322.649 61 4533 Data for describing their understanding of the work task, search goals and tactics as well as relevance assessments were collected during the search sessions. 519 12_METHOD UT=000169354400001 315.194 55 4230 The paper found significant differences between the two groups ' initial search strategies and for three of the four types of questions. 489 12_METHOD UT=000180036000002 396.084 58 3740 The qualitative methodology used to gather data for the development and testing of this model included Web site evaluation sessions and group interviews with 11 young female students. 497 12_METHOD UT=000187938400004 155.184 52 3598 Toward this end, information professionals have published checklists for evaluating information. 629 12_METHOD UT=000165132100006 339.362 53 3496 Analysis of strategies, timing data, and query logs showed that there were many different causes for search failure or success. 449 12_METHOD UT=000223985200009 168.091 46 3412 Circumstances that affect students ' willingness to accept scholarly information on the web are identified. 608 12_METHOD UT=000169989400004 262.966 42 3163 Of the two question characteristics in the study, the most influential is the predictable/ unpredictable source of the answer. 597 12_METHOD UT=000189228000007 303.585 44 3044 TOPIC purports to output, and highly rank within its hit list, reputable Web sites for searched topics. 525 12_METHOD UT=000087652000007 402.338 49 2962 The focus of this study is on the in-depth investigation of shifts in the micro-level of user goals-"interactive intention " acid information-seeking strategies that users engage in within an information-seeking episode. 533 12_METHOD UT=000086651400007 474.861 49 2955 Their affective states were captured via a one-on-one exit interview, A new measure called " Web Traversal Measure " was developed to measure children 's " weighted " traversal effectiveness and efficiency scores, as well as their quality moves in Yahooligans! 598 12_METHOD UT=000189228000007 267.329 43 2783 In this study, 80 participants reviewed the output (i.e., highly ranked sites) from each tool and assessed the quality of retrieved sites. 570 12_METHOD UT=000187738300007 256.025 43 2683 Analyses included examining the relationship between undergraduates ' epistemological beliefs and reflective judgment and how they searched for information in these digital environments. 465 12_METHOD UT=000167098100004 290.714 41 2671 Children had difficulty completing the task mainly because they lacked adequate level of research skills and approached the task by seeking specific answers. 626 12_METHOD UT=000165132100006 164.874 36 2532 Data was captured on the search strategies used, duration, and logs of submitted queries. 588 12_METHOD UT=000184780500005 146.264 38 2395 The strategies employed to exploit each form of information resource were essentially similar. 507 12_METHOD UT=000089368200004 208.566 38 2358 Some of these presumptions have sewed only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection, Others seem to have become more relevant in the current information environment. 532 12_METHOD UT=000086651400007 323.824 37 2332 Their cognitive and physical behaviors were captured using Lotus ScreenCam, a Windows-based software package that captures and replays activities recorded in Web browsers, such as Netscape. 560 12_METHOD UT=000171016300006 149.929 32 2291 Most of the studies on children described their interaction with the Web. 476 12_METHOD UT=000181362200004 195.322 33 2290 The students were asked to make an IR search at the beginning, middle and end of the course. 479 12_METHOD UT=000181362200004 115.975 28 2084 The students were asked to think aloud during the search session. 581 12_METHOD UT=000088865500005 328.124 32 1840 In addition, advocates from governmental change toward a more responsive type of government advocate adoption of If as a form of change mechanism. 512 12_METHOD UT=000166468700001 111.981 29 1828 Alternative conceptions of information Literacy are described. 549 12_METHOD UT=000233478200003 308.365 34 1827 The study used a client-side automated assistance application, an approximately500,000-document Text REtrieval Conference content collection, and six topics. 427 12_METHOD UT=000168426400002 200.565 29 1774 Based on the data collected during this first component of the study, individual, customized questionnaires were composed for each participant. 615 12_METHOD UT=000181925300001 226.396 31 1771 A consistent pattern emerged across the nine analyses in relation to a number of study approach variables. 524 12_METHOD UT=000087652000007 325.422 35 1719 The limitation of the existing IR systems calls for the need to investigate how to support users as they shift from one information-seeking strategy to another in their attempts to achieve their information-seeking goals. 428 12_METHOD UT=000168426400002 313.366 31 1691 Whereas some of the questions within these surveys focused on particular classificatory decisions regarding specific bookmarks, others looked at how the participant defined, utilized, and structured the category folders that comprised his or her classification system. 490 12_METHOD UT=000180036000002 354.185 35 1603 Data analysis took the form of iterative pattern coding using QSR NUD * IST Vivo qualitative data analysis software. 506 12_METHOD UT=000089368200004 289.997 31 1582 This article addresses the task and reveals four major presumptions associated with collections: tangibility, ownership, a user community, and an integrated retrieval mechanism. 627 12_METHOD UT=000165132100006 200.336 26 1439 Differences were found between the groups for the performance measure of recall in only one of the four experimental tasks. 587 12_METHOD UT=000184780500005 223.629 23 1181 Home access to the Internet was seen to be more limited than that to CD-ROM, although the former was consulted to tackle needs of a greater number of types. 562 12_METHOD UT=000171016300006 164.09 17 1085 What distinguishes the research on adult searchers is the use of multiple data-gathering methods. 541 12_METHOD UT=000221399000002 216.86 18 720 A telephone survey of a random sample of 882 adults asked them about their knowledge of, concerns about, and interest in genetic testing. 466 12_METHOD UT=000167098100004 150.791 15 707 Children 's cognitive and physical behaviors varied by success levels. 455 12_METHOD UT=000183605700003 72.0828 12 706 Were teenagers involved in creating and updating the site? 456 12_METHOD UT=000183605700003 72.0828 12 706 How was the site promoted to teenagers? 550 12_METHOD UT=000233478200003 115.415 12 643 Results indicate that automated assistance can improve searching performance. 616 12_METHOD UT=000181925300001 256.421 21 605 Boolean searching was consistently associated with a reproductive ( as opposed to meaning-oriented) approach, anxiety ( in the form of fear of failure), and high levels of active interest. 531 12_METHOD UT=000086651400007 182.701 15 463 Twenty-two seventh-grade science children from a middle school located in Knoxville, Tennessee participated in the project. 551 12_METHOD UT=000233478200003 193.343 17 453 However, the improvement is less dramatic than one might expect, with an approximately 20 % performance increase, as measured by the number of user-selected relevant documents. 434 12_METHOD UT=000222619700004 157.314 14 332 Most conceptions appeared to be quite impressionistic, reflecting the basic difficulty of describing the constantly changing nature of the Internet. 435 12_METHOD UT=000222619700004 105.818 11 309 Two major kinds of Internet conceptions were identified. 478 12_METHOD UT=000181362200004 92.5392 9 290 Pre- and post-search interviews were conducted during each session. 628 12_METHOD UT=000165132100006 66.4292 7 235 Overall performance was poor. 498 12_METHOD UT=000187938400004 150.603 10 169 However, such checklists can be effective only if the proposed indicators of accuracy really do indicate accuracy. 617 12_METHOD UT=000181925300001 71.4076 6 142 Best-match was associated with the converse of all these measures. 464 12_METHOD UT=000167098100004 58.136 4 29 Sixty-nine percent partially succeeded, while 31 % failed. 604 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 541.962 106 8162 This gaper studies the influence of question-related variables ( closed/ open and predictable/ unpredictable source) on Web users ' choices of search strategy ( direct address, subject directory, and search engine) in the initial stage of a search. 517 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400001 592.762 95 7399 This paper uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodology to analyse differences between Finnish and American web searchers ( n=27 per country) in their choice of initial search strategies ( direct address, subject directory and search engines) and their reasoning underlying these choices, with data gathered via a questionnaire. 574 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100009 245.641 103 6883 Searching for information on the World Wide Web ( WWW) basically comes down to locating an appropriate Web site and to retrieving relevant information from that site. 441 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200001 359.193 86 5773 The children discuss the quantity and quality of textual and image information on the Web versus traditional print sources, and the reasons why they made very little use of any moving images and sound clips on the Web. 523 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000087652000007 417.546 85 5465 Research has demonstrated that people engage in multiple types of information-seeking strategies when using information retrieval ( IR) systems; unfortunately, current IR systems are designed to support only one type of information-seeking strategy: specifying queries. 595 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000189228000007 272.154 85 5453 In this study, we compare a search tool, TOPIC, with three other widely used tools that retrieve information from the Web: AltaVista, Google, and Lycos. 530 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400007 158.815 68 4543 search engine to find information on a specific search task. 623 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 278.759 67 4356 An empirical investigation of information retrieval ( IR) using the MEDLINE1 database was carried out to study user behaviour, performance and to investigate the reasons for suboptimal searches. 496 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000187938400004 129.456 72 4326 Internet users need to be able to distinguish accurate information from inaccurate information. 505 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200004 165.016 69 4214 Advances in information technology have dramatically changed information seeking, and necessitate an examination of traditional conceptions of library collection. 447 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000223985200009 184.961 69 4115 The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing students ' perception of the credibility of scholarly information on the web. 614 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181925300001 345.874 60 4111 Factor analyses were applied to data from over 500 queries submitting in response to three different search tasks to identify clusters of variables associated with three Web-based search strategies: Boolean, best-match, and combined. 440 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200001 227.073 68 4094 This article presents and discusses interviews with 50 grade-6 primary school students about their experience of using the Web to find information for a class project. 474 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 115.129 63 3819 The assessment of relevance is based on both retrieved bibliographical information and the documents acquired and read on the basis of this information. 547 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 165.174 55 3154 Forty participants interacted with two fully functional information retrieval systems in a counterbalanced, within-participant study. 613 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181925300001 168.029 54 3086 This paper reports results from a project, which sought to investigate the relationship between study approaches and Web-based information seeking. 432 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000222619700004 157.237 53 3022 Based on the interviews of 18 people in Finland in 2001-2, conceptions of the Internet as an information source were explored. 558 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000171016300006 142.326 49 3013 This article reviews studies, conducted between 1995 and 2000, on Web search behavior. 624 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 308.859 50 2951 The experimental subjects were drawn from two groups of final year medical students who differed in their knowledge of the search system (i.e., novice and expert users). 568 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000187738300007 446.184 50 2791 Undergraduates completed a short-answer questionnaire, the Measure of Epistemological Reflection, measuring their epistemological beliefs and searched the Web and an online public access catalog using tasks from the Reflective Judgment Interview that assessed their reflective judgment level. 579 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500005 216.856 49 2761 Research findings from the organizational theory tend to support the position that management uses Information Technology ( IT) to maintain existing organizational hierachy and control. 538 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000221399000002 130.615 47 2743 The diffusion of the Internet has radically expanded the readily available sources for information of all types. 546 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 303.692 47 2721 We report quantitative and qualitative results of an empirical evaluation to determine whether automated assistance improves searching performance and when searchers desire system intervention in the search process. 586 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000184780500005 147.974 47 2658 Nevertheless, the area has recently been addressed within a largely qualitative project more generally devoted to young people 's information universes. 596 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000189228000007 336.964 43 2657 These tools use different techniques for outputting and ranking Web sites: external link structure ( TOPIC and Google) and semantic content analysis ( AltaVista and Lycos). 539 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000221399000002 142.216 44 2495 Information that was once obtained second-hand from friends and acquaintances -the traditional " two-step flow"-is now found easily through the Internet. 463 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100004 89.8385 43 2492 to locate relevant information for an assigned research task. 495 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000187938400004 84.2278 43 2475 The Internet is increasingly being used as a source of reference information. 425 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400002 419.497 48 2377 Using the financial industry as a context, the following study seeks to address the issue of the classification of electronic bookmarks in a multi-user system by investigating what factors influence how individuals develop categories for bookmarks and how they choose to classify bookmarks within those organizational categories. 461 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100004 292.352 50 2338 This study reports the results of Part II of a research project that investigated the cognitive and physical behaviors of middle school students in using Yahooligans! 426 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400002 242.997 41 2290 An experiment was conducted in which a sample of 15 participants was asked to bookmark and to categorize 60 web sites within Internet Browser folders of their own creation. 510 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700001 174.493 41 2250 The authors identify some key definitions of 'information literacy ' and initiatives concerned with imparting information literacy skills. 487 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000180036000002 193.408 38 2114 This article, offers a theoretical model of the criteria young people use to evaluate Web sites. 511 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700001 118.22 37 2091 They identify Limitations in taking an approach to information literacy which assumes that it can be boiled down to a list of skills. 502 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000166380600003 142.934 37 2075 The storage of eye-readable information at a location removed from its parent institution has a history of more than two thousand years. 454 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700003 80.6432 37 2003 What young adult information needs did they target? 605 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 137.536 32 1970 Subjects are 54 Finnish and American students with about2.5 yr of Web searching. 625 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 148.462 32 1944 The subjects carried out four search tasks and their recall and precision performance was recorded. 529 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400007 244.571 41 1880 This study reports on the first part of a research project that investigated children 's cognitive, affective, and physical behaviors as they use the Yahooligans! 472 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 255.445 36 1633 The objective of this study is to analyse how changes in relevance criteria are related to changes in problem stages during the task performance process. 475 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 194.906 34 1515 The participants of the study were eleven students who attended a course for one term for preparing a research proposal for the master 's thesis. 585 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000184780500005 170.447 26 1169 Little research has compared youngsters ' use of CDROM and the Internet for information-seeking purposes. 433 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000222619700004 138.801 21 930 In general, the conceptions reflect the acceptability, accessibility and usability of Internet sources. 559 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000171016300006 72.7101 17 756 These studies reported on children as well as on adults. 453 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700003 178.433 20 651 This article probes the motivation of librarians to develop public library Websites for young adults. 548 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200003 124.243 15 639 The systems were identical in all respects except that one offered automated assistance and the other did not. 488 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000180036000002 251.601 21 542 The model combines the concepts of personal preferences, object engagement characteristics, human processing constraints, and contextual constraints-to predict a young person 's evaluation decision. 462 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100004 81.4129 12 442 Seventeen students in the seventh grade searched Yahooligans! 473 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 80.8632 10 434 Relevance is understood as a task- and process-oriented user construct. 567 12_OBJECTIVE UT=000187738300007 115.897 12 373 During the fall 2001 semester 15 first-year undergraduates were interviewed about their information-seeking behavior. 601 12_RESULT UT=000189228000007 540.849 100 5958 The results of this research include insight into the factors that Web users consider in formulating perceptions of Web site reputation, and insight into which search tools are outputting reputable sites for Web users. 445 12_RESULT UT=000089368200001 558.805 86 4747 The results from this research study suggest that although the Web can make an important contribution to information retrieval by school students, for the time being, at any rate, a role also remains both for other electronic sources such as CD-ROMs and print materials that are targeted specifically st young users. 563 12_RESULT UT=000171016300006 369.001 64 3349 The research on Web search behavior reflects researchers ' commitment to examine users in their information environment and exhibits rigor in design and data analysis. 492 12_RESULT UT=000180036000002 350.184 56 3218 Related implications for Web site designers are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of enabling users to modify Web site design to satisfy their personal preferences. 515 12_RESULT UT=000166468700001 439.343 56 2810 They go on to discuss two issues in the light of previous developments and their own research: appropriate pedagogic methods for educating for information literacy and information literacy as a discipline in its own right. 514 12_RESULT UT=000166468700001 398.456 49 2316 The authors describe the student response to a one-semester credit-bearing class in information literacy, taken by business students at the University of Strathclyde, and relate it to two models of information literacy. 609 12_RESULT UT=000169989400004 389.718 51 2118 The participants mentioned 24 different types of reasons for selecting the initial search strategy, which were grouped by their focus on questions, sources, and search strategy options. 572 12_RESULT UT=000187738300007 319.658 46 2096 Undergraduates ' at higher stages of epistemological development exhibited the ability to handle conflicting information sources and to recognize authoritative information sources. 468 12_RESULT UT=000167098100004 312.324 42 1859 The present study considers the impact of prior experience in using the Web, domain knowledge, topic knowledge, and reading ability on children 's success. 467 12_RESULT UT=000167098100004 287.191 43 1779 Similarities and differences in children 's cognitive and physical behaviors were found between the research task and the fact-based task they performed in the previous study. 429 12_RESULT UT=000168426400002 339.053 43 1741 The results presented in this paper focus on issues investigated in Kwasnik 's ( Journal of Documentation, 1991, 47, 389-398) study of the factors that inform how individuals organize their personal, paper-based documents in office environments. 500 12_RESULT UT=000187938400004 257.124 34 1590 Many of the commonly proposed indicators of accuracy (e.g., that the Web site does not contain advertising) were not found to be correlated with accuracy. 469 12_RESULT UT=000167098100004 293.799 38 1496 It reports the overall patterns of children 's behaviors, including searching and browsing moves, backtracking and looping moves, and navigational styles, as well as the time taken to complete the research task. 508 12_RESULT UT=000089368200004 313.336 32 1397 The emergence of nontraditional media, such as the World Wide Web ( WWW), poses two specific challenges: to question the necessity of finite collections, and contest the boundaries of a collection. 520 12_RESULT UT=000169354400001 366.169 40 1367 The reasoning varied across countries and questions as well, with Finns mentioning fewer reasons although both groups mentioned in aggregate ii total of1,284 reasons in twenty-four reason categories. 600 12_RESULT UT=000189228000007 214.998 31 1341 Metrics derived from reputation research were used in the assessment and a factor analysis was employed to identify a key factor, which we call 'repute '. 499 12_RESULT UT=000187938400004 313.606 35 1297 This study implements a technique for testing such indicators of accuracy and uses it to test indicators of accuracy for answers to ready reference questions. 458 12_RESULT UT=000183605700003 183.931 35 1275 Connections are drawn between the findings of this study and research about teens and their Internet use. 444 12_RESULT UT=000089368200001 176.827 26 1253 In their reaction to the Web compared with traditional print sources, they can be categorized as technophiles, traditionalists, or pragmatists. 630 12_RESULT UT=000165132100006 274.965 33 1235 Poor searchers either gave up too quickly, employed few search terms, used only simple queries, or used the wrong search terms. 542 12_RESULT UT=000221399000002 277.618 34 1150 Respondents were most likely to first turn to the Internet for information about cancer genetics, second to public libraries, and third to medical doctors. 534 12_RESULT UT=000086651400007 168.409 24 1076 Children 's prior experience in using the Internet/ Web and their knowledge of the Yahooligans! 482 12_RESULT UT=000181362200004 323.854 33 1028 The findings support to a certain extent the overall hypotheses that a person 's problem stage during task performance is related to his or her use of relevance criteria in assessing retrieved references and documents. 450 12_RESULT UT=000223985200009 122.385 21 1024 Implications for web system design arc! 526 12_RESULT UT=000087652000007 217.439 30 994 Forty cases of library uses were selected from four different types of libraries for this study. 577 12_RESULT UT=000085990100009 167.309 23 985 Based on these findings, implications for training and supporting students in searching for information on the WWW are identified. 527 12_RESULT UT=000087652000007 276.893 29 924 The qualitative and qualititative analysis of the data identifies four types of shifts of interactive intentions end three types of information-seeking strategies. 481 12_RESULT UT=000181362200004 87.1384 17 836 Research and search diaries were also collected. 430 12_RESULT UT=000168426400002 234.053 23 767 Whereas classificatory attributes culled from questionnaire responses nominally resembled those identified by Kwasnik, it was found that a number of these factors assumed distinctive definitions in the electronic environment. 521 12_RESULT UT=000169354400001 228.94 24 758 The reasoning indicated that both country groups considered not only question-related reasons but also source- and search-strategy-related reasons in malting their decision. 571 12_RESULT UT=000187738300007 173.383 21 714 Results indicated that there was a relationship between epistemological beliefs and reflective judgment and information-seeking behavior. 553 12_RESULT UT=000233478200003 150.118 22 712 Results indicate that there are predictable patterns of times when searchers desire and implement searching assistance. 631 12_RESULT UT=000165132100006 209.681 23 707 Good searchers persisted longer, used a larger, richer set of terms, constructed more complex queries, and were more diligent in evaluating the retrieved results. 437 12_RESULT UT=000222619700004 184.178 23 556 Second, conceptions based on actual use experiences of the Internet significantly drew on quality judgments of the networked services. 436 12_RESULT UT=000222619700004 202.019 22 541 First, in metaphorical conceptions, the Internet was primarily conceived in terms of space or place, for example, a library or a bazaar. 610 12_RESULT UT=000169989400004 111.434 16 532 The reasons varied across question types. 554 12_RESULT UT=000233478200003 145.172 18 529 The most common three-state pattern is Execute Query-View Results: With Scrolling-View Assistance. 483 12_RESULT UT=000181362200004 179.439 19 513 There is a connection between an individual 's changing understanding of his or her task and how the relevance of references and full texts is judged. 592 12_RESULT UT=000184780500005 152.476 19 494 As Internet use for school purposes rose in accordance with age, that of CD-ROM declined. 543 12_RESULT UT=000221399000002 140.052 15 481 Overall, doctors were the most likely source to be consulted when second and third choices are considered. 620 12_RESULT UT=000181925300001 55.9899 11 398 A model is introduced which seeks to explain these results. 564 12_RESULT UT=000171016300006 84.9066 12 396 However, many studies lack external validity. 619 12_RESULT UT=000181925300001 134.097 14 391 There was also some evidence of changes in strategy in relation to task complexity. 457 12_RESULT UT=000183605700003 90.3981 9 382 What barriers had to be overcome in the creation and maintenance of the site? 491 12_RESULT UT=000180036000002 144.067 14 375 Data analysis uncovered strong support for the theoretical and empirical models. 632 12_RESULT UT=000165132100006 82.9244 11 356 However, individual performances were not correlated with all of these factors. 590 12_RESULT UT=000184780500005 118.193 14 346 The Internet was, however, used more frequently beyond the informants ' own homes than was CD-ROM. 583 12_RESULT UT=000088865500005 193.736 14 305 The authors examines one instance of the development of a form of network organization within the federal government, and the processes of IT change that have occurred over the past 20 years. 552 12_RESULT UT=000233478200003 195.897 15 283 Concerning patterns of interaction, we identified1,879 occurrences of searcher-system interactions and classified them into 9 major categories and 27 subcategories or states. 618 12_RESULT UT=000181925300001 98.676 9 224 Combined searching was differentiated from both Boolean and best-match by being associated with poor time management. 591 12_RESULT UT=000184780500005 111.286 12 219 There was also greater employment of the Internet by adults acting on the youngsters ' behalf. 504 12_RESULT UT=000166380600003 128.922 10 165 Competing visions of service and economics, to which remote storage is one response, are timeless. 582 12_RESULT UT=000088865500005 54.6141 4 58 This aritcle explores these conflicting positions. 535 12_RESULT UT=000086651400007 38.4106 3 29 interface were gathered via a questionnaire. 480 12_RESULT UT=000181362200004 48.6104 3 9 The transaction logs were captured and the thinking aloud was recorded. 846 13_CONCLUSION UT=000089325100002 605.939 156 16223 Data and results tables for both parts are given in Part1. Key results are summarised in Part2. ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 732 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600007 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 772 13_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800002 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 782 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600006 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 822 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600004 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 827 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400002 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 866 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400006 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 872 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400007 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 880 13_CONCLUSION UT=000170642700001 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 885 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400002 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 896 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 918 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200005 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 932 13_CONCLUSION UT=000089325100003 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 944 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200008 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1013 13_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000003 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1030 13_CONCLUSION UT=000182507700002 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1087 13_CONCLUSION UT=000082565800006 217.096 115 12698 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 679 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300004 170.476 96 10564 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 687 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300007 170.476 96 10564 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 694 13_CONCLUSION UT=000238550100009 170.476 96 10564 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 901 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300001 170.476 96 10564 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 909 13_CONCLUSION UT=000185427800003 170.476 96 10564 ( C) 2003 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 1061 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300003 170.476 96 10564 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 939 13_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 974.461 116 8729 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 752 13_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WU98800005 130.081 69 7554 ( C) 1997 Elsevier ScienceLtd. 809 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200002 130.081 69 7554 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. 839 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 1000.64 105 6537 The conclusions highlight the need for more research on: interactive query expansion, the comparative evaluation of automaticvs. interactive query expansion, the study of weighted Web-based or Web-accessible retrieval systems in operational environments, and for user studies in searching ranked retrieval systems in general. 1043 13_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300006 794.292 86 6528 The second are hybrid libraries that will link the traditional libraries with its online public access catalogue ( OPAC), CD-ROM and online databases to the world of digital libraries and virtual libraries or gateways. 1044 13_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300006 684.642 76 4771 The provision of personalised information services is an emerging trend in digital libraries to provide the next higher level of functionality to support users ' specific information needs and preferred search and retrieval strategies. 1042 13_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300006 537.063 57 3736 The first are subject- and document-specific digital libraries that will cater for specific subjects and types of information, like digital video, maps, photographs and paintings, theses, and so on. 751 13_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WU98800005 460.981 55 3419 Using these techniques, a hypermedia or digital library may order any and all available documents, not just those examined, based on the information provided by the searcher or people with similar interests. 803 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800008 445.911 45 2796 The article also highlights several important methodological and conceptual issues that frame research on social aspects of digital library use. 838 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 506.444 45 2598 The initial search produced on average three highly relevant documents; the query expansion search produced on average nine further highly relevant documents. 861 13_CONCLUSION UT=A1996TK99800005 715.325 50 2425 Unlike the application of traditional linguistic rules to retrieval and filtering applications, LUST develops grammatical structures and tags without the prior imposition of some common grammatical assumptions (e.g. part-of-speech assumptions), producing grammars that are empirically based and are optimized for this particular application. 1077 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300001 371.581 45 2279 Furthermore, probabilistic Datalog can be used as a query language for integrated information retrieval and database systems. 669 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700003 348.773 47 2263 The results of these comparisons indicate that valuable, freely available data is hidden in the Web waiting to be extracted from the millions of Web pages. 821 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600004 346.482 48 2127 The results of the experiments are promising, and show that there is much potential for further research on the use of CSA techniques to search the Web. 957 13_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100008 393.689 46 2059 The World Wide Web appears to have become a significant channel for scientists to distribute databases, software, and other information related to their published research. 738 13_CONCLUSION UT=000083140600002 426.798 42 2010 We address how the information architecture affected their ability to negotiate the site and, additionally, make recommendations for the key ingredients: information design, access tools, and navigational aids. 713 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500007 402.432 43 2006 About100,000 Web pages translated in the last four months of 1997 are used for quantitative study of online and real-time Web page translation. 1000 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500002 317.824 43 1994 Easy access through the Web is provided, as well as a graphical user interface to display the classification results. 1001 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500002 308.114 39 1951 We also describe the use of this system to retrieve and analyze sets of documents from public Web sites. 798 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 440.564 45 1927 Using the metrics relative subject recall and precision, our results show that, with the exception of Chopper, the phrasing tools were fairly comparable in recall and precision. 756 13_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700009 324.217 38 1923 A description is given of tests carried out for documents in Spanish, which involved some stemming techniques widely used in English, as well as the application of n-grams, and the results are compared. 678 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300004 405.936 43 1759 This approach not only reduces the complexity of existing on-line interfaces, but also offers a solution to the problem of querying several distinct Web databases with a single interface. 917 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200005 328.071 33 1705 TREC provides an excellent environment and set of tools for, investigating automatic systems; its value for interactive systems is not yet proven. 857 13_CONCLUSION UT=000166193400004 294.317 33 1672 In this paper we discuss the results of the two studies and how they could influence the design and production of more effective electronic books. 837 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 237.711 29 1667 ( 4) The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of interactive query expansion. 952 13_CONCLUSION UT=000181194800007 330.542 39 1660 This model will allow to discover some inconsistencies in the mentioned techniques, and to take a higher level and systematic approach for using hyperlinks for retrieval. 763 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 585.506 40 1590 The findings in this study indicate that even though European journals formed a periphery in relation to the American journals in terms of clearly asymmetrical exchange relations, it was the European journals that seemed to be more comprehensive in scope. 786 13_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 362.417 34 1582 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 926 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 497.113 42 1523 The three-level approach also enables us in further serious investigation in this emerging field that has been created by the intersection of visualization and IR, by allowing us to look at different layers of visualization in IR that have both technical and theoretical concerns. 799 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 319.012 29 1507 It was also shown that augmenting the AZ Noun Phraser by including the SPECIALIST Lexicon from the National Library of Medicine resulted in improved recall and precision. 984 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300003 441.009 40 1484 In particular, we focus our attention on how to obtain adaptable and adaptive interfaces using the web site for the Marble Museum, which we have designed and developed, as a source of examples for our discussion of possible solutions. 791 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500005 391.367 35 1448 The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period. 1076 13_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300001 394.113 34 1442 In comparison to other approaches, the possibility of recursive rules allows for more powerful inferences, and predicate logic gives the expressiveness required for multimedia retrieval. 925 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 335.819 35 1359 This three-level approach helps us to understand the state of visualization for the design of IR systems in multiple ways. 717 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100004 398.95 33 1309 Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns. 978 13_CONCLUSION UT=000087054000002 298.339 32 1285 Editcost-distances produce the best E results, and both dynamic-programming methods rank second in finding R&R mean measures. 647 13_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200004 292.461 30 1273 The results are of interest for anyone who is interested in processing of morphological variation of a highly inflected language for IR purposes. 646 13_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200004 233.497 28 1125 Originality/ value - Results are achieved using Finnish as an example of a highly inflectional language. 705 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 307.162 31 1065 Subjects ' comments suggest a potentially complex interplay between individuals ' mental models and the high-dimensional semantic model. 951 13_CONCLUSION UT=000181194800007 275.21 26 966 This article proposes a general model for using hyperlinks; based on Probabilistic Argumentation Systems, in which each of the above-mentioned techniques can be stated. 879 13_CONCLUSION UT=000170642700001 329.664 28 962 We propose a measure of those needs for POS disambiguation that can be addressed by tagging; some example terms are analyzed using this measure, and specific degrees of ambiguity are proposed. 781 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600006 221.444 21 956 This paper discusses the modelling requirements in document analysis and describes the techniques used in the RASKE project. 895 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 329.723 27 915 The performance of the system using the neural network classifier was generally satisfactory and, as expected, the filtering performance varied with regard to the accuracy rates of classes. 744 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500006 264.581 23 896 Applications that arise from a better understanding of the topics users search and their relationships are discussed. 668 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700003 240.664 24 890 For most cases, the list of references extracted from the Web outperformed the commercial, bibliographic databases. 725 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800003 335.337 25 882 While our investigation failes to establish a relationship between LTRS and increased citations and raises at least as many questions as it answers, we hope it will serve as an invitation to, and guide for, further research in the use of DLs. 990 13_CONCLUSION UT=000087054000007 152.354 19 866 Results have also suggested possible modifications to the TEXNET software. 771 13_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800002 352.276 29 838 By using this new method both recall and precision have improved by 33 % and 18 % respectively, over the positive weight method. 654 13_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200005 268.396 27 810 Our best approach is one which combines five algorithms and achieved a precision of0.57 for a recall of0.86 considering100,000 ranked host pairs. 1020 13_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400004 269.754 23 803 Using the regularity noted here, we suggest that Zipf 's Law is a consequence of the statistical dependencies that exist between terms, described here using information theoretic concepts. 706 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 328.115 23 787 Qualitative and process-oriented studies are, therefore, called for to reveal the complex interaction between individuals ' cognitive abilities, domain knowledge, and direct manipulation skills. 707 13_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 262.758 23 758 A recommendation is made that spatial-semantic models should be adaptable to suit individuals and tasks at various levels. 908 13_CONCLUSION UT=000185427800003 271.607 20 714 WT10g was used in TREC-9 and TREC-2000 and both topic relevance and homepage finding queries and Judgments are available. 963 13_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WD67500005 211.706 22 704 The performance of models failing to meet statistical and other assumptions is examined. 1050 13_CONCLUSION UT=000177106900004 230.176 22 692 Specific examples and selective reviews of literature are provided, and the strengths and drawbacks of each of these approaches are discussed. 686 13_CONCLUSION UT=000222954300007 239.373 20 555 The main difference between these two models is that the latter also takes into account influences provided by the context in which each structural component is located. 1055 13_CONCLUSION UT=000180834700001 269.067 21 522 Finally, an example is presented of the calculation of the new compactness measures for a co-citation and a bibliographic coupling network. 1029 13_CONCLUSION UT=000182507700002 186.302 18 481 It was found that the diversity approach performs as well as and in some cases superior to the supervised method. 661 13_CONCLUSION UT=000169032200008 286.277 20 460 Building on these findings, a classification scheme and criteria taxonomy that may enable generalization of criteria across different contexts is proposed. 1068 13_CONCLUSION UT=000185851200004 152.202 15 458 This model can be easily further applied to summarize multilingual news from multiple sources. 973 13_CONCLUSION UT=000079884200008 260.247 19 457 Performance is significantly better for the Longer texts, but no significant difference is found for the two different window sizes. 645 13_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200004 196.763 17 443 Thus, the choice of the used method with highly inflectional languages needs to be estimated along other dimensions too. 1009 13_CONCLUSION UT=000224460100009 178.758 14 297 The experiment shows empirically that the communication between these classifications provides Webometrics with new explaining capabilities. 1008 13_CONCLUSION UT=000224460100009 117.699 9 286 The obtained maps represented either thematic or link classifications. 764 13_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 149.593 10 186 The tendency during the investigated period indicated differentiation in terms of segmentation rather than specialization. 967 13_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100005 125.124 8 142 Some experiments, within the framework of the TREC-7 adaptive filtering track, are described. 851 13_CONCLUSION UT=000221466600002 148.493 9 117 The usefulness of each step in the algorithm was analyzed and suggestions are made for improving the algorithm. 1082 13_CONCLUSION UT=000167187000004 20.3479 1 1 workplace. 882 13_METHOD UT=000085411400002 2289.7 349 59850 We provide data on: ( i) sessions - changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback; ( ii) queries - the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers; and ( iii) terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms, We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user. 868 13_METHOD UT=000085411400007 919.312 243 34880 In this model, we treat documents as 'disorders ' and user information needs as 'manifestations ', and a competitive activation mechanism is used which converges to a set of documents that best explain the given user information needs. 825 13_METHOD UT=000086070400002 1352.59 212 33804 To avoid the effects of wrong expansion terms, a weighting method is devised such that the weight of expansion terms depend not only on the weight of all terms in query, but also the weight of those terms in each thesaurus. 832 13_METHOD UT=000088865500003 1213.64 212 33725 The main conclusions drawn from the results of the study are that: ( 1) one-third of the terms presented to users in a list of candidate terms for query expansion was identified by the users as potentially useful for query expansion. 1023 13_METHOD UT=000182507700002 1168.16 229 32975 We propose, in addition, what we call the information-centric approach to evaluation, where the quality of summaries is judged not in terms of how well they match human-created summaries but in terms of how well they represent their source documents in IR tasks such document retrieval and text categorization. 869 13_METHOD UT=000085411400007 1836.4 221 32601 By combining the ideas of Bayesian inferencing and diagnostic inferencing using parsimonious covering theory, this model removes many difficulties of direct application of Bayesian inference, such as the unrealistically large number of conditional probabilities required in the knowledge base, the computational complexity, and certain unreasonable independence assumptions, Also, Bayesian inference strengthens the parsimonious covering theory by providing a likelihood measure which can be: used to rank documents as well as to guide the retrieval to the most likely set of documents. 848 13_METHOD UT=000221466600002 1306.6 212 32202 The algorithm makes use of seven well-known ranking criteria: breadth of match, section weighting, proximity of query words, variant word forms ( stemming), document frequency, term frequency and document length. 831 13_METHOD UT=000088865500003 1190.17 190 30157 The results discuss issues that relate to query expansion, retrieval effectiveness, the correspondence of the on-line-to-off-line relevance judgments, and the selection of terms for query expansion by users ( interactive query expansion). 721 13_METHOD UT=000085224800003 1818.7 208 29723 The Langley Technical Report Server ( LTRS) is a digital library of over1,400 electronic publications authored by NASA Langley Research Center personnel or contractors and has been available in its current World Wide Web ( WWW) form since1994. In this article, we examine calendar year 1997 usage statistics of LTRS and the Center for AeroSpace Information ( CASI), a facility that archives and distributes hard copies of NASA and aerospace information. 912 13_METHOD UT=000084265200005 1173.36 190 29418 The application was to a form Of blind feedback ( using the top-ranked documents from an initial search to improve the query formulation for a subsequent search, without actual relevance feedback, on the assumption that these top-ranked documents are likely to be relevant). 784 13_METHOD UT=000165132100004 1081.85 199 29269 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 975 13_METHOD UT=000087054000002 1597.27 187 27734 Two dynamic-programming methods that measure longest common subsequence and editcost-distance are used, Several search combinations of query and dictionary words are performed in the experiments, the best being one that stems both query and dictionary words using an existing Malay stemming algorithm, The retrieval effectiveness ( E) and retrieved and relevant ( R&R) mean measures are calculated from weighted combination of recall and precision values. 876 13_METHOD UT=000170642700001 806.144 194 26386 Increasing information retrieval performance using phrases and part-of-speech ( POS) information is one example of a type of decision-making performance that is improved when using this linguistic information. 1035 13_METHOD UT=000167187300006 1181.21 183 25499 The parameters used to study the chosen digital libraries include: contents, type of library, organisation, user interface, access, information retrieval, search features, output format and links to other Internet resources. 875 13_METHOD UT=000170642700001 823.607 169 24834 The study of information-based decision-making within the context of evolution provides a view of information use that allows us to both describe the phenomenon of information use as well as to explain why an information use occurs as it does. 960 13_METHOD UT=A1997WD67500005 926.507 181 24751 The performance of information retrieval systems may be determined either by using experimental simulation, or through the application of analytic techniques that directly estimate the retrieval performance, given values for query and database characteristics. 863 13_METHOD UT=000085411400006 708.821 174 24739 Traditional ranking methods for information retrieval, based on term and inverse document frequencies, have been found to work poorly in this context. 995 13_METHOD UT=000085006500002 856.852 168 24193 The result of a query using this kind of search interface can consist of a large unordered set of documents, or a ranked list of documents based on the frequency of the keywords. 690 13_METHOD UT=000238550100009 1276.22 167 24141 This measure allows one to make easily interpreted claims about the relative utility of features such as parts-of-speech, term suffixes, phrasesvs. single terms, annotations, hyperlinks, citations, index terms, and metadata when ordering natural language text or other media. 709 13_METHOD UT=000085006500007 677.218 164 23015 This paper deals with query translation and document translation in a Chinese-English information retrieval system called MTIR. 1084 13_METHOD UT=000082565800006 787.295 157 22248 The proposition which is explored and evaluated is that across document links between hypermedia documents residing in distributed hypermedia collections can supply sufficient useful information to allow effective collection fusion. 816 13_METHOD UT=000086838600004 685.299 157 21984 The Web is a very important information resource, but users find that looking for a relevant piece of information in the Web can be like 'looking for a needle in a haystack '. 801 13_METHOD UT=000085224800008 1445.45 159 21613 This article presents research conducted by the Social Science Team of the federally funded Digital Libraries Initiative ( DLI) project at the University of Illinois, Data were collected from potential and actual users of the DLI test-bed - containing the full text of journal articles-through focus groups, interviews and observations, usability testing, user registration and transaction logging, and user surveys. 833 13_METHOD UT=000088865500003 654.206 125 20982 ( 2) These terms were mainly judged as either variant expressions ( synonyms) or alternative ( related) terms to the initial query terms. 1036 13_METHOD UT=000167187300006 1176.83 158 20722 While some of the chosen digital libraries cater for specific subject or document format, others play the role of digital as well as Virtual libraries, giving access to the local digital collection as well as remote collections accessible through the Web. 947 13_METHOD UT=000181194800007 664.732 149 20560 For example, hyperlinks have been used to ( 1) enhance document representation, ( 2) improve document ranking by propagating document score, ( 3) provide an indicator of popularity, and ( 4) find hubs and authorities for a given topic. 650 13_METHOD UT=000089368200005 665.778 144 20423 Identification of mirrored hosts can improve Web-based information retrieval in several ways: first, by identifying mirrored hosts, search engines can avoid storing and returning duplicate documents. 941 13_METHOD UT=000084265200008 936.598 158 20374 In this paper, we report on the progress of the-Natural Language Information Retrieval project, a joint effort of several sites led by GE Research and its evaluation the 6th Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC-6). 853 13_METHOD UT=000166193400004 1890.75 159 20080 The Visual book study explored the importance of the visual component of the book metaphor for the production of more effective electronic books, while the WEB book study took the findings of the Visual book and applied them to the production of books for publication on the World Wide Web ( WWW). 1017 13_METHOD UT=000171050400004 783.776 128 19095 We suggest reasons for this principle based on the empirical relationships shown here between the rank of terms within phrases and the average mutual information between terms, which we refer to as the Inverse Representation - EMIM principle. 1085 13_METHOD UT=000082565800006 885.518 132 18460 In contrast to other collection fusion strategies, the link-based fusion strategy does not require a learning phase before it can be utilised and, also does not use any information from remote collections other than the returned list of documents. 651 13_METHOD UT=000089368200005 857.146 143 18403 Second, several new information retrieval techniques for the Web make inferences based on the explicit links among hypertext documents-mirroring perturbs their graph model and degrades performance. 1058 13_METHOD UT=000222954300003 943.888 144 18139 The inference network model is used in our study, as it supports the combination of multiple document representations and the combination of multiple results produced by different retrieval strategies. 728 13_METHOD UT=000086838600007 512.16 133 17831 As SGML documents are widely used, there is an increasing demand for a storage and retrieval system to use the logical structure of documents efficiently. 817 13_METHOD UT=000086838600004 779.316 131 17014 We were therefore motivated to design and develop a prototype system, WebSCSA ( Web Search by CSA), that applied a CSA technique to retrieve information from the Web using an ostensive approach to querying similar to query-by-example. 735 13_METHOD UT=000083140600002 588.039 127 16921 In this study, we assessed the effect of the information architecture of an academic web site: how information is categorised, labelled and presented and how navigation and access are facilitated. 754 13_METHOD UT=000166468700009 460.397 106 16816 Otherwise, dispersal occurs in the calculation of frequency of these terms and it also becomes difficult to compare queries and documents. 1034 13_METHOD UT=000167187300006 841.979 125 15509 Various features of these selected digital libraries were collected from their home pages, journal articles and the information published on the World Wide Web. 921 13_METHOD UT=000085724900002 707.336 118 15389 In parallel with the advent of advanced software and hardware, the attempts to design visualization-based IR systems are stimulated with the promise that information visualization applies visual processing to abstract information. 748 13_METHOD UT=A1997WU98800005 736.443 109 15178 Relevance feedback is used to conceptually organize the collection for an individual to browse, based on that individual 's interests and information needs, as reflected by their relevance judgements and user supplied economic preferences. 664 13_METHOD UT=000085495700003 459.664 99 15057 " In 807 out of the 942 retrieved pages, the search terms were mentioned in the context of information science. 905 13_METHOD UT=000185427800003 871.26 104 14256 These properties include: a high degree of inter-server connectivity, integrity of server holdings, inclusion of documents related to a very wide spread of likely queries, and a realistic distribution of server holding sizes. 1016 13_METHOD UT=000171050400004 572.031 92 14208 Luhn 's model suggests that midrange terms are the best index terms and relevance discriminators. 775 13_METHOD UT=000086838600006 479.943 107 13944 Document standardization does not concern documents only: it concerns workers, their work, business partners, and future systems as well. 913 13_METHOD UT=000084265200005 590.759 93 13214 In the routing task, the problem is one of query optimization based on a training set with known relevant documents; investigations for TREC-6 included using a form of simulated annealing for this purpose. 1057 13_METHOD UT=000222954300003 859.663 106 12990 This paper examines the impact the various types of link-based evidence and their combination with content-based evidence have on the retrieval effectiveness for the topic relevance Web task. 1065 13_METHOD UT=000185851200004 343.764 92 12812 To reduce information loss during summarization, informative words in a document are introduced. 674 13_METHOD UT=000222954300004 682.007 93 12620 A Bayesian network model is used to generate a set of one or more plausible structured queries derived form the initial user input. 729 13_METHOD UT=000086838600007 419.121 94 12268 However, traditional retrieval systems based on document indexes cannot exploit the logical structure appropriately. 996 13_METHOD UT=000085006500002 484.429 80 11717 Both lists can contain articles unrelated to the user 's inquiry unless a sophisticated search was performed and the user knows exactly what to look for. 1011 13_METHOD UT=000167290000003 657.519 91 11656 We challenged these assumptions in the Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC) interactive track, with real users following a consensus protocol to search for an instance recall task. 965 13_METHOD UT=000086849100005 484.947 89 11453 We discuss methods for setting such thresholds and adapting them as a result of feedback information on the performance of the profile. 1037 13_METHOD UT=000167187300006 664.31 85 11437 While most of these digital libraries have been developed for use in-house or by authorised users, some digital libraries are globally accessible. 718 13_METHOD UT=000086651400004 401.768 87 11416 A unified mathematical definition for the classical ( vector and probabilistic) models of information retrieval is given. 657 13_METHOD UT=000169032200008 746.77 92 11079 The expectation was that the subjects would apply different frames of reference for relevance decision making as they moved from one stage of the document evaluation to another, and that change would occur not only for particular criteria but also for classes of criteria. 710 13_METHOD UT=000085006500007 460.723 74 10971 Bilingual dictionary and monolingual corpus-based approaches are adopted to select suitable translated query terms. 843 13_METHOD UT=000089325100002 770.053 92 10588 The experiments demonstrate, for a large test collection, that the probabilistic model is effective and robust, and that it responds appropriately, with major improvements in performance, to key features of retrieval situations. 767 13_METHOD UT=000087256800002 608.476 79 10364 This paper presents a new weighting method that depends on low frequency terms, called negative weight ( NW) function. 980 13_METHOD UT=000084325300003 685.96 86 10332 There are various types of users, who want to perform various tasks, in various contexts, that can access the same Web site. 942 13_METHOD UT=000084265200008 530.271 86 10091 In this paper we describe the 'stream- architecture ', a method we designed to combine evidence obtained from several different document representations. 805 13_METHOD UT=000084265200002 500.551 81 10006 TREC contains two main retrieval tasks plus optional subtasks that allow participants to focus on particular common subproblems in retrieval. 929 13_METHOD UT=000089325100003 1100.24 92 9930 When categorizing magazine articles with broad subject descriptors, we study three aspects of text classification: ( 1) effective selection of feature words and proper names that reflect the main topics of the text; ( 2) learning algorithms; and ( 3) improvement of the quality of the learned classifier by selection of examples. 948 13_METHOD UT=000181194800007 573.971 80 9600 Although the TREC experiments have not demonstrated the usefulness of hyperlinks; for retrieval, the hypertext structure is nevertheless an essential aspect of the Web, and as such, should not be ignored. 986 13_METHOD UT=000087054000007 562.336 80 9507 In addition to the full text, subjects were presented with either keywords or phrases extracted automatically, The resulting abstracts, and the times taken, were recorded automatically; some additional information was gathered by oral questionnaire. 699 13_METHOD UT=000085990100005 477.124 71 9262 The same spatial user interface and a simple textual user interface were used. 665 13_METHOD UT=000085495700003 502.137 71 9207 Over 70 % of the pages contained only indirect information on the topic, in the form of hypertext links and bibliographical references without annotation. 981 13_METHOD UT=000084325300003 478.278 70 9186 Thus, it is important to have user interfaces able to adapt to these different user requirements to facilitate the accomplishment of the desired goals. 890 13_METHOD UT=000086070400005 440.447 74 9020 The accuracy of the supervised classifier was established by comparing its performance with a baseline system that uses human classification information. 849 13_METHOD UT=000221466600002 435.743 54 8278 The algorithm converts a natural language query into a series of increasingly broader Boolean search statements. 776 13_METHOD UT=000086838600006 436.798 73 8276 In this paper we discuss two ways of describing the work context of documents: process modelling and life cycle modelling. 682 13_METHOD UT=000222954300007 469.637 65 8118 These offer an intuitive way to identify and display the essential elements of the domain ( the structured document components and their usefulness) and also how these are related to each other. 658 13_METHOD UT=000169032200008 802.997 68 8065 The examination of such change was performed at two levels: a micro-level analysis, centering on the use of individual criteria, and a macro-level analysis, concentrating on the use of criteria classes. 824 13_METHOD UT=000086070400002 514.606 54 7935 The expansion terms are taken from a hand-crafted thesaurus, co-occurrence-based automatically constructed thesaurus, and predicate-argument-based automatically constructed thesaurus. 747 13_METHOD UT=A1997WU98800005 274.081 58 7547 Systems organizing documents based on weighted and unweighted Gray codes are examined. 811 13_METHOD UT=000087054000005 341.987 62 7499 The method is described with a single participant, and appears to offer a viable means of exploring the concept of information space. 1046 13_METHOD UT=000177106900004 326.429 63 7491 What approaches have been used in information science to produce kinds of domain-specific knowledge? 889 13_METHOD UT=000086070400005 486.599 68 7376 In the first phase, a multilayer feedforward neural network was trained to classify medical documents in the area of cell biology. 734 13_METHOD UT=000083140600002 413.768 60 7340 Yet, to date, web-sire design has been synonymous with the 'look and feel ' of a site overlooking the significance of a site 's information architecture. 954 13_METHOD UT=000165569100008 398.358 58 7177 Four hundred eighty-five records represented nonduplicate descriptions of data compilations ( 194), software ( 153), Websites ( 73), electronic documents ( 49), and digitized images ( 17). 777 13_METHOD UT=000086838600006 362.121 61 7155 In process modelling, documents are regarded as resources produced and used in inter- or intra-organizational business processes. 691 13_METHOD UT=000238550100009 475.571 58 7031 Data is provided for the RFU for stemming characteristics, part-of-speech tags, and phrase lengths, as well as retrieval characteristics and procedures. 864 13_METHOD UT=000085411400006 344.712 46 6858 Under the cover density measure, ranking is based on term proximity and cooccurrence. 740 13_METHOD UT=000088171500006 385.442 52 6685 More than 1000 of the most frequently cooccurring term pairs were categorized into one or more of 30 developed subject areas. 904 13_METHOD UT=000185427800003 291.295 53 6568 WT10g was constructed by selecting from a superset of documents in such a way that desirable corpus properties were preserved or optimised. 1080 13_METHOD UT=000167187000004 575.423 58 6470 She offers three scenarios to support the suggestion that the World Wide Web allows new forms of insight to emerge as it greatly extends the toolkit and the content base of business intelligence. 959 13_METHOD UT=A1997WD67500005 287.518 56 6066 We suggest a method that allows one to analytically compare the two approaches to retrieval and examine their relative merits. 700 13_METHOD UT=000085990100005 566.686 52 5907 The effects of spatial ability ( VZ-2), associative memory ( MA-1), and on-line experience were tested on a set of interrelated search performance scores. 842 13_METHOD UT=000089325100002 437.034 54 5830 Each step in the argument is matched by comparative retrieval tests, to provide a single coherent account of a major line of research. 994 13_METHOD UT=000085006500002 383.074 46 5820 Most users type in a single keyword, click the button, and hope for the best. 935 13_METHOD UT=000087756900004 720.634 59 5693 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 759 13_METHOD UT=000088919400003 675.016 62 5536 In this study of the network among management journals, the focus is on forms of differentiation,i.e., the relationship between stratification and specialization in a network of journals. 859 13_METHOD UT=A1996TK99800005 293.044 47 5449 Syntactic rules are randomly generated and then evolve; those rules resulting in improved parsing and occasionally improved retrieval and filtering performance are allowed to further propagate. 854 13_METHOD UT=000166193400004 545.622 50 5324 Both studies started from an assessment of which kinds of paper book are more suitable for translation into electronic form. 883 13_METHOD UT=000085411400002 337.122 43 5309 With these characteristics as a basis, we then conducted a failure analysis, identifying trends among user mistakes. 936 13_METHOD UT=000087756900004 523.197 49 5115 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 815 13_METHOD UT=000086838600004 316.907 42 4986 However, there has never been any application of these techniques to the World Wide Web. 1024 13_METHOD UT=000182507700002 437.963 43 3991 To find the effectiveness of our approach under the proposed evaluation scheme, we set out to examine how a system with the diversity functionality performs against one without, using the test data known as BMIR-J2. 673 13_METHOD UT=000222954300004 285.611 38 3921 In this paper, we present a solution for querying Web databases using keywords only. 639 13_METHOD UT=000231957200004 537.681 47 3887 Findings - Results show that stem production, a lighter method than morphological lemmatization, compares well with lemmatization in a best-match IR environment. 788 13_METHOD UT=000088918500005 407.362 38 3802 The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI). 1053 13_METHOD UT=000180834700001 451.919 39 3675 It is illustrated how a set of weights between connected nodes can be transformed into a set of dissimilarity measures for all nodes. 672 13_METHOD UT=000222954300004 263.259 32 3439 Interfaces for Web databases must, therefore, be both simple and uniform. 768 13_METHOD UT=000087256800002 414.348 36 3336 In this paper word similarity for typical verbs and objects is focused as an example for the application field. 1052 13_METHOD UT=000180834700001 494.822 42 3199 These new measures for the cohesion of networks can be used in case a dissimilarity value is given between nodes in a network or a graph. 898 13_METHOD UT=000222954300001 436.132 39 3196 In this introductory paper, we first present a short bibliographical review of the works which have applied Bayesian networks to IR. 928 13_METHOD UT=000089325100003 297.434 32 3105 Typical text classifiers learn from example texts that are manually categorized. 976 13_METHOD UT=000087054000002 288.37 35 3084 Results from these experiments are then compared with available digram, a string-similarity method. 715 13_METHOD UT=000088919100004 426.496 40 3051 Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities. 970 13_METHOD UT=000079884200008 385.078 36 3044 An experiment in which presentation size and text length are varied in a HyperCard application is described. 922 13_METHOD UT=000085724900002 393.588 36 2983 Under this rapid development in the research area, there are few attempts to conceptualize this new field of study. 1025 13_METHOD UT=000182507700002 320.642 40 2981 The results demonstrate a clear superiority of the diversity-based approach to a non-diversity-based approach. 760 13_METHOD UT=000088919400003 440.922 37 2945 The question asked in this study is whether the different position of American and European journals corresponds with different levels of specialization. 1004 13_METHOD UT=000224460100009 303.905 32 2919 The extension proposed for the MultiSOM model is based on a Bayesian network-oriented approach. 1064 13_METHOD UT=000185851200004 324.664 32 2895 Using nouns and verbs to identify the similar MUs, focusing and browsing models are applied to represent the summarization results. 741 13_METHOD UT=000088171500006 379.267 33 2879 Subject area frequencies and their cooccurrences with one another were tallied and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. 789 13_METHOD UT=000088918500005 272.615 31 2843 The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. 1079 13_METHOD UT=000167187000004 338.232 30 2716 She suggests that, in the world of digital commerce, it may be defined as 'insight which is based on collective understanding of work practices '. 794 13_METHOD UT=000085224800005 479.78 36 2605 Four noun phrase generation tools were evaluated as to their ability to isolate noun phrases from medical journal abstracts. 1047 13_METHOD UT=000177106900004 249.615 29 2423 This article presents 11 approaches to domain analysis. 1073 13_METHOD UT=000084513300001 406.368 26 2386 By using default independence assumptions with explicit specification of disjoint events, the inference process always yields point probabilities. 640 13_METHOD UT=000231957200004 412.577 31 2250 Differences in performance between stem production and lemmatization are small and they are not statistically significant in most of the tested settings. 698 13_METHOD UT=000085990100005 268.677 25 2196 In the second study, 12 subjects participated in a within-subject experimental design. 641 13_METHOD UT=000231957200004 483.042 32 2103 It is also shown that hitherto a rather neglected method of morphological processing for Finnish, stemming, performs reasonably well although the stemmer used - a Porter stemmer implementation - is far from optimal for a morphologically complex language like Finnish. 969 13_METHOD UT=000079884200008 612.119 37 2019 Three interpretations of node size are identified: storage ( physical size), window sire ( presentation size), and length ( logical sire). 722 13_METHOD UT=000085224800003 236.183 18 1699 We also perform a citation analysis on some of the top publications distributed by LTRS. 891 13_METHOD UT=000086070400005 214.084 20 1515 A relatively high degree of accuracy was achieved by the supervised method. 987 13_METHOD UT=000087054000007 283.936 20 1500 Selected abstracts produced were evaluated on various criteria by independent raters. 914 13_METHOD UT=000084265200005 277.199 20 1299 A significant feature of this work is the need to avoid overfitting of the training sample. 806 13_METHOD UT=000084265200002 248.28 18 1142 The emphasis on individual experiments evaluated in a common setting has proven to be very successful. 899 13_METHOD UT=000222954300001 227.954 21 1092 The objective is not to show every approach thoroughly, but rather to provide a brief guide for those researchers who wish to start studying this area. 1071 13_METHOD UT=000084513300001 196.535 13 1079 Therefore, probabilistic weights may be attached to both facts and rules. 701 13_METHOD UT=000085990100005 287.787 18 1075 A statistically significant main effect of on-line experience was found, F(6, 4) =6.213, p =0.049, two-tailed. 1005 13_METHOD UT=000224460100009 267.473 19 951 A first experiment shows that the behaviour of such an extension is coherent with its expected properties for Webometrics. 1072 13_METHOD UT=000084513300001 352.39 19 869 The underlying semantics extends the well-founded semantics of modularly stratified Datalog to a possible worlds semantics. 955 13_METHOD UT=000165569100008 393.067 19 642 The greatest concentration of E-RRI was found in molecular biology ( QP=123), general natural history and biology ( QH=84), and medicine ( R=74). 795 13_METHOD UT=000085224800005 196.72 12 512 Tests were conducted using the National Cancer Institute 's CANCERLIT database. 683 13_METHOD UT=000222954300007 116.427 6 308 They have also associated quantitative knowledge that measures the strength of the interactions. 787 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500005 1398.32 196 23285 A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval ( IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index ( SCI) and Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library gi Information Science area. 958 13_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WD67500005 864.062 194 20264 Whether using Boolean queries or ranking documents using document and term weights will result in better retrieval performance has been the subject of considerable discussion among document retrieval system users and researchers. 813 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600004 641.067 160 18533 Intelligent Information Retrieval is concerned with the application of intelligent techniques, like for example semantic networks, neural networks and inference nets to Information Retrieval. 753 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700009 1006.32 175 18523 At some stage, most of the models and techniques implemented in information retrieval use frequency counts of the terms appearing in documents and in queries, However, many words, since they are derived fi om the same stem, have very close semantic content, This makes a grouping of such variants under a single term advisable. 862 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400006 958.9 172 18481 We investigate the application of a novel relevance ranking technique, cover density ranking, to the requirements of Web-based information retrieval, where a typical query consists of a few search terms and a typical result consists of a page indicating several potentially relevant documents. 689 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000238550100009 1023.53 147 15994 We propose an easy to interpret single number Relative Feature Utility ( RFU) measure of the relative worth of using specific linguistic or non-linguistic features or sets of features in computational systems that order or filter media, such as information retrieval and classification systems. 1010 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000003 623.578 133 14768 Two common assumptions held by information retrieval researchers are that searching using Boolean operators is inferior to natural language searching and that results from batch-style retrieval evaluations are generalizable to the real-world searching. 940 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200008 814.436 132 13619 Natural language processing ( NLP) techniques may hold a: tremendous potential for overcoming the inadequacies of purely quantitative methods of text information retrieval, but the empirical evidence to support such predictions has thus far been inadequate and appropriate scale evaluations have been slow to emerge. 804 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200002 744.452 121 12848 The Text REtrieval Conference is a workshop series designed to encourage research on text retrieval for realistic applications by providing large test collections, uniform scoring procedures and a forum for organizations interested in comparing results. 897 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300001 831.61 127 12663 Bayesian networks, which nowadays constitute the dominant approach for managing probability within the field of Artificial Intelligence, have been applied to Information Retrieval ( IR) in different ways during the last 15 years, to solve a wide range of problems where uncertainty is an important feature. 1069 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300001 369.221 111 12469 In the logical approach to information retrieval ( IR), retrieval is considered as uncertain inference. 783 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 688.633 123 12338 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 680 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300007 402.097 119 11898 In this paper we present an Information Retrieval System ( IRS) which is able to work with structured document collections. 919 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 527.867 115 11893 Visualization in information retrieval ( IR) is a rapidly emerging area in which human-computer interaction ( HCl) is adapted to the design of interfaces for IR systems. 823 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400002 416.622 107 10942 This paper proposes a method to improve the performance of information retrieval systems by expanding queries using heterogeneous thesauri. 793 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 431.479 100 10556 The goal of this research is to determine whether noun phrasing could be a viable technique to include in medical information retrieval applications. 1056 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300003 395 90 9171 In the Web context, link-based evidence is most commonly used in conjunction with content-based evidential information in order to improve retrieval effectiveness. 792 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 629.964 90 8656 In an effort to assist medical researchers and professionals in accessing information necessary for their work, the A1 Lab at the University of Arizona is investigating the use of a natural language processing ( NLP) technique called noun phrasing. 903 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000185427800003 500.496 87 8583 The1.69 million document WT10g collection is proposed as a multi-purpose testbed for experiments with these attributes, in distributed IR, hyperlink algorithms and conventional ad hoe retrieval. 953 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100008 743.427 89 8463 Five-hundred twenty-seven full bibliographic records containing URLs were downloaded from SCISEARCH as part of an exploration of the extent of Web publication of electronic research-related information ( E-RRI) in the sciences and classified as to resource type, subject area, and degree of intellectual property protection. 902 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000185427800003 547.228 90 8379 Past research into text retrieval methods for the Web has been restricted by the lack of a test collection capable of supporting experiments which are both realistic and reproducible. 867 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400007 246.327 73 7823 In this gaper, a competition-based connectionist model for diagnostic problem-solving is adapted to information retrieval. 636 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200004 528.245 80 7818 Purpose - To show that stem generation compares well with lemmatization as a morphological tool for a highly inflectional language for IR purposes in a best-match retrieval system. 1014 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400004 350.217 76 7244 There are regularities in the statistical information provided by natural language terms about neighboring terms. 1032 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300006 548.011 94 7225 These digital libraries have been defined, designed and developed differently and therefore the experience that one might have from one particular digital library might not be the same with other digital libraries. 649 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200005 490.069 84 7207 The algorithms operate on the basis of URL strings and linkage data: the type of information about Web pages easily available from Web proxies and crawlers. 841 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000089325100002 454.771 72 6960 It presents the model from its foundations through its logical development to cover more aspects of retrieval data and a wider range of system functions. 933 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 632.415 86 6631 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 773 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600006 321.913 70 6541 In trying to achieve document standardization the goal is to find more effective, consistent, and standardized ways to utilize information technology. 727 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600007 274.254 68 6452 The SGML document has logical structure information in addition to the contents. 945 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000181194800007 324.789 71 6423 Fast, effective, and adaptable techniques are needed to automatically organize and retrieve information on the ever-increasing World Wide Web. 720 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800003 351.27 70 6359 We attempt to assess the publication impact of a digital library ( DL) of aerospace scientific and technical information ( STI). 840 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000089325100002 452.595 68 6012 The paper combines a comprehensive account of the probabilistic model of retrieval with new systematic experiments on TREC Programme material. 1031 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300006 499.426 79 5996 Recent proliferation of research in digital libraries has given rise to a number of working digital libraries around the world. 746 13_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WU98800005 438.221 70 5991 Document classification based on the Gray code provides paths through the entire collection, each path traversing each node in the set of documents exactly once. 662 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700003 270.515 69 5990 This article addresses the question of whether the Web can serve as an information source for research. 1015 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400004 455.607 63 5930 We find that when phrase rank increases, moving from common to less common phrases, the value of the expected mutual information measure ( EMIM) between the terms regularly decreases. 910 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200005 588.474 74 5784 The Okapi system has been used in a series of experiments on the TREC collections, investigating probabilistic models, relevance feedback and query expansion, and interaction issues. 733 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000083140600002 324.096 69 5762 Recent studies of web-site use indicate that people do not come to the web for an 'experience ' they come for information. 774 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600006 399.724 64 5632 The specification and implementation of document standards may take several years requiring a profound analysis and understanding of document management practices. 873 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000170642700001 252.998 61 5546 The use of natural language information can improve decision-making. 663 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700003 593.229 68 5413 Specifically, it analyzes by way of content analysis the Web pages retrieved by the major search engines on a particular date ( June 7, 1998), as a result of the query " informetrics OR informetric. 745 13_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WU98800005 374.208 68 5259 Relevance and economic feedback may be used to produce an ordering of documents that supports browsing in hypermedia and digital libraries. 810 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000005 340.275 59 5119 The present article describes the use of Repertory Grid methodology as a means of externalizing an individual 's view of information space. 974 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000002 656.599 61 5011 This article evaluates the effectiveness of spelling-correction and string-similarity matching methods in retrieving similar words in a Malay dictionary associated with a set of query words, The spelling-correction techniques used are SPEEDCOP, Sounder, Davidson, Phonix, and Hartlib. 964 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100005 501.384 65 4976 A major problem in using current best-match methods in a filtering task is that of setting appropriate thresholds, which are required in order to force a binary decision on notifying a user of a document. 1045 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000177106900004 312.104 53 4898 What kind of knowledge is needed by information specialists working in a specific subject field like medicine, sociology or music? 656 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200008 478.209 65 4810 A laboratory experiment and a naturalistic study were conducted to explore the patterns of movement in use of relevance criteria during real-time document evaluation processes. 765 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800002 316.12 52 4759 A " term weighting " is a useful technique for keyword extraction and document classification. 670 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300004 179.92 51 4620 On-line information services have become widespread in the Web nowadays. 993 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 376.564 59 4455 To retrieve documents of interest, the user is provided with a search interface that may only consist of one input field and one push button. 1083 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000082565800006 398.102 61 4375 This paper presents a method for solving the collection fusion problem in hypermedia digital libraries. 911 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200005 383.395 57 4296 The TREC-6 ad hoc task was used to test an application of a new relevance weighting formula, which takes account of documents judged nonrelevant. 927 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000089325100003 463.473 51 4260 Automatic text categorization is an important research area and has a potential for many text-based applications including text routing and filtering. 847 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000221466600002 575.232 61 4205 A relevancy-ranking algorithm for a natural language interface to Boolean online public access catalogs ( OPACs) was formulated and compared with that currently used in a knowledge-based search interface called the E-Referencer, being developed by the authors. 991 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 406.552 60 4174 The recent explosion of the Internet and the World Wide Web has made digital libraries popular. 814 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600004 447.501 48 4121 This field of research has seen a number of applications of Constrained Spreading Activation ( CSA) techniques on domain knowledge networks. 1062 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000185851200004 248.291 52 4119 This article proposes a summarization system for multiple documents. 828 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 392.026 54 4093 A user-centered investigation of interactive query expansion within the context of a relevance feedback system is presented in this article. 992 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 389.951 57 4046 Easy access to a digital library is provided by commercially available Web browsers, which provide a user-friendly interface. 739 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500006 393.835 48 3919 Queries submitted to the Excite search engine were analyzed for subject content based on the cooccurrence of terms within multiterm queries. 886 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 228.732 44 3606 Document classifiers can play an intermediate role in multilevel filtering systems. 637 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200004 518.588 49 3456 Design/ methodology/ approach - Effects of three different morphological methods lemmatization, stemming and stem production - for Finnish are compared in a probabilistic IR environment ( INQUERY). 726 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600007 353.273 43 3280 SGML standardized in ISO 8879 [ International Organization for Standardization ( 1986)] has been proliferated because it can provide various styles and transform documents on different platforms. 688 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000238550100009 271.963 37 3270 Are two adjectives worth the same as a single noun when documents are ordered based on decreasing topicality? 1033 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300006 436.564 50 3266 Current status of 20 digital libraries around the world: twelve from the USA, three from the UK, two from Australia, one from New Zealand, one from Singapore and one from Canada, has been reviewed. 800 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800008 345.645 46 3170 How users meet infrastructure is a key practical, methodological challenge for digital library design. 697 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 606.441 48 3079 A strong positive correlation was found between associative memory ( MA-I) and search performance ( r =0.855, p =0.003), but no significant correlation was found between visual memory ( MV-1) and search performance. 881 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400002 368.856 44 3001 We analyzed transaction logs containing51,473 queries posed by18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 920 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 278.722 38 2871 There are numerous proposals for the development of new visual IR systems. 696 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 349.563 38 2399 In the first study, 10 subjects searched for two topics through a spatial user interface of a semantic space. 708 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500007 317.189 37 2361 Language barrier is the major problem that people face in searching for, retrieving, and understanding multilingual collections on the Internet. 934 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 350.808 33 2313 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 874 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000170642700001 347.215 39 2304 Darwinian considerations suggest that language may have developed because it leads to improved decision-making and survival, justifying the study of language 's contribution to decision-making. 858 13_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996TK99800005 442.64 37 2238 The grammars of natural languages may be learned by using genetic algorithms that reproduce and mutate grammatical rules and part-of-speech tags, improving the quality of later generations of grammatical components. 648 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200005 254.51 33 2204 We compare several algorithms for identifying mirrored hosts on the World Wide Web. 766 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800002 302.92 29 2190 The traditional approach depends on high frequency terms, called positive weight ( PW) function. 655 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200008 306.577 34 2140 This paper provides an overview of empirical investigations of people 's use of relevance criteria. 979 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300003 241.16 29 2098 Users interact with museum application interfaces for many reasons. 968 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000079884200008 254.302 29 2086 The node size that should be used in a hypermedia system is an important design issue. 1021 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700002 348.432 35 2085 The paper introduces a novel approach to unsupervised text summarization, which in principle should work for any domain or genre. 714 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100004 237.02 28 1979 As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. 1003 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000224460100009 371.91 37 1927 The goal of this new approach is to combine link and domain clustering in order to increase the reliability and the precision of Webometrics studies. 830 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 277.567 30 1895 The data collection mechanisms included questionnaires, transaction logs, and relevance evaluations. 671 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300004 213.934 29 1832 However, Web users are non-specialized and have a great variety of interests. 638 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200004 257.68 27 1704 Evaluation is done using a four-point relevance scale which is partitioned differently in different test settings. 852 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000166193400004 233.469 26 1638 This paper presents the results of two studies into electronic book production. 1002 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000224460100009 270.397 29 1619 This paper present a compound approach for Webometrics based on an extension the self-organizing multimap MultiSOM model. 757 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 259.888 18 1451 Two key features of science are its rapid growth and its continuous differentiation. 887 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 228.147 21 1430 The effectiveness of a classifier that uses supervised learning was analyzed in terms of its accuracy and ultimately its influence on filtering. 681 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000222954300007 328.843 28 1422 The model is based on the influence diagrams formalism: a generalization of Bayesian Networks that provides a visual representation of a decision problem. 695 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 266.601 26 1282 This article presents two studies concerning the role of individual differences in searching through a spatial-semantic virtual environment. 985 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000007 229.55 21 1120 Experimental subjects wrote abstracts of articles using a simplified version of the TEXNET abstracting assistance software. 829 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 143.677 16 1087 Data were collected from 25 searches using the INSPEC database. 1063 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000185851200004 387.25 25 1065 It employs not only named entities and other signatures to cluster news from different sources, but also employs punctuation marks, linking elements, and topic chains to identify the meaningful units ( MUs). 758 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 216.696 17 1062 The establishment of new journals can be seen as an expression of both growth and differentiation. 1022 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700002 301.569 23 1035 The novelty lies in exploiting the diversity of concepts in text for summarization, which has not received much attention in the summarization literature. 1070 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300001 339.441 22 954 Whereas classical in models are based on propositional logic, we combine Datalog ( function-free Horn clause predicate logic) with probability theory. 1051 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000180834700001 200.163 12 714 wA generalization of both the Botafogo-Rivlin-Shneiderman compactness measure and the Wiener index is presented. 946 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000181194800007 180.558 14 517 In that respect, different strategies have been suggested to take hypertext links into account. 888 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 66.8576 6 368 The analysis was conducted in two phases. 1078 13_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187000004 114.146 7 239 The author explores the concept of 'social intelligence '. 785 13_RESULT UT=000165132100004 4638.04 633 170822 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 835 13_RESULT UT=000088865500003 2245.29 300 55146 ( 3) The relationships identified between the five best terms selected by the users for query expansion and the initial query terms were that: ( a) 34 % of the query expansion terms have no relationship or other type of correspondence with a query term; ( b) 66 % of the remaining query expansion terms have a relationship to the query terms. 1049 13_RESULT UT=000177106900004 2350.91 267 51626 The approaches are: producing literature guides and subject gateways; producing special classifications and thesauri; research on indexing and retrieving specialities; empirical user studies; bibliometrical studies; historical studies; document and genre studies; epistemological and critical studies; terminological studies, LSP ( languages for special purposes), discourse studies; studies of structures and institutions in scientific communication; and domain analysis in professional cognition and artificial intelligence. 802 13_RESULT UT=000085224800008 1247.98 202 30884 Basic results on nature and extent of testbed use are presented, followed by a discussion of three analytical foci relating to digital library use as a process of assemblage: document disaggregation and reaggregation; information convergence; and the manner in which users confront new genres and technical barriers in information systems. 692 13_RESULT UT=000238550100009 1182.41 157 29672 Using this linear measure of the relative utility of features makes available a wide range of cost-benefit analyses and decision theoretic techniques, allowing the study of whether or not to use many different kinds of representational information or tagging systems, and for the design of indexing and metadata systems. 999 13_RESULT UT=000085006500002 835.273 146 24351 In this article we describe the design of a language-independent document classification system being developed to help users of the Florida Center for Library Automation analyze search query results. 730 13_RESULT UT=000086838600007 978.95 177 23534 In this paper, we have developed a document storage and retrieval system based on structure information, where the SGML document is transformed into Grove, which is the document model for DSSSL and HyTime, and stored at an element level by an object-oriented DBMS, Object Store. 877 13_RESULT UT=000170642700001 1359.67 164 22784 By studying a set of phrases used in a text retrieval system, we are able to show the relative effectiveness of using multi-term phrases as opposed to individual terms, as well as the relative worth of POS tagged terms or phrases, as opposed to untagged terms or phrases. 820 13_RESULT UT=000086838600004 725.788 126 20082 We tested whether WebSCSA improves retrieval of relevant information on top of Web search engines results and how well WebSCSA serves as an agent browser for the user. 871 13_RESULT UT=000085411400007 943.115 171 19733 Our experimental results using 4 standard document collections demonstrate the efficiency and the retrieval effectiveness of the thesaurus-based model, comparable to or better than that of various information retrieval models reported in the literature. 755 13_RESULT UT=000166468700009 902.481 130 19561 On the other hand, there are notable differences between different languages in the way of forming derivatives and inflected forms, so that the application of specific techniques can produce unequal results according to the language of the documents and queries. 982 13_RESULT UT=000084325300003 585.892 100 19513 Most current interfaces to museum information do not take into account this variety of types of users, thus providing interfaces that some users find confusing to achieve their goals. 1040 13_RESULT UT=000167187300006 756.127 111 18950 The review confirms that while digital libraries to date have been quite useful, there is need for further improvements in terms of user interfaces and information facilities. 983 13_RESULT UT=000084325300003 540.848 87 17991 In this article we discuss the various possible levels of support that can be given to different users during navigation of museum information. 1012 13_RESULT UT=000167290000003 720.078 132 17507 Our results showed that Boolean and natural language searching achieved comparable results and that the results from batch evaluations were not comparable to those obtained in experiments with real users. 924 13_RESULT UT=000085724900002 1060.09 126 17302 The paper proposes a three-level approach to analyzing visualization in IR system design: ( i) component level analysis, ( ii) technique level analysis and ( iii) interaction level analysis. 961 13_RESULT UT=A1997WD67500005 853.803 119 16978 Using these performance predicting techniques, sample performance figures are provided for queries using the Boolean and and or, as well as for probabilistic systems assuming statistical term independence or term dependence. 1038 13_RESULT UT=000167187300006 688.062 97 15981 The chosen digital libraries differ in terms of the information search and output facilities; very few have the facility to store search histories. 808 13_RESULT UT=000084265200002 709.982 110 15297 In addition, TREC has sponsored the first large-scale evaluations of Chinese language retrieval, retrieval of speech and retrieval across different languages. 923 13_RESULT UT=000085724900002 861.68 111 15227 This paper intends to classify the works of visualization for IR system design in a systematic way, by providing a mosaic view of the emerging area of visualization in IR system design. 836 13_RESULT UT=000088865500003 823.924 96 14858 These relationships were: narrower term ( 46 %), broader term ( 3 %), related term ( 17 %). 893 13_RESULT UT=000086070400005 666.897 84 14809 In the second phase, to clarify the impact of this performance on filtering, different types of user profiles were created by grouping subsets of classes based on their individual classification accuracy rates. 997 13_RESULT UT=000085006500002 491.545 80 14403 More sophisticated algorithms for ranking the search results according to how well they meet the users ' needs as expressed in the search input may help. 988 13_RESULT UT=000087054000007 1313.37 122 13861 Results showed considerable variation among subjects, but 37 % found the keywords Or phrases " quite " or " very " useful in writing their abstracts, Statistical analysis failed to support several hypothesized relations: phrases were not viewed as significantly more helpful than keywords; and abstracting experience did not correlate with originality of wording, approximation of the author abstract, or greater conciseness. 989 13_RESULT UT=000087054000007 1355 112 13645 Requiring further study are some unanticipated strong correlations including the following: Windows experience and writing an abstract like the author 's; experience reading abstracts and thinking one had written a good abstract; gender and abstract length; gender and use of words and phrases from the original text. 894 13_RESULT UT=000086070400005 548.154 110 13533 Then, a filtering system with the neural network integrated into it was used to filter the medical documents and this performance was compared with the filtering results achieved using the baseline system. 652 13_RESULT UT=000089368200005 537.414 82 13197 Third, mirroring information can be used to redirect users to alternate mirror sites to compensate for various failures, and can thus improve the performance of Web browsers and proxies. 915 13_RESULT UT=000084265200005 555.534 101 13090 In the interactive: track, methodology remains the major problem we do not yet know how to conduct controlled laboratory experiments which provide good information about information retrieval interaction. 749 13_RESULT UT=A1997WU98800005 583.176 86 12449 We apply Bayesian learning theory to estimating the characteristics of documents of interest to the user and supply an analytic model of browsing performance, based on minimizing the Expected Browsing Distance ( EBD). 724 13_RESULT UT=000085224800003 630.652 87 12237 We discuss the caveats of our investigation, speculate on possible different models of usage facilitated by DLs, and suggest " retrieval analysis " as a complementary metric to citation analysis. 956 13_RESULT UT=000165569100008 1039.14 99 12220 Roughly two-thirds of the 410 accessible Webpages ( 67 %) permitted totally free and unrestricted public access and use of the information; 11 % requested citation of a related journal article as acknowledgment of use; the remainder stated conditions for use or relied on a statement of copyright as an indication of ownership. 731 13_RESULT UT=000086838600007 403.026 76 12147 It supports structured documents and provides a query interface to retrieve information contained in the structures. 860 13_RESULT UT=A1996TK99800005 638.99 98 12045 The LUST system learns the characteristics of the language or sublanguage used in document abstracts by learning from the document rankings obtained from the parsed abstracts. 1041 13_RESULT UT=000167187300006 459.6 64 11966 Additionally, this study reveals that two different types of digital libraries are Likely to emerge in future. 1086 13_RESULT UT=000082565800006 1744.55 111 11950 Because of these characteristics the proposed fusion strategy is suitable for very large and extremely dynamic environments in which other collection fusion strategies (e.g. learning collection fusion strategies) may be inapplicable, Evaluation of the link-based fusion strategy demonstrates that the proposed strategy is more effective and efficient than the uniform strategy which can be applied under the same conditions. 850 13_RESULT UT=000221466600002 1274.52 115 11118 In a small experiment with ten subjects in which the algorithm was simulated by hand, the algorithm obtained good results with a mean overall precision of0.42 and mean average precision of0.62, representing a 27 percent improvement in precision and 41 percent improvement in average precision compared to the E-Referencer. 676 13_RESULT UT=000222954300004 323.605 46 11103 To structure the user queries, full access to the database is not required. 712 13_RESULT UT=000085006500007 810.898 98 10218 We consider several design issues for document translation, including which material is translated, what roles the HTML tags play in translation, what the tradeoff is between the speed performance and the translation performance, and what form the translated result is presented in. 1060 13_RESULT UT=000222954300003 495.018 70 10101 However, they allow us to gain an insight into the behaviour of different types of link-based evidence that could be exploited in the context of other retrieval tasks. 826 13_RESULT UT=000086070400002 661.958 102 9824 Experiments show that using heterogeneous thesauri with an appropriate weighting method results in better retrieval performance than using only one type of thesaurus. 937 13_RESULT UT=000087756900004 520.963 79 9759 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 1067 13_RESULT UT=000185851200004 668.888 95 9181 In large-scale experiments containing 140 questions to17,877 documents, the results show that those models using informative words outperform pure heuristic voting-only strategy by news reporters. 778 13_RESULT UT=000086838600006 301.347 53 9172 Different types of documents are typically produced and used in a business process. 807 13_RESULT UT=000084265200002 602.03 70 8965 In the six years since the beginning of TREC, the state of the art in retrieval effectiveness has approximately doubled, and technology transfer among research labs and between research systems and commercial products has accelerated. 675 13_RESULT UT=000222954300004 373.985 58 8847 These queries can then be submitted to Web databases and the retrieved results presented as a set of ranked answers. 790 13_RESULT UT=000088918500005 556.512 71 8775 The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. 653 13_RESULT UT=000089368200005 898.637 78 8759 We evaluated four classes of " top-down " algorithms for detecting mirrored host pairs ( that is, algorithms that are based on page attributes such as URL, IP address, and hyperlinks between pages, and not on the page content) on a collection of 140 million URLs ( on230,000 hosts) and their associated connectivity information. 743 13_RESULT UT=000088171500006 440.952 53 8673 Multidimensional scaling of subject cooccurrences revealed similar relationships among the different subject categories. 1066 13_RESULT UT=000185851200004 392.328 62 8649 For the evaluation, a question answering system ( QA system) is proposed to substitute the human assessors. 1075 13_RESULT UT=000084513300001 611.759 81 8437 This approach allows for easy formulation of specific retrieval models for arbitrary applications, and classical probabilistic in models can be implemented by specifying the appropriate rules. 750 13_RESULT UT=A1997WU98800005 231.96 47 8417 Economic feedback may be used to change the ordering of documents to benefit the user. 870 13_RESULT UT=000085411400007 358.059 57 8298 We also incorporate thesaurus information to provide semantic relevance among the index terms. 716 13_RESULT UT=000088919100004 826.018 77 8273 The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. 845 13_RESULT UT=000089325100002 810.276 92 8267 Part 2 covers the further development and elaboration of the model, with extensive testing, and briefly considers other environment conditions and tasks, model training, concluding with comparisons with other approaches and an overall assessment. 1039 13_RESULT UT=000167187300006 903.701 78 8018 Only four digital libraries have books in electronic form: National Library of Canada in general area, GUTENBERG in subject-specific area and SETIS and Carnegie Mellon University in special collection areas. 931 13_RESULT UT=000089325100003 688.468 68 8005 Despite a limited number of training examples, combining an effective feature selection with the chi(2) learning algorithm for training the text classifier results in an adequate categorization of new magazine articles. 943 13_RESULT UT=000084265200008 610.814 76 7840 Some of the document representations used in the experiments described here involved the use of phrases and proper names computed using Natural Language Processing techniques. 949 13_RESULT UT=000181194800007 594.617 66 7826 The development of abstract models of the IR task was a key factor to the improvement of search engines. 780 13_RESULT UT=000086838600006 1088.49 80 7531 The modelling methods have been tested in an SGML standardization project called RASKE during the analysis of four case domains: the enquiry process in the Finnish Parliament and Government, national Finnish legislative work, budgetary work, and the Finnish participation in EU legislative work. 685 13_RESULT UT=000222954300007 452.414 47 7425 Two different models have been designed: SID ( Simple Influence Diagram) and CID ( Context-based Influence Diagram). 966 13_RESULT UT=000086849100005 405.341 67 7365 These methods fit within the probabilistic approach to retrieval, and are applied to a probabilistic system. 644 13_RESULT UT=000231957200004 445.451 57 7262 On the average P-R level they seem to behave very close to each other in a probabilistic IR system. 962 13_RESULT UT=A1997WD67500005 284.096 37 6698 The variation of performance across sublanguages ( used in different academic disciplines) and queries is examined. 659 13_RESULT UT=000169032200008 275.739 48 6429 General results of the two studies are included in this paper. 1018 13_RESULT UT=000171050400004 468.276 55 6406 We also suggest an Inverse EMIM term weight for indexing or retrieval applications that is consistent with Luhn 's distribution. 660 13_RESULT UT=000169032200008 392.322 49 6034 Both projects provided information on criteria patterns, which challenge the conventional meaning-based approach to criteria classification. 1059 13_RESULT UT=000222954300003 466.221 66 6014 Our experiments indicate hardly any improvements in the effectiveness, similarly to previous TREC results for the topic relevance task. 998 13_RESULT UT=000085006500002 361.12 51 5804 However, what is desperately needed are software tools that can analyze the search result and manipulate large hierarchies of data graphically. 938 13_RESULT UT=000087756900004 403.351 43 5757 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 844 13_RESULT UT=000089325100002 496.361 65 5732 Part 1 covers the foundations and the model development for document collection and relevance data, along with the test apparatus. 703 13_RESULT UT=000085990100005 531.331 44 5682 Individuals experienced in on-line search are more likely to have a higher recall score with the textual interface than less experienced individuals. 818 13_RESULT UT=000086838600004 225.052 46 5633 In this paper we describe the system and its underlying model. 906 13_RESULT UT=000185427800003 337.493 49 5572 We confirm that WT10g contains exploitable link information using a site ( homepage) finding experiment. 769 13_RESULT UT=000087256800002 862.316 56 5557 Negative weighted inverse verb frequency ( NWIVF) function is well defined in this study and new similarity measurement is presented by combining the NWIVF and PWIVF ( positive weighted inverse verb frequency) functions. 742 13_RESULT UT=000088171500006 688.387 63 5373 The cluster analyses revealed several anticipated and a few unanticipated groupings of subjects, resulting in several well-defined high-level clusters of broad subject areas. 1048 13_RESULT UT=000177106900004 218.51 38 5144 Together these approaches make a unique competence for information specialists. 779 13_RESULT UT=000086838600006 364.39 48 5129 In life cycle modelling work related to processing of a document of a specific type is described. 900 13_RESULT UT=000222954300001 575.076 55 4848 Second, we briefly describe the papers in this special issue, which give a good clue about some of the new trends in the area of the application of Bayesian networks to IR. 930 13_RESULT UT=000089325100003 463.033 44 4736 The chi(2) test, which is sometimes used for selecting terms that are highly related to a text class, is applied in a novel way when constructing a category weight vector. 797 13_RESULT UT=000085224800005 766.476 59 4666 In addition, the National Library of Medicine 's SPECIALIST Lexicon was incorporated into two versions of the AZ Noun Phraser to be evaluated against the other tools as well as a nonaugmented version of the AZ Noun Phraser. 971 13_RESULT UT=000079884200008 391.473 57 4534 The experiment involves student subjects performing a fact: retrieval task from a reference handbook. 677 13_RESULT UT=000222954300004 394.358 47 4483 Instead, only a small portion of its content, extracted through a public Web interface, is used by the network model. 856 13_RESULT UT=000166193400004 496.937 46 4474 This group includes scientific publications and textbooks which were both used as the target group for the Visual book and the WEB book experiments. 1019 13_RESULT UT=000171050400004 180.43 30 4445 An information theoretic interpretation of Zipf 's Law is provided. 642 13_RESULT UT=000231957200004 337.427 28 4281 In another series of tests, the effects of compound splitting and derivational expansion of queries are tested. 907 13_RESULT UT=000185427800003 398.403 50 4136 Our results show that, on this task, Okapi BM25 works better on propagated link anchor text than on full text. 834 13_RESULT UT=000088865500003 282.62 31 3824 However, a substantial portion of the selected terms were identified as representing new ideas. 667 13_RESULT UT=000085495700003 297.49 29 3686 The list of references obtained from the Web was also compared to data retrieved from commercial databases. 1026 13_RESULT UT=000182507700002 389.186 47 3572 The paper also addresses the question of how closely the diversity approach models human judgments on summarization. 950 13_RESULT UT=000181194800007 375.227 42 3439 However, at this time conceptual tools for modeling the hypertext retrieval task are lacking, making it difficult to compare, improve, and reason on the existing techniques. 977 13_RESULT UT=000087054000002 199.827 34 3431 The best R&R and E results are given by using digram. 684 13_RESULT UT=000222954300007 271.432 36 3189 By means of this approach, we shall present structured retrieval as a decision-making problem. 1007 13_RESULT UT=000224460100009 287.658 31 2911 In this latter experiment each map represents a particular viewpoint extracted from the Web data description. 819 13_RESULT UT=000086838600004 288.372 36 2854 Furthermore, we report on an experiment carried out with human subjects to evaluate the effectiveness of WebSCSA. 666 13_RESULT UT=000085495700003 451.637 38 2786 The bibliographical references extracted from the Web pages were analyzed, and lists of most productive authors, most cited authors, works, and sources were compiled. 1028 13_RESULT UT=000182507700002 461.416 45 2729 We have trained a decision tree-based summarizer using the data, and examined how the diversity method compares with the supervised method in performance when tested on the data. 702 13_RESULT UT=000085990100005 371.644 28 2601 In particular, on-line experience has a significant effect on the recall scores with the textual interface. 1006 13_RESULT UT=000224460100009 328.848 34 2585 A second experiment is carried out on a representative Web dataset issued from the EISCTES IST project context. 723 13_RESULT UT=000085224800003 520.351 35 2251 We find that although LTRS distributes over71,000 copies of publications ( compared with an estimated24,000 copies from CASI), citation analysis indicates that LTRS has almost no measurable publication impact. 916 13_RESULT UT=000084265200005 455.025 33 2038 The Okapi team has been particularly interested in the relation between the functionalities associated with relevance feedback and the ability of searchers to make use of these functionalities. 770 13_RESULT UT=000087256800002 309.021 25 2013 The proposed method is applied to11,000 relationships between verbs and nouns extracted from a large tagged corpus. 1027 13_RESULT UT=000182507700002 340.748 34 1999 We have created a relatively large volume of data annotated for relevance to summarization by human subjects. 693 13_RESULT UT=000238550100009 321.344 24 1959 Some characteristics of natural languages used in the spectrum from softer to harder sciences, as well as medical terminology, are studied. 865 13_RESULT UT=000085411400006 249.072 26 1898 Experimental comparisons show performance that compares favorably with previous work. 719 13_RESULT UT=000086651400004 237.422 20 1873 Also, a mathematical structure ( Diophantine set) behind relevance feedback is identified. 1081 13_RESULT UT=000167187000004 496.208 27 1831 The scenarios explore three activities: 'social browsing ', 'social formatting ' and 'social filtering ', that are examples of social intelligence activities in the world of the virtual. 812 13_RESULT UT=000087054000005 321.22 22 1763 Future work will examine multiple views in an attempt to explore the extent to which the concept is shared among a group of people. 1054 13_RESULT UT=000180834700001 409.92 28 1593 The new compactness measure for the cohesion of weighted graphs has several desirable properties related to the disjoint union of two networks. 761 13_RESULT UT=000088919400003 266.014 18 1535 A tendency toward such a structuration of the journal network would indicate an interregional integration of management research. 796 13_RESULT UT=000085224800005 638.256 35 1527 The NLP tools evaluated were Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's ( MIT 's) Chopper, The University of Arizona 's Automatic Indexer, Lingsoft 's NPtool, and The University of Arizona 's AZ Noun Phraser. 1074 13_RESULT UT=000084513300001 141.037 14 1454 We describe an evaluation method and present an implementation. 643 13_RESULT UT=000231957200004 315.938 21 1308 Practical implications - Usefulness of morphological lemmatization and stem generation for IR purposes can be estimated with many factors. 892 13_RESULT UT=000086070400005 131.549 11 869 however, classification accuracy varied across classes. 737 13_RESULT UT=000083140600002 239.77 16 773 They were able to find the answers to just over half the questions successfully and, in subjective assessments, gave the site a failing grade. 711 13_RESULT UT=000085006500007 185.192 13 751 A machine transliteration algorithm is introduced to resolve proper name searching. 762 13_RESULT UT=000088919400003 184.531 12 589 Articles published in six of the most influential American and European journals covering the period from 1981 to 1998 have been downloaded. 878 13_RESULT UT=000170642700001 227.509 12 446 An explanation is suggested for why POS tags contribute less to higher order grammatical constructs. 884 13_RESULT UT=000085411400002 192.071 11 398 We conclude with a summary of findings and a discussion of the implications of these findings. 736 13_RESULT UT=000083140600002 200.218 12 341 Twenty-four participants from six faculties attempted to answer typical questions often asked within an academic milieu. 704 13_RESULT UT=000085990100005 208.493 12 280 No significant main effects were found for spatial ability and associative memory. 855 13_RESULT UT=000166193400004 124.722 9 267 Both also identified publications which are meant to be used for reference rather than those which are read sequentially, and usually in their entirety. 972 13_RESULT UT=000079884200008 87.3474 5 242 No interaction is found between these two independent variables. 1193 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400010 181.703 55 2280 Originality/ value - The value of this after-word is to contribute to future reflections and debates concerning the philosophical basis of LIS and the specific contributions of specific systems of thought. 1139 14_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 402.543 45 1928 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 1164 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400007 143.902 47 1838 Originality/ value - The paper questions the use of hermeneutics as a point of departure in LIS research by looking at the research made within the field. 1145 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400002 174.171 46 1825 Originality/ value - An awareness of the fact that social and cultural structures exist independent of one 's knowledge of them has implications on how many central problems in the LIS field are regarded and studied. 1187 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400009 150.195 45 1751 Originality/ value - The paper discusses basic theoretical issues that are important for the further development of LIS as a scholarly field. 1165 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400007 132.917 38 1499 This perspective may increase understanding of the function of hermeneutics within LIS, something which is of value both for the research community and for students within LIS. 1227 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400003 110.917 32 1225 Originality/ value - Provides, through the means of neo-pragmatism, an argument for the necessity of epistemological argumentation within LIS. 1200 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400006 83.1231 30 1148 Originality/ value - Outlines each metatheory 's specific fields of application. 1173 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400001 105.146 27 1018 Originality/ value - The introduction is written to assist readers overviewing the issue and share the thoughts of the editor in planning the issue. 1226 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400003 151.915 27 915 Practical implications - In its focus on usability, the neo-pragmatist position provides a possible bridge between academic and other professional practices in the field of LIS. 1126 14_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300007 123.075 22 657 c) Besides certain similarities, scientific fields also show a specific structure of determinants of young scientists ' productivity. 1178 14_CONCLUSION UT=000085048500004 167.062 23 623 The article explores these problems and advocates an approach with emphasis on documents and on the concept 'memory institutions ' as generic terms for the central object of study. 1186 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400009 138.043 22 554 A specific analysis is made of the empiricist view of information seeking and it is shown that empiricism may be regarded as a normative theory of information seeking and knowledge organisation. 1117 14_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000007 177.852 24 550 The study does conform with earlier results, but shows that the number of databases needed for searches with varying complexities of search strategies, is much more topic dependent than previous studies would indicate. 1154 14_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 175.026 23 516 Satisfaction measures were more variable, The study offers insight into potential improvements in the design of Web-based indexes and provides preliminary assessment of the validity of the measures employed. 1153 14_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 163.423 20 432 The findings indicate that a hypertext index with multiple access points for each concept, all linked to the same resource, led to greater effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval on almost all measures. 1132 14_CONCLUSION UT=000185857000001 108.792 16 381 The paper closes with a discussion of the means by which philosophical considerations can assist towards new forms of information processing. 1216 14_CONCLUSION UT=000183872300002 89.7388 14 341 Offers not only a descriptive model, but also a theoretical perspective from which information systems may be understood and evaluated. 1125 14_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300007 144.285 17 305 b) Among the factors which contribute significantly to the explanation of the quantity of scientific publications, the most powerful predictor is attendance at conferences abroad, followed by scientific qualifications and some gatekeeping variables. 1094 14_CONCLUSION UT=000186916600003 106.822 13 230 The findings also support the Bates hypothesis that domain size has an important impact on the search methods used. 1217 14_CONCLUSION UT=000183872300002 69.7879 9 186 In addition to this provides empirical exemplification and proposals for research initiatives. 1206 14_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400009 58.9982 8 61 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1111 14_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300003 54.2033 6 53 After finding the articles belonging to these fundamental themes we can discuss the fundamentality of the formers, too. 1101 14_CONCLUSION UT=000183605700002 48.637 7 52 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 1172 14_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400001 20.7223 2 4 " are not trivial ones. 1190 14_METHOD UT=000227842400010 407.143 63 2604 Findings - Many epistemological views,e.g. social constructivism, critical theory, feminist epistemology, postmodernism and systems theory, need to be considered more deeply within library and information science ( LIS). 1106 14_METHOD UT=000085495700006 378.654 44 1711 This article examines how professional discourses, in particular those which are foundational for library and information science theory and practice, establish themselves in culture and project history-past and future-by means of appropriating certain dominant tropes in a culture 's language. 1149 14_METHOD UT=000088865500002 468.024 41 1467 By employing index usability metrics developed by Liddy and Jorgensen ( 1993; Jorgensen & Liddy, 1996) and modified to accommodate a hypertext environment, the study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of 20 subjects who used one existing index ( the A-Z index on the FedStats Web site at http: / /www. 1158 14_METHOD UT=000227842400007 229.481 41 1398 Findings - The use of hermeneutics in LIS has increased during the last decade, as has the number of authors discussing its scientific value for LIS. 1220 14_METHOD UT=000227842400003 343.364 40 1383 historical development of pragmatism in relation to other epistemological positions; neo-pragmatism as a non-dualist, both purpose and communication oriented, epistemology; and a sociocultural perspective within pedagogy, originated from the Russian researcher Lev Vygotsky. 1169 14_METHOD UT=000227842400001 276.891 39 1344 The plan of the guest editor was that each epistemological position should be both introduced and interpreted in a LIS context together with a review of its influence within the field and an evaluation of the pros and cons of that position. 1141 14_METHOD UT=000227842400002 307.724 38 1235 Design/ methodology/ approach - The paper uses a literature-based analysis of the critical realism concepts of a stratified social reality, the importance of contextualisation, and the relation between structure and agency. 1098 14_METHOD UT=000183605700002 226.061 33 1063 Epistemological beliefs affected topic, the use of mediators, search techniques, the evaluation of information, and the ability to recognize authority. 1130 14_METHOD UT=000185857000001 259.864 33 1050 The paper uses philosophical ideas concerning knowledge and applies them to organisational design and information processing in order to encourage alternative perspectives and new ideas. 1202 14_METHOD UT=000086070400009 204.921 32 1029 It begins with the presentation of different attitudes towards LIS and the divergence between LIS as a knowledge producing and knowledge utilizing: area. 1109 14_METHOD UT=000165654300003 197.551 30 924 Co-word analysis and co-citation analysis enable to visualize the structure of a scientific field on the maps of science. 1183 14_METHOD UT=000227842400009 151.31 28 914 Findings - The findings of this paper are that it is not a trivial matter to define those epistemologies and to characterise their influence. 1142 14_METHOD UT=000227842400002 230.243 29 883 These features are discussed in relation to various models of information-seeking behaviour, but also to the " interpretative " approach to information as meaning which can only be achieved through discourses in a human community. 1168 14_METHOD UT=000227842400001 169.115 26 866 Findings - It is claimed that Sweden probably is the country in which philosophy of science has the highest priority in LIS education. 1120 14_METHOD UT=000165654300007 191.261 28 816 1) Despite the worsened position of R & D, they publish more scientific papers than the young generations of scientists at the beginning of the nineties. 1090 14_METHOD UT=000186916600003 203.308 29 805 The aim of this paper is to contribute to the development of a domain analytic approach for explaining the use and non-use of e-journals and databases. 1179 14_METHOD UT=000165654300002 240.82 27 786 The aim of this article is to describe some methods of comparison of maps of science and to show possibilities that these methods give for further research in this interesting area. 1221 14_METHOD UT=000227842400003 206.743 25 747 Findings - Brought together, a neo-pragmatist, sociocultural perspective contributes to a focus on people 's actions through the use of linguistic and physical tools. 1122 14_METHOD UT=000165654300007 216.759 27 738 3) The productivity of young scientists is formed according to productivity patterns typical of particular scientific fields and disciplines. 1136 14_METHOD UT=000087756900004 202.916 26 700 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 1229 14_METHOD UT=000169392900008 187.283 26 686 In IS it is important to consider the nature and meaning of these concepts, which is closely related to theoretical and metatheoretical issues in information retrieval ( IR). 1103 14_METHOD UT=000180353700003 199.028 24 662 Factors affecting Internet development such as telecommunications, national information network infrastructure, the economy and electricity supply are discussed. 1114 14_METHOD UT=000172450000007 230.062 25 661 The presence of duplicate records in the searches was taken into consideration in the analysis, and the problem with lexical ambiguity in at least one search topic is discussed. 1097 14_METHOD UT=000183605700002 198.193 25 660 Twenty undergraduates attending an Ivy League university were interviewed about their search process as they completed a major research paper during their senior year. 1212 14_METHOD UT=000183872300002 199.139 25 648 From a theoretical point of view the domain-analytic view has proposed that differences between different disciplines and domains should be emphasised. 1135 14_METHOD UT=000087756900004 267.136 24 619 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 1121 14_METHOD UT=000165654300007 204.653 24 613 2) Differences between a highly-productive minority, which produces on average half of all scientific publications, and a low-productive majority is already apparent in young scientists. 1197 14_METHOD UT=000227842400006 154.252 22 591 Findings - Each of the three metatheories addresses and solves specific types of research questions and design problems. 1091 14_METHOD UT=000186916600003 189.645 23 573 We identify and define factors to account for disciplinary differences in e-journal use, outline hypotheses to be tested more rigorously in future research, and test them initially on a limited data set. 1160 14_METHOD UT=000227842400007 169.704 22 561 This is a misconception which draws the attention away from hermeneutics as a scientific point of departure and methodology used in the study of these processes. 1196 14_METHOD UT=000227842400006 147.457 19 518 Pinpoints the differences between the positions in their conceptions of language and the nature and origin of knowledge. 1148 14_METHOD UT=000088865500002 169.783 19 505 The exploratory study reported on here investigates one specific component of a Web site-the index structure. 1127 14_METHOD UT=000086651400004 147.388 18 469 A unified mathematical definition for the classical ( vector and probabilistic) models of information retrieval is given. 1159 14_METHOD UT=000227842400007 141.205 18 434 In many studies the interpretative character of the objects of study seen as hermeneutic in itself. 1175 14_METHOD UT=000085048500004 125.565 16 429 What influences introduced the concept of 'information ' into the library field in the middle of the twentieth century? 1182 14_METHOD UT=000227842400009 72.5043 13 418 Second, their importance for and influence in LIS have been examined. 1113 14_METHOD UT=000172450000007 157.882 16 357 These topics were searched using the DIALOG database host, and using as many suitable databases as possible. 1176 14_METHOD UT=000085048500004 132.568 15 354 What kind of theoretical orientations have dominated the held, and how are these orientations linked to epistemological assumptions? 1189 14_METHOD UT=000227842400010 116.284 14 353 Design/ methodology/ approach - Examines articles in this issue. 1211 14_METHOD UT=000183872300002 97.1749 12 251 On the empirical side much has happened in the developments of electronic communication that needs to be considered. 1203 14_METHOD UT=000086070400009 114.874 11 186 It goes on to discuss the different labels for the discipline, its institutional affiliations and some technology driven paradigms. 1210 14_METHOD UT=000183872300002 70.7489 8 110 There are both empirical and theoretical reasons for this need. 1222 14_METHOD UT=000227842400003 47.7493 4 52 As a tangible example of how neo-pragmatism. 1150 14_METHOD UT=000088865500002 19.1091 2 43 fedstats. 1140 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400002 322.319 99 6538 Purpose - The philosophical position known as critical realism is briefly introduced, and some of its central features are used to connect the philosophy and the realist social theory to some current library and information science ( LIS) models of information behaviour. 1166 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400001 233.252 92 6053 Purpose - The purpose of this article is to introduce the special issue of Journal of Documentation about library and information science ( LIS) and the philosophy of science. 1180 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400009 211.767 76 4969 Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance and influence of the epistemologies: " empiricism ", " rationalism " and " positivism " in library and information science ( LIS). 1218 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400003 216.215 68 4469 Purpose - To show that the neo-pragmatist position of Richard Rorty, when combined with a sociocultural perspective, provides library and information science ( LIS) with a forceful epistemological tool. 1194 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400006 223.52 66 4295 Purpose - Describes the basic premises of three metatheories that represent important or emerging perspectives on information seeking, retrieval and knowledge formation in information science: constructivism, collectivism, and constructionism. 1155 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400007 132.64 62 3907 Purpose - To analyse the use of hermeneutics in library and information science ( LIS). 1201 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400009 181.17 63 3850 This paper presents different facets or aspects of Library and Information Science ( LIS) from a theoretical and philosophical perspective. 1228 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900008 261.263 55 3161 Theories of aboutness and theories of subject analysis and of related concepts such as topicality are often isolated from each other in the literature of information science ( IS) and related disciplines. 1105 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700006 379.604 55 3136 This article argues that professional discourses tend to align themselves with dominant ideological and social forces by means of language, In twentieth century modernity, the use of the trope of " science " and related terms in professional theory is a common linguistic device through which professions attempt social self-advancement. 1167 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400001 151.468 44 2343 Design/ methodology/ approach - The most important earlier collected works about metatheories and philosophies of science within LIS are listed. 1096 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700002 228.66 49 2333 Kuhlthau 's information search process ( ISP) model and four models of epistemological development from educational psychology formed the theoretical foundation of this investigation. 1209 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 106.725 42 2312 There is a need to bring this model to the focus of information science ( IS) research as well as to update and revise it. 1174 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000085048500004 165.042 41 2253 This paper investigates the problem of the labelling of the library, documentation and information field with particular emphasis on the terms 'information ' and 'document '. 1188 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400010 145.554 34 1953 Purpose - The purpose of this after-word is to examine which questions have been illuminated in the present issue and which theoretical problems still need to be addressed. 1133 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 242.012 46 1936 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 1157 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400007 159.207 35 1795 the definition of hermeneutics in LIS; and the practical use of hermeneutics within recent LIS studies. 1129 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000185857000001 104.599 27 1414 This paper considers the issues surrounding the fit between information systems and organisation structures. 1134 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 171.115 28 1300 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 1088 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000186916600003 214.461 33 1173 Previous research has shown that there are major differences in the search methods used in different disciplines, and that the use of electronic journals and databases likewise varies according to domain. 1181 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400009 167.085 27 876 Design/ methodology/ approach - First, outlines the historical development of these epistemologies, by discussing and identifying basic characteristics in them and by introducing the criticism that has been raised against these views. 1156 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400007 126.484 28 844 Design/ methodology/ approach - Presents a literature-based conceptual analysis of. 1195 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400006 126.484 28 844 Design/ methodology/ approach - Presents a literature-based conceptual analysis. 1219 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400003 108.802 25 754 Design/ methodology/ approach - Literature-based conceptual analysis of. 1108 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300003 133.532 21 749 The aim of this article is to demonstrate on the scientific field " economics " the search for fundamental articles. 1146 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 126.222 23 749 portant area of research as Web sites proliferate and problems with use are noted. 1208 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 79.9337 17 661 This model has been widely cited and additional models have been added to the literature. 1089 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000186916600003 199.062 22 550 Previous studies have not, however, explored whether, or how, this variation is possibly related to factors such as domain size, the degree of scatter in a domain or domain-specific relevance criteria. 1147 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 142.78 18 505 Generally, aspects of Web sites that have been investigated focus on such areas as overall design and navigation. 1102 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000180353700003 89.4147 13 460 The paper reviews the current status of Internet development in Kenya. 1112 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000007 151.537 17 419 The distribution of bibliographic records in on-line bibliographic databases is examined using 14 different search topics. 1207 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 82.701 13 405 In 1971 UNISIST proposed a model for scientific and technical communication. 1095 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700002 102.787 13 339 This study explores the relationship between undergraduates ' epistemological beliefs and their information-seeking behavior. 1118 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300007 116.332 15 328 This research was conducted on a sample of 840 respondents who represent half of the Croatian population of young scientists. 1119 14_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300007 85.4682 9 183 There are three main features which define the publication productivity of young scientists. 1116 14_RESULT UT=000172450000007 1023.29 119 12464 The distribution of the percentages of records retrieved over a number of databases for 13 of the 14 search topics roughly fell into three groups: ( 1) high concentration of records in one database with about 80 % coverage in five to eight databases; ( 2) moderate concentration in one database with about 80 % coverage in seven to 10 databases; and ( 3) low concentration in one database with about 80 % coverage in 16 to 19 databases. 1093 14_RESULT UT=000186916600003 669.894 81 5855 The findings suggest that e-journals and databases are likely to be used most heavily in fields in which directed searching is the dominant search method and topical relevance the primary relevance type, and less in fields in which browsing and chaining are the dominant search methods and paradigmatic relevance the primary relevance type. 1115 14_RESULT UT=000172450000007 383.482 56 4253 The study answers questions such as how many databases are needed in a multifile search for particular topics, and what coverage will be achieved using a certain number of databases. 1143 14_RESULT UT=000227842400002 365.684 63 3027 Findings - The critical realism perspective could lay a fruitful foundation for an interdisciplinary research field like LIS, and its user studies in particular, concerned with many levels of information creation, seeking, use and processing. 1161 14_RESULT UT=000227842400007 331.824 57 2793 The problem is specifically present in studies making explicit or implicit reference to a modem view of science, while studies referring to LIS as a postmodern field of study seem to be more at ease with hermeneutics. 1131 14_RESULT UT=000185857000001 402.945 55 2340 This is achieved by a discussion of the issues surrounding organisational design and the impact of design on information processing; an overview of the ideas concerning the theory of knowledge proposed from both a rational and an empirical viewpoint and how these relate to other epistemological theories ' such as historicism and pragmatism. 1204 14_RESULT UT=000086070400009 309.271 54 2226 Fields of LIS practices, examples of concrete research problems and the fundamental concepts are introduced as are subareas, theories, related disciplines, and approaches ( " paradigms"/ metatheories). 1092 14_RESULT UT=000186916600003 382.95 47 2166 The empirical data was gathered as a part of a wider qualitative study exploring scholars ' use of networked resources in four different disciplines: nursing science, literature/ cultural studies, history and ecological environmental science. 1185 14_RESULT UT=000227842400009 201.78 41 1649 Arguments are put forward that empiricism and positivism are still dominant within LIS and specific examples of the influence on positivism in LIS are provided. 1100 14_RESULT UT=000183605700002 339.256 37 1482 These findings provide a rich theoretical foundation for future information-seeking behavior research and will assist academic reference librarians by providing insights into the impact of undergraduates ' epistemological beliefs on their information-seeking behavior. 1144 14_RESULT UT=000227842400002 236.434 37 1390 It is the task of the LIS researcher to explain the mechanisms that influence the information seeking, not only on an empirical level, by observing the user and his/ her discourse community, but also by revealing possible underlying causes and relations. 1225 14_RESULT UT=000227842400003 204.207 36 1279 The article is concluded by an assessment of neo-pragmatism as an epistemological position within LIS, including those research issues that arise from this position and that are introduced along the way. 1223 14_RESULT UT=000227842400003 118.201 28 1005 can be applied as an epistemological tool within LIS, information seeking seen as communicative participation is discussed. 1184 14_RESULT UT=000227842400009 149.187 27 979 Many different interpretations exist and there is no consensus regarding current influence of positivism in LIS. 1162 14_RESULT UT=000227842400007 133.21 26 944 Practical implications - Questions are raised on the fundamental use of hermeneutics in LIS. 1230 14_RESULT UT=000169392900008 176.375 27 875 A theory of IR must specify which concepts should be regarded as synonymous concepts and explain how the meaning of the nonsynonymous concepts should be defined. 1171 14_RESULT UT=000227842400001 184.843 26 870 It is argued that it is important that such knowledge and debate are available within the LIS-literature itself and that the answers to such questions as " What is positivism? 1224 14_RESULT UT=000227842400003 190.494 27 869 This article unites a perspective on information seeking as communicative participation with the neo-pragmatist concepts of " tools " and " communities of justification ". 1163 14_RESULT UT=000227842400007 135.938 23 763 This may give rise to a deeper discussion on the scientific value and character of hermeneutics in LIS. 1099 14_RESULT UT=000183605700002 229.512 24 747 Epistemological beliefs also affected several stages of the ISP model: topic selection, prefocus formulation, focus formulation, and collection. 1192 14_RESULT UT=000227842400010 106.319 18 730 Finally eclecticism is discussed as one way of coping with different theories in a field. 1177 14_RESULT UT=000085048500004 172.554 24 692 What is the implication of the recent influence of socially oriented epistemologies for such basic concepts in IS as 'information ' and 'document '? 1191 14_RESULT UT=000227842400010 169.038 21 542 For some of the other epistemologies such as phenomenology and (post)structuralism there is still a need for deeper explorations of their potential contributions. 1205 14_RESULT UT=000086070400009 120.898 15 495 Also a short presentation of research methods and basic philosophical assumptions is included. 1199 14_RESULT UT=000227842400006 95.8617 14 494 Each of the three metatheories encourages and constitutes a distinctive type of research and learning. 1107 14_RESULT UT=000085495700006 232.928 20 474 This article suggests that ethical and political choices arise out of the rhetoric and practice of professional discourse, and that these choices cannot be confined to the realm of professional polemics. 1214 14_RESULT UT=000183872300002 139.475 16 467 There is a need both to compare with the humanities and social sciences and to regard internal differences in the sciences. 1128 14_RESULT UT=000086651400004 121.593 12 427 Also, a mathematical structure ( Diophantine set) behind relevance feedback is identified. 1137 14_RESULT UT=000087756900004 152.747 17 416 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 1138 14_RESULT UT=000087756900004 153.955 18 414 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 1215 14_RESULT UT=000183872300002 68.5517 9 164 There are also other reasons to reconsider and modify this model today. 1124 14_RESULT UT=000165654300007 149.101 13 154 a) An expansion of the set of predictors resulted in an improvement in the explanation of the productivity of young scientists compared with previous surveys. 1213 14_RESULT UT=000183872300002 96.8496 10 134 The original model only considered scientific and technical communication as a whole. 1152 14_RESULT UT=000088865500002 47.3441 5 115 User satisfaction with the indexes was also evaluated. 1110 14_RESULT UT=000165654300003 47.3441 5 95 Then we can find the fundamental themes on the maps. 1198 14_RESULT UT=000227842400006 20.1285 3 71 The metatheories thus complement one another. 1151 14_RESULT UT=000088865500002 72.3801 6 67 gov) and three experimental variants to complete five researcher-generated tasks. 1104 14_RESULT UT=000180353700003 20.1285 3 57 The way forward is outlined. 1123 14_RESULT UT=000165654300007 63.1133 6 50 With regard to the explanation of productivity, the following has been found. 1170 14_RESULT UT=000227842400001 27.2157 2 4 This was only an ideal plan. 1245 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700007 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1272 15_CONCLUSION UT=000078430100005 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1282 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700004 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1312 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1327 15_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600006 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1364 15_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400009 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1375 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700006 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1380 15_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800009 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1424 15_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000009 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1434 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700005 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1441 15_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400005 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1520 15_CONCLUSION UT=000078430100004 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1550 15_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400004 131.147 96 8989 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1267 15_CONCLUSION UT=000171016300003 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1317 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100004 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1334 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100002 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1407 15_CONCLUSION UT=000173017600005 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1430 15_CONCLUSION UT=000171016300005 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1499 15_CONCLUSION UT=000173017600004 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1538 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100005 132.725 90 8371 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1400 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083923700006 409.584 82 5353 The study and its findings may contribute to the arsenal of theoretic approaches within library and information science ( LIS) as well as to practical public Library management. 1460 15_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 711.206 83 5243 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 1544 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169828600003 414.365 74 4890 The paper makes reference to studies drawn from the academic literature in business studies, information systems, organisational science and sociology, as well as to practice in case study organisations. 1479 15_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500002 390.666 73 4506 The authors ' approach contrasts with prevailing 'needs and uses " models in information science, in offering a methodological framework based on group narrative and genre analysis that contributes to a theory of social informatics in the household. 1354 15_CONCLUSION UT=000082078700002 434.085 50 2639 Based on our findings, we challenge the library community to make major changes to the Library of Congress Subject Headings system that have the potential to increase end-user understanding of subject headings. 1255 15_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500003 419.772 52 2284 These were foci dealing with: documents; evaluation of search results; search strategies; IR system; topic of the search; and information about the user. 1505 15_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400011 412.628 45 1987 Findings that types of socially mediated communication and distinctive information foraging behaviors correlate with different zones of a bibliographic microhabitat support an interpretation that active specialty members conform to foraging efficiency principles as predicted by prey-choice models from optimal foraging theory. 1238 15_CONCLUSION UT=000082504700001 496.556 46 1958 In conclusion, a case will be made for the construction of a new subject field of 'Information Management History ' which will enrich, particularly through potentially exciting research pathways, not just the established fields of business and administrative history but also the emergent discipline of IM itself. 1358 15_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800008 354.694 40 1917 The article also highlights several important methodological and conceptual issues that frame research on social aspects of digital library use. 1488 15_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400008 310.251 42 1889 We outline our approach to the " ethnographically informed " development of information systems in addressing some of the major problems of interdisciplinary work between system designers and EM researchers. 1474 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 553.088 44 1750 Consequently, the social and the cognitive dimensions of the STS field are not independent as no serious STS scholar would argue - but also not identical, as radical constructivists claim, but are strongly interacting Further analysis may reveal the leading dynamics, that is answering the question whether the 'social ' follows the 'cognitive ', the other way around, or whether the dynamics has the pattern of 'co-evolution '. 1498 15_CONCLUSION UT=000173017600004 257.487 41 1747 The CMIS is also used as the framework for creating intervention strategies that information professionals can use to help coach people toward being more self-efficacious information seekers. 1259 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083062500005 334.985 35 1625 The article emphasizes appropriate roles for public libraries in community-wide efforts to bridge the digital divide that cuts computer use along socioeconomic lines. 1391 15_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 442.746 36 1309 In addition, Subjects in Phase II commented that, as time passes or familiarity increases with certain design factors, their identification of what are hygiene and motivator factors might change, promoting further investigation and possible expansion of the model. 1423 15_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000009 267.01 31 1238 If performance of pf is indeed affected by learning, an improved pf system with usability enhancements may prove to be an effective mechanism for interactive information retrieval. 1266 15_CONCLUSION UT=000171016300003 209.572 29 1131 The findings are discussed with respect to designing community coordination mechanisms that overcome common barriers to seeking help and information. 1311 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 371.542 35 1082 The result is that we lack a vocabulary for talking about methodology, a vocabulary which attends to the philosophic mandate in the term, the way in which it might build a bridge between metatheoy and method, and, thus, make more obvious the impacts of these on research and its theory-constructings. 1399 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083923700006 398.318 30 1016 The librarians hypothesized to be the defenders of professional values, (i.e., the librarians showing the highest degree of field activity) are more inclined to accept field external changes than their more professionally passive colleagues. 1453 15_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600006 258.335 25 990 In this framework graph theoretic approaches, including path analysis, transversal links, " weak ties " and " small-world " phenomena are integrated. 1310 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 292.698 33 958 Rarely, however, is methodology attended to as that branch of metatheory which involves the reflexive analysis and development of methods - with methods defined broadly as methods of theorizing, observing, data collecting, analyzing, and interpreting. 1281 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700004 173.946 23 954 This is evident, for example, in the utilization of electronic newspapers in the search for orienting information. 1412 15_CONCLUSION UT=000078081000008 128.336 23 946 The implications of these findings for professional information services are discussed. 1237 15_CONCLUSION UT=000082504700001 276.901 24 905 Documents recently released by the Public Record Office, covering the first decade of MIS 's history between 1909 and 1919, point to a growing recognition of the importance of IM. 1446 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083137400006 369.458 27 862 An examination of the on-going efforts to establish metadata standards, and comparison of different metadata formats, supports a proposal for an integrated concept of metadata to facilitate the merging of the two approaches. 1484 15_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100008 288.418 28 858 The article concludes with suggestions for improving communication between communities of practice to enhance the knowledge base of those responsible for producing public use microdata files. 1390 15_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 177.624 21 852 The results showed that the two-factor model provides a means for Web-user interface studies. 1537 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100005 150.362 21 766 Surprisingly, there was practically no dialogue between information seekers and providers, even though newsgroups provide opportunities for interaction. 1326 15_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600006 168.485 17 693 This paper discusses the modelling requirements in document analysis and describes the techniques used in the RASKE project. 1307 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 249.473 20 668 Suffice it to say here that the statements above rest on the assumption that in the midst of the paradigm battles which mark today 's study of humans and their conditions, methodology as a term is highly contested, much abused, and frequently ignored. 1343 15_CONCLUSION UT=000080081100010 187.829 22 639 Use of the results by policy bodies seems dependent upon which organisational level of research they tend to address. 1369 15_CONCLUSION UT=000166428400009 250.225 20 599 This leads to a discussion of 'Networked Learner Support ' and conclusions on the need for collaborative approaches if students are to receive a rich experience of learning within a constructivist pedagogy. 1348 15_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300004 230.572 19 575 While a model that shares costs between authors and subscribers is viable, administration of two sets of fees would increase costs. 1527 15_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100004 311.84 22 533 Nevertheless, exploring the main components of tacit knowledge in depth, and considering recent ICT-based applications, it is possible to foresee new opportunities for the creation and dissemination of knowledge through networks. 1392 15_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 171.524 19 511 Suggestions for Website designs and evaluation, and further research directions are provided. 1342 15_CONCLUSION UT=000080081100010 174.512 16 426 The results provide a first insight in the extent to which institutes and authors address socially relevant topics. 1511 15_CONCLUSION UT=000167097900009 90.2885 13 347 Suggestions for further research are discussed. 1308 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 106.656 11 305 It is referred to either as method, or as metatheorical critique of the constructing of theory. 1473 15_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 179.504 13 270 At the same time, this differentiation differs in some respects from the cognitive differentiation pattern. 1309 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 85.691 9 205 It is, thus, either collapsed into method or collapsed into metatheory and in either locale it disappears. 1516 15_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100006 99.8269 9 170 Furthermore, CMC use is positively associated with scientific productivity and collaboration. 1254 15_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500003 40.6178 3 58 Six focus categories were observed. 1306 15_CONCLUSION UT=000083853700002 17.0332 1 1 edu). 1518 15_METHOD UT=000078430100004 1524.09 191 19971 The resulting multi-dimensional framework includes ( 1) conceptualizations of information itself ( resource/ commodity, data in the environment, representation of knowledge and part of the communication process), ( 2) conceptualizations of the notion of access ( knowledge, technology, communication, control, goods/ commodities and rights), ( 3) a set of general information seeking facets ( context, situation, strategies and outcomes) and ( 4) a variety of influences and constraints ( physical, cognitive, affective, economic, social and political). 1372 15_METHOD UT=000083853700006 855.24 161 14684 While each type of factor has particular implications for the participants ' information behaviour, it is shown how the interaction of multiple factors led to the conceptualization of such notions as an information ground, which may be used for guiding further research on the flow of information in community settings. 1508 15_METHOD UT=000167097900009 1065.99 135 12119 The majority of these theories were from the social sciences (45.4 %), followed by IS (29.9 %), the sciences (19.3 %), and humanities (5.4 %), New IS theories were proposed by 71 authors, When compared with previous studies, our results suggest an increase in the use of theory within IS. 1356 15_METHOD UT=000085224800008 1239.1 123 10336 This article presents research conducted by the Social Science Team of the federally funded Digital Libraries Initiative ( DLI) project at the University of Illinois, Data were collected from potential and actual users of the DLI test-bed - containing the full text of journal articles-through focus groups, interviews and observations, usability testing, user registration and transaction logging, and user surveys. 1242 15_METHOD UT=000083853700007 679.789 118 9992 I will analyze certain features of work tasks and relate these features to types of information people are looking for and using in their tasks, patterning of search strategies for obtaining information and relevance assessments in choosing retrieved documents. 1481 15_METHOD UT=000171753100008 762.042 104 9256 The scientific discourse about information privacy focuses on the crosspressures of maintaining confidentiality and ensuring access in the context of the production of statistical data for public policy and social research and the associated technical solutions for releasing statistical data. 1414 15_METHOD UT=000079457900003 556.378 107 9170 This longitudinal case study investigates changes in perceptions of the information search process of an early career information worker as he becomes more experienced and proficient at his work. 1432 15_METHOD UT=000083853700005 1249.77 100 8229 Findings are reported from a larger research project based on intensive interviews with 194 committed readers who read for pleasure, The paper analyses interview responses that illuminate two aspects of the readers ' experience of reading for pleasure: ( 1) how readers choose books to read for pleasure; and ( 2) books that have made a significant difference in readers ' lives. 1507 15_METHOD UT=000167097900009 752.557 98 8084 Our findings indicate that theory was discussed in34.1 % of the articles (0.93 theory incidents per article;2.73 incidents per article when considering only those articles employing theory). 1277 15_METHOD UT=000083853700004 760.948 98 8058 The conceptual framework of the study draws on the findings of the studies of computer-mediated communication and the uses and gratifications approach; the ideas of the 'media richness ' theory and the 'social influence ' theory are also utilized. 1410 15_METHOD UT=000078081000008 505 90 7867 The most prevalent information needs experience related to race relations, crime and family, and their sources of unmet needs were lack of awareness of or access to existing information or resources. 1523 15_METHOD UT=000086849100004 792.345 96 7727 It summarises and develops the results of relevant international studies and surveys on computer-mediated communication; it identifies, on the one hand, the principal social settings and contexts in which email is used and, on the other, the characteristic features which determine specific communication models. 1494 15_METHOD UT=000173017600004 410.763 86 7632 This article reviews the tenets of cancer information seeking-highlighting the growing public interest in genetics-and discusses how the burden of seeking health information has shifted to the patient. 1426 15_METHOD UT=000171016300005 772.055 94 7546 To asses the impact of his critique, citation searches on Zweizig and keyword searches on " user-centered " identified a body of library and information science ( LIS) literature that can be linked to the work of Zweizig and his colleague, Brenda Dervin. 1275 15_METHOD UT=000083853700004 624.19 89 7489 In 1997, the author conducted 23 theme interviews in Tampere, Finland, Secondly, the data of the national survey on the use of information technology at Finnish households conducted in 1996, based on the interviews of 2360 persons, aged 10-74 yr, were utilized. 1486 15_METHOD UT=000086651400008 570.217 84 7068 We elucidate major differences between the practical orientation of EM and theoretical orientation of other ethnographic approaches in information science research. 1482 15_METHOD UT=000171753100008 628.744 84 6995 This article reports some of the key findings from a small-scale survey of organizational practices to limit disclosure of confidential information prior to publishing public use microdata files, and illustrates how the rules for preserving confidentiality were applied in practice. 1330 15_METHOD UT=000169419100002 631.819 80 6695 Results also show that the information-seeking behavior of social science faculty studying the Kurds is influenced by factors similar to those influencing other social science faculty. 1404 15_METHOD UT=000173017600005 416.958 75 6551 The concepts of social types, described as insiders and outsiders, worldview, social norms, information behavior, and trust are invoked. 1403 15_METHOD UT=000173017600005 490.17 77 6356 The applicability of these two theories to analyze human information behavior in strategic value creation is discussed and shown through the results of an earlier pilot study in higher education. 1444 15_METHOD UT=000083137400006 840.287 83 6341 The two main approaches may be characterized as: ( 1) the bibliographic control approach ( origins and major proponents in library science); and ( 2) data management approach ( origins and major proponents in computer science). 1437 15_METHOD UT=000081191400005 535.86 73 6232 Upon implementing a prototype providing intelligent information retrieval capabilities to access the full text and page image representations of twenty-eight books from the special collection, its use was evaluated by observing scholars conducting research remotely. 1501 15_METHOD UT=000170653400011 692.959 83 6088 This paper reports findings of an author co-citation analysis of the field of human behavioral ecology that expands Griffith 's concept of the social system of scientific communication to fit a socioecological framework. 1338 15_METHOD UT=000080081100010 816.511 74 5096 To identify papers with a ( relatively) high impact, the present study used two citation thresholds, each based upon a combination of a statistically determined minimum number of 'external ' citations ( by others than the authors of a paper), and a statistical comparison with world average citation levels. 1531 15_METHOD UT=000169419100005 370.228 64 5081 The research questions deal with the nature of information needs and the ways in which the participants provided help regarding requests addressed to the group. 1270 15_METHOD UT=000078430100005 340.881 57 5007 We then integrate the common and unique conceptualizations and the implications to propose a general model of access to information. 1315 15_METHOD UT=000169419100004 458.398 64 5004 Residents ' information-seeking behavior focused on their family and neighbors, with a lower use of external channels, except for health and employment information issues. 1234 15_METHOD UT=000082504700001 460.442 60 4620 Sophisticated information systems in organisations are a core feature of modernity and can be traced back to the revolution in state administration in the nineteenth century and to the emergence of large corporations from about 1880 onwards. 1477 15_METHOD UT=000088171500002 540.691 64 4508 This approach to interviews captured different and conflicting points of view, a feature shared with certain social approaches to systems design. 1249 15_METHOD UT=000088171500003 400.806 60 4424 Analysis of discourse between the two parties during interactive information retrieval ( IR) shows changes in topic occurs, on average, every seven utterances. 1314 15_METHOD UT=000169419100004 327.783 56 4333 These households were surveyed regarding their household situation and their need for community and information services. 1377 15_METHOD UT=000167008800009 616.745 58 4104 Within this theoretical framework five main research streams ( culture, knowledge location, awareness, evaluation, and absorption) are identified with a view to devising a practical concept of KM applicable in a business context. 1532 15_METHOD UT=000169419100005 253.724 46 4068 About 9 % of the 894 messages contained questions indicating explicit information needs. 1493 15_METHOD UT=000173017600004 328.41 50 4004 What is needed is a strategy that does not rely on perishable content, but instead helps people gain lifelong skills to find and assess cancer genetic information on their own. 1524 15_METHOD UT=000086849100004 460.504 55 3898 The analysis provides evidence of the various factors which determine the dynamics of electronic communication and which, more specifically, define the difference between business and scientific communication. 1276 15_METHOD UT=000083853700004 207.843 42 3587 Both the features of job-related and nonwork information seeking will be discussed; however, the emphasis is on the latter. 1533 15_METHOD UT=000169419100005 225.938 42 3553 Attention was also paid to the sources and channels used by participants providing help to information seekers. 1291 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 332.883 45 3520 ), Contextualism and understanding in behavioral science: implications for research and theory. 1457 15_METHOD UT=000087756900004 421.923 50 3326 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 1513 15_METHOD UT=000165569100006 452.184 51 3312 Based on surveys from 333 scientists, we find that CMC use is central to both professional and research-related aspects of scientific work, and that this use differs by field. 1462 15_METHOD UT=000166428400005 450.841 47 2970 The author reviews studies of situated learning and situated action and suggests that these two activities may characterise the learning process in communities of practice where they are supported by a distinctive 'social ' infrastructure. 1331 15_METHOD UT=000169419100002 584.927 52 2967 Moreover, results also show that accessing the needed materials is a major information-seeking activity that should be added to David Ellis ' behavioral model, and that faculty examined here employ somewhat a more elaborate " differentiating " information-seeking activity than the one described in the model. 1337 15_METHOD UT=000080081100010 451.215 45 2886 For each topic, we identify institutes and authors that have contributed a considerable number of SSCI articles and/ or several ( relatively) highly cited articles on a topic. 1378 15_METHOD UT=000167008800009 456.85 42 2820 With a focus on knowledge flow and detailed approaches to potential solutions, conflicts and compatibilities between existing business strategies and KM are examined. 1321 15_METHOD UT=000086838600006 338.082 38 2493 In this paper we discuss two ways of describing the work context of documents: process modelling and life cycle modelling. 1269 15_METHOD UT=000078430100005 265.085 26 2435 We discuss implications of the conceptualizations of access, and of influences and constraints on access. 1257 15_METHOD UT=000083062500005 298.678 34 2389 Data were collected through household interviews, focus groups, and surveys. 1371 15_METHOD UT=000083853700006 391.951 33 2372 Four types of contextual factors are identified: physical environment, clinic activities, the nurse 's situation, and the senior 's situation. 1467 15_METHOD UT=000169631200007 322.131 38 2266 In this paper I address the question to what extent this differentiation is also reflected in the social structure of the STS field. 1438 15_METHOD UT=000081191400005 308.173 34 2102 Supporting the evaluation study, a web-based field laboratory administered survey instruments and instruction to participants. 1502 15_METHOD UT=000170653400011 336.958 35 1996 Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques are used to characterize the research specialty at large and portray five respondents ' individual resource maps. 1351 15_METHOD UT=000082078700002 489.672 41 1986 The 1991 Library of Congress Subject Subdivisions Conference suggested standardising the order of subject subdivisions for the purpose of simplifying subject cataloging, which served as the impetus for the study. 1367 15_METHOD UT=000166428400009 422.383 41 1947 Having examined these developments, the paper analyses the key issues within learning itself, including learning models and learning styles, and relates these to current developments in networked learning. 1320 15_METHOD UT=000086838600006 369.729 37 1894 Document standardization does not concern documents only: it concerns workers, their work, business partners, and future systems as well. 1546 15_METHOD UT=000081191400004 377.627 33 1838 Journal article disaggregation refers to the ability to access and manipulate individual components of a document, such as its figures, conclusions or references. 1322 15_METHOD UT=000086838600006 292.133 32 1784 In process modelling, documents are regarded as resources produced and used in inter- or intra-organizational business processes. 1456 15_METHOD UT=000087756900004 488.416 36 1760 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 1385 15_METHOD UT=000165569100001 320.387 28 1740 Motivator factors, on the other hand, are those that add value to the Website by contributing to user satisfaction ( thus satisfiers). 1360 15_METHOD UT=000086070400009 352.357 29 1713 It begins with the presentation of different attitudes towards LIS and the divergence between LIS as a knowledge producing and knowledge utilizing: area. 1366 15_METHOD UT=000166428400009 467.664 33 1662 The possibilities afforded by networked learning are exciting commentators around the world and leading to great interest in concepts such as the 'virtual university ', driven forward by policy emphases on lifelong learning. 1248 15_METHOD UT=000088171500003 282.717 31 1598 Twenty interactions between 20 different users and one of four different search intermediaries were examined. 1468 15_METHOD UT=000169631200007 266.766 29 1576 Can STS scholars and STS research groups be classified in terms of the sub-fields? 1547 15_METHOD UT=000081191400004 234.164 25 1576 In reaggregation, article components are compiled and integrated into a new written work. 1339 15_METHOD UT=000080081100010 141.094 19 1469 Topics were categorised according to social relevance. 1233 15_METHOD UT=000082504700001 330.241 30 1456 Three types of organisation are highlighted: the business corporation, the library and the state agency ( specifically, British military intelligence). 1409 15_METHOD UT=000078081000008 444.502 28 1301 In-depth one-on-one interviews were held with a purposive sample of 20 gatekeepers identified through community-based organizations between April and May1997. Findings indicated that the gatekeepers were slightly better educated and earned more than the average Harambee resident. 1449 15_METHOD UT=000167170600006 333.439 29 1287 Recent investigations of search engine coverage and performance are reviewed as a frame for selected quality and content analyses. 1295 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 217.012 20 1265 Theory must operate on time at the cost of a deliberate distortion of present reality. 1294 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 184.238 19 1225 In order to do this theory must... tear itself from all referents and take pride in the future. 1514 15_METHOD UT=000165569100006 291.892 25 1217 We find that e-mail use focuses on coordination activities, and its biggest effect is helping to integrate scientists into professional networks. 1384 15_METHOD UT=000165569100001 293.449 22 1194 Hygiene factors are those whose presence make a Website functional and serviceable, and whose absence causes user dissatisfaction ( thus dissatisfiers). 1427 15_METHOD UT=000171016300005 248.578 20 1191 The characteristics of this literature are described and the philosophical origins of the user-centered approach is critiqued. 1492 15_METHOD UT=000173017600004 225.321 21 1181 Traditional methods of providing content through mass communication campaigns cannot keep pace. 1293 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 123.653 15 1101 ] It is not enough for theory to describe and analyze, it must itself be an event in the universe it describes. 1345 15_METHOD UT=000181362300004 290.239 25 1101 Three models were developed and simulations were used to monitor the effect of variations in the values of key model elements. 1395 15_METHOD UT=000083923700006 250.264 25 1036 Three metropolitan library systems representing three different levels of environmental turbulence are compared. 1476 15_METHOD UT=000088171500002 225.249 18 995 The evolving project drew on dialogues with multiple household members elicited in group conversations. 1297 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 90.0762 12 960 The ecstasy of communication. 1241 15_METHOD UT=000083853700007 192.114 18 897 The actions to be focused on in this paper are tasks from the angle of problem solving. 1418 15_METHOD UT=000167290000009 229.364 17 863 Twenty-four searchers performed the same six tasks in varying search and system-order per TREC-8 guidelines. 1396 15_METHOD UT=000083923700006 257.124 21 855 The main conclusion is that field external, environmental tendencies decide the direction of change. 1386 15_METHOD UT=000165569100001 99.3458 13 846 An empirical study is conducted in two phases. 1540 15_METHOD UT=000169828600003 282.944 20 784 For many organisations, there is a particular dilemma regarding the development of internally produced intranet resources for KM applications. 1346 15_METHOD UT=000181362300004 197.656 15 751 The results suggest that scholarly journals can be produced and distributed for a modest fee as long as there are at least 500 subscribers. 1443 15_METHOD UT=000083137400006 186.661 18 706 The issue of metadata has been approached variously by different intellectual communities. 1350 15_METHOD UT=000082078700002 380.223 22 637 Our objectives were to determining the extent to which children and adults understood subdivided subject headings and to suggest improvements for improving understanding of subject headings. 1263 15_METHOD UT=000171016300003 228.505 16 601 In turn, these services often directed them toward community agencies with a specific mandate to assist abused women. 1361 15_METHOD UT=000086070400009 196.188 15 583 It goes on to discuss the different labels for the discipline, its institutional affiliations and some technology driven paradigms. 1420 15_METHOD UT=000167290000009 204.165 17 581 Initial analysis appeared to reject this hypothesis, as df showed slightly higher overall performance than pf. 1250 15_METHOD UT=000088171500003 107.683 9 478 These twenty interactions included some9,858 utterances and1,439 foci. 1469 15_METHOD UT=000169631200007 188.789 15 458 Or do researchers and institutes carry an integrative role in the STS field? 1541 15_METHOD UT=000169828600003 174.651 14 318 Employees will not feel encouraged to provide content until they believe that what they provide will be used and they will not use an intranet if it does not provide useful content. 1450 15_METHOD UT=000167170600006 135.994 9 281 Problems with measuring Web Impact Factors ( Web-IF) are discussed. 1419 15_METHOD UT=000167290000009 280.075 15 274 We hypothesized that pf, which featured interactive query expansion, would outperform df, which relied on automatic query expansion. 1292 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 78.5079 5 175 New York: Praeger, 271-301. 1262 15_METHOD UT=000171016300003 177.446 9 88 The women tended to use help-seeking pathways that led them first to the police or a hospital emergency department. 1290 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 126.132 6 36 InR.L. Rosnow &M. Georgoudi ( Eds. 1296 15_METHOD UT=000083853700002 42.0439 2 4 [ Baudrillard,J. ( 1988). 1329 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100002 771.879 159 17192 Results show that besides using traditional methods for locating relevant government information, social science faculty studying the Kurds use the World Wide Web ( Web) and electronic mail ( e-mail) for that purpose, suggesting that these faculty are aware of, and utilize, new information technology to support their research. 1239 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700007 537.772 154 16629 Analyzing actions to be supported by information and information retrieval ( IR) systems is vital for understanding the needs of different types of information, search strategies and relevance assessments, in short, understanding IR. 1313 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100004 398.121 156 16481 This study investigated the information environment, including the information seeking and information needs, of low-income largely African American households at the Parks at Wynnewood in Dallas, Texas. 1328 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100002 737.943 151 16187 The information-seeking behavior of social science faculty studying the Kurds was assessed using a questionnaire, citation analysis, and follow-up inquiry Two specific questions were addressed: how these faculty locate relevant government information and what factors influence their seeking behavior and use of such information. 1370 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700006 713.855 155 15718 The importance of including contextual factors when studying information behaviour is illustrated using findings from a recent field study in which ethnographic methods and social network theory are used to investigate the flow of human services information ( HSI) among nurses, the elderly and other individuals at community-based foot clinics. 1413 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000079457900003 330.261 129 14353 Information workers center on seeking, gathering, and interpreting information in order to provide value-added information as a basis for making decisions and judgments critical to the function of an enterprise. 1268 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000078430100005 547.734 128 13557 Part II summarizes and extends the review of fundamental conceptualizations of access to information across six relevant research literatures developed in partI. It identifies unique underlying assumptions of the concept 'access to information ' within each of the different disciplines. 1489 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000173017600004 417.144 103 10979 Health-related topics are relevant to a diverse array of people, which makes health information seeking a rich area in which to study how people look for information and to create interventions to aid in their searches. 1231 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000082504700001 255.071 110 10900 This study explores, historically, that definition of information management ( IM) which centres on the ordering and channelling of non-publicly available information within organisations. 1485 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400008 402.912 112 9882 This paper describes ethnomethodologically informed ethnography ( EM) as a methodology for information science research, illustrating the approach with the results of a study in a university library. 1256 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083062500005 405.569 98 9012 This article presents findings from an empirical study of community information exchange and computer access and use among low-income, predominantly African-American residents in one locale. 1240 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700007 329.886 100 8918 A necessary condition for this understanding is to link results from information seeking studies to the body of knowledge by IR studies. 1517 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000078430100004 417.33 89 8522 Part I of two articles reviews six research literatures that consider access from different vantage points to identify common aspects of the concept 'access to information '. 1506 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167097900009 305.237 86 7614 We report on our findings regarding authors ' use of theory in1,160 articles that appeared in six information science ( IS) journals from 1993-1998. 1521 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 396.873 85 7534 This paper explores how and to what extent the appearance and wide use of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICTs) may enhance scientific communication and knowledge. 1359 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400009 333.906 79 7315 This paper presents different facets or aspects of Library and Information Science ( LIS) from a theoretical and philosophical perspective. 1442 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083137400006 458.502 79 7035 Metadata has taken on a more significant role than ever before in the emerging digital library context because the effective organization of networked information clearly depends on the effective management and organization of metadata. 1436 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400005 555.003 93 6794 By observing scholars ' use of a library special collection, a requirements analysis study established a model of scholarly inquiry and specified the initial design requirements for a web-based research library. 1408 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000078081000008 309.368 72 6782 This article describes the information use environment ( IUE) of African-American gatekeepers in Harambee, an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 1401 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000173017600005 232.624 70 6732 Everyday life information-seeking ( ELIS) studies have previously addressed nonwork or citizens ' information needs and seeking. 1491 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000173017600004 222.903 72 6699 However, this new field of research has created a complex information environment that is constantly evolving. 1528 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 403.417 70 6353 The article investigates the character of the Internet newsgroups as fora of information seeking, and reviews the potentials of " weak and strong ties " proposed by Granovetter and the prospects of newsgroups as a " living encyclopedia " suggested by Rheingold. 1454 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 517.538 85 6086 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 1365 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000166428400009 236.905 62 5966 The use of information and communications technologies ( ICTs) in education is changing learning itself in significant ways. 1490 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000173017600004 338.507 61 5940 Cancer genetics is an important health context because information acquisition can positively impact an individual 's morbidity and mortality while also affecting an individual 's family network. 1335 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000080081100010 366.284 74 5776 This study focuses on the identification of high output research and high impact research in the social and behavioral sciences. 1431 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700005 271.644 58 5592 This paper examines nongoal oriented transactions with texts in order to investigate the information encounter in the context of daily living. 1318 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600006 263.535 59 5456 In trying to achieve document standardization the goal is to find more effective, consistent, and standardized ways to utilize information technology. 1480 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100008 327.726 59 5355 Public concern about personal privacy has recently focused on issues of Internet data security and personal information as big business. 1273 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700004 190.922 52 5079 The author explores the place of the internet among other sources and channels in information seeking. 1512 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100006 363.561 60 4475 This article summarizes the preliminary findings from a recent study of scientists in four disciplines with regard to computer-mediated communication ( CMC) use and effects. 1376 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800009 687.4 66 3991 This paper critically contrasts the three main schools of thought on knowledge - namely, those that respectively conceptualize knowledge as situated in mind, process, and object - and assesses the resulting implications for knowledge management ( KM), Against the background of the existing diversity of definitions of KM an integrated and holistic view of the KM value chain is put forward. 1402 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000173017600005 415.89 53 3553 This article contributes to the theoretical growth of the field by applying Chatman 's small-world theory-a conception of ELIS-and social network theory to explain organizational behavior. 1394 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083923700006 432.115 50 3133 This study probes the question: Do the established and traditional norms and standards of public librarianship structure the way these challenges are met and coped with, or are these professional standards losing their structuring power? 1475 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500002 231.497 43 3130 The authors describe a study of the social dynamics of new media in Scottish households. 1448 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600006 344.801 44 2957 The article attempts to point to selected areas of webometric research that demonstrate interesting progress and space for development as well as to some currently less promising areas. 1447 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600006 330.295 41 2840 Since the mid-1990s has emerged a new research field, webometrics, investigating the nature and properties of the Web drawing on modern informetric methodologies. 1435 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400005 272.773 44 2800 Taking an iterative design approach, a user-centered field study investigated requirements to support remote scholarship. 1349 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000082078700002 245.992 41 2663 In this article, toe report an the first large-scale study of end-user understanding of subject headings. 1425 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000171016300005 286.599 40 2589 Nearly 25 years ago, Douglas Zweizig identified limitations in understanding the users of library services and called for improvements in research methodologies. 1455 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 322.918 39 2585 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 1500 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400011 343.588 39 2562 Among BelverC. Griffith 's many contributions to disciplinary communication is the idea that science and scholarship at large constitute a social system to be investigated empirically. 1465 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 352.78 36 2421 By comparing the behavior of the constructs with the behavior of the constructors, we are able to demonstrate the analytical distinction between a cognitive and a social approach in an empirical way. 1381 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 194.73 34 2363 Proliferating Web-user interface studies prompt a need for theoretical approaches. 1545 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400004 308.929 39 2312 This paper explores how academic researchers disaggregate and reaggregate scientific journal articles in both print and digital environments. 1529 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 207.9 35 2275 An empirical study in the field of consumer issues was conducted by focusing on a Finnish newsgroup sfnet. 1522 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 276.626 33 2212 The first part analyses the general boundaries of scientific communication, focusing on the use of email. 1382 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 171.458 32 1925 This study presents a two-factor model that can guide Website design and evaluation. 1464 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 573.128 42 1922 The differentiation of scientific fields into sub-fields can be studied on the level of the 'scientific content ' of the sub-field, that is on the level of the products, as well as on the level of the 'social structures ' of the sub-field, that is on the lever of the producers of the content. 1466 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 387.604 35 1897 This will be illustrated using the case of integration and differentiation in Science and Technology Studies ( STS), Elsewhere, using relations between documents, I showed how STS is characterized by strong differentiation tendencies. 1260 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000171016300003 485.434 36 1825 One hundred and five women who were abused by their intimate partners described their experiences in searching for help and the outcome of their interactions with different services that comprise the formal help network in a city with an international reputation for its coordinated response to woman abuse. 1336 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000080081100010 182.813 25 1729 A second objective is to monitor developments in research that is related to societal needs and problems. 1539 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169828600003 398.7 36 1718 The value of an intranet for knowledge management ( KM) is largely dependent on the calibre of the content and tools that it provides to its users and its ultimate application in business operations. 1319 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600006 361.492 35 1646 The specification and implementation of document standards may take several years requiring a profound analysis and understanding of document management practices. 1274 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700004 101.099 23 1558 Both qualitative and quantitative data were combined in the study. 1355 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800008 255.976 31 1514 How users meet infrastructure is a key practical, methodological challenge for digital library design. 1246 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500003 229.416 23 1513 The author presents the results of additional analyses of shifts of focus in IR interaction. 1393 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083923700006 343.442 30 1477 Public libraries in all developed countries are facing change and similar challenges, which are related to profound environmental changes such as market orientation and privatization. 1247 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500003 226.658 21 1225 Results indicate that users and search intermediaries work toward search goats in nonlinear fashion. 1232 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000082504700001 207.249 19 1017 Whereas IM as a discipline is relatively new, as an activity within modern organisations it has a long history. 1383 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 190.388 18 963 According to the model, there are two types of Website design factors: hygiene and motivator. 1416 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000009 292.204 25 955 We compare a user-defined passage feedback ( pf) system to a document feedback ( df) system. 1289 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 121.601 14 879 A perspectivist looks at contextualism and the future of behavioral science. 1283 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 155.007 17 837 Theory constructs its evidence, and values and faith construct what constitute theory. 1461 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000166428400005 151.998 16 770 Communities of practice have been identified as sites where knowledge is created in organisations. 1344 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300004 212.333 18 697 Economic aspects of digital journal production and delivery were explored using I think Analyst, a modelling software package. 1417 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000009 281.077 20 637 Df employed the adaptive linear model for retrieval, while pf used weighted query expansion based on positive and negative feedback. 1261 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000171016300003 395.223 24 624 In the aftermath of violent incidents, the women most frequently sought protection, safe shelter, removal of their abusive partners, advice about managing their situations, a criminal charge against their partners, and medical treatment for their injuries. 1285 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 169.821 14 551 The obsessive discoverer 's complex and the 'discovery ' of growth in sociological theory. 1287 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 69.0184 9 453 ] To admit that knowledge is intrinsically erroneous is not to imply that we should forego it. 1286 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 97.181 8 331 American Journal of Sociology, 92(1), 158-163. 1284 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 118.702 7 46 [ Maines,D.R. & Molseed,M.J. ( 1986). 1288 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000083853700002 63.1274 4 19 [ McGuire,W.J. ( 1986). 1530 15_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 18.525 1 1 kuluttajat. 1357 15_RESULT UT=000085224800008 992.139 159 13448 Basic results on nature and extent of testbed use are presented, followed by a discussion of three analytical foci relating to digital library use as a process of assemblage: document disaggregation and reaggregation; information convergence; and the manner in which users confront new genres and technical barriers in information systems. 1549 15_RESULT UT=000081191400004 824.821 126 10471 Results lead to a discussion of the nature of metadata, the role of context in constraining component use, the complex assemblage of information system use and implications for digital library system design and user education. 1433 15_RESULT UT=000083853700005 812.095 125 10039 The paper concludes with five themes emerging from this analysis that have implications for the information search process: the active engagement of the reader/ searcher in constructing meaning from texts; the role of the affective dimension; 'trustworthiness '; the social context of information seeking; and the meta-knowledge used by experienced readers in making judgments about texts. 1496 15_RESULT UT=000173017600004 547.198 98 7415 GENIS(2) is based on the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking ( CMIS), which explores people 's information-seeking actions by looking at the role played by demographics, experience, salience, and beliefs, as well as the information fields in which people exist. 1415 15_RESULT UT=000079457900003 707.176 98 7088 Building on Kuhlthau 's earlier research, comparisons of the user 's perceptions of uncertainty, complexity, construction, and sources in information tasks were made over a B-year period, This is a case study, but it provides insight into issues raised in prior quantitative studies of securities analysts. 1368 15_RESULT UT=000166428400009 339.739 93 6870 Research into information behaviour is then examined within the same context and in turn this is linked to the development of generic information skills. 1405 15_RESULT UT=000173017600005 646.643 93 6718 Combined with the concepts of homogeneity, density, and content from social network theory, Chatman 's small-world theory yields a promising social dimension for a new theory of strategic information management. 1373 15_RESULT UT=000083853700006 312.255 81 6226 This concept of an information ground is further based on a social constructionist definition of human services information. 1487 15_RESULT UT=000086651400008 383.101 79 5818 We address ways in which EM may be used to inform systems design and consider the issues that arise in coordinating the results of this research with the needs of information systems designers. 1279 15_RESULT UT=000083853700004 569.918 76 5194 The major research criteria for preferring the internet are the ( relative) easiness of accessing a huge amount of data, savings in time and money, the opportunity to consult a number of experts simultaneously and a greater independence of certain time and place in information seeking. 1258 15_RESULT UT=000083062500005 399.616 69 4993 Results indicate that, while computer use is minimal, many low-income community members are poised to participate in the local development of networked information services. 1429 15_RESULT UT=000171016300005 481.852 68 4974 A discussion of LIS education in light of the recent Kellogg-ALISE Information Profession and Education Renewal Project study of LIS curricula is included. 1271 15_RESULT UT=000078430100005 553.072 71 4840 The goal of the two articles is to identify common and unique, as well as hidden and overlooked, aspects of how access is conceptualized in a selected set of relevant literature, and to suggest a comprehensive perspective that may be applied to future studies and policies related to information access. 1235 15_RESULT UT=000082504700001 388.382 61 4736 At about the same time, libraries too evolved systematic, internal information hows and regimes, often of a standardised nature dictated by library management theorists. 1519 15_RESULT UT=000078430100004 397.005 61 4516 Only a comprehensive consideration of these factors will allow us to understand the concept of access to information, as well as develop and study systems, institutions and policies that foster improved access. 1458 15_RESULT UT=000087756900004 323.075 57 4137 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 1463 15_RESULT UT=000166428400005 667.206 68 4081 She analyses recent fieldwork in three online communities ( a digital library reference service, a virtual enterprise and an online shopping group) to discover to what extent they may be described as communities of practice, and to establish how they support participants ' learning. 1278 15_RESULT UT=000083853700004 274.28 55 3904 Email and WWW appeared to be the most frequently used services in information seeking, but discussion groups and IRC were also utilized to some extent. 1325 15_RESULT UT=000086838600006 843.805 65 3774 The modelling methods have been tested in an SGML standardization project called RASKE during the analysis of four case domains: the enquiry process in the Finnish Parliament and Government, national Finnish legislative work, budgetary work, and the Finnish participation in EU legislative work. 1497 15_RESULT UT=000173017600004 333.836 54 3754 The CMIS is outlined and its stages are used to elucidate what kinds of cancer genetic information people are looking for in different situational contexts. 1244 15_RESULT UT=000083853700007 230.515 50 3651 The argumentation is based on both theoretical and empirical results from studies on information retrieval and seeking. 1472 15_RESULT UT=000169631200007 419.52 56 3410 Although we are able to distinguish analytically between the cognitive and social dimension of the development of the research field, we find similar patterns of differentiation an the social level too. 1252 15_RESULT UT=000088171500003 713.591 55 3288 These utterances are segmented by the researcher according to their inentional focus,i.e., the topic on which the conversation between the user and search intermediary focus until the focus changes (i.e., shifts of focus). 1362 15_RESULT UT=000086070400009 520.733 60 3284 Fields of LIS practices, examples of concrete research problems and the fundamental concepts are introduced as are subareas, theories, related disciplines, and approaches ( " paradigms"/ metatheories). 1411 15_RESULT UT=000078081000008 278.226 48 3201 Interpersonal sources were preferred over all other sources because of concerns about trustworthiness and credibility of information. 1243 15_RESULT UT=000083853700007 267.66 45 3121 The major claim is that these information activities are systematically connected to task complexity and structure of the problem at hand. 1332 15_RESULT UT=000169419100002 277.434 53 2948 Some elements of interdisciplinarity of Kurdish studies as a field of research have been discovered, however, further research is required to verify that. 1535 15_RESULT UT=000169419100005 199.025 41 2906 Help providers preferred their own experience as an information source. 1379 15_RESULT UT=000167008800009 554.31 54 2859 A conceptual model is devised to offer a holistic integration of the theoretical and practical themes in order to serve as a framework for developing a future research agenda for the development of theoretically grounded, yet practical, KM business tools and applications. 1340 15_RESULT UT=000080081100010 420.478 54 2852 Detailed profiles of bath large and small institutes are obtained, showing strengths and weaknesses in research performance that lend to be obscured by standard indicators focusing on 'average ' research performance. 1316 15_RESULT UT=000169419100004 124.573 35 2598 A model of the residents ' information environment is presented. 1333 15_RESULT UT=000169419100002 240.318 41 2479 Implications for library services and suggestions for future research are presented. 1536 15_RESULT UT=000169419100005 106.762 32 2427 Both successful and unsuccessful attempts at information seeking were explored. 1483 15_RESULT UT=000171753100008 516.676 46 2348 Explanation for the apparent deficits and wide variations in the extent of knowledge about statistical disclosure limitation ( SDL) methods is located in theories of organizational life and communities of practice. 1510 15_RESULT UT=000167097900009 321.818 42 2214 Results from citation analysis indicate that IS theory is not heavily cited outside the field, except by IS authors publishing in other literatures. 1543 15_RESULT UT=000169828600003 423.796 38 2200 The discussion explores factors that encourage intranet contributions, These include enabling conditions such as the provision of appropriate tools, the development of organisational KM culture and reward systems. 1548 15_RESULT UT=000081191400004 488.61 43 2136 Data gathered in the NSF/ DARPA/ NASA Digital Libraries Initiative ( DLI) project at the University of Illinois are analyzed to describe how components are mobilized in the work of researchers as they identify, retrieve, read and use material in articles of interest. 1526 15_RESULT UT=000086849100004 566.53 45 2045 The assumption that ICTs ought to enhance the acquisition, sharing and transmission of scientific knowledge is questioned by the distinction between explicit and tacit knowledge: ICTs ultimately appear to provide a strong drive only to processes of explicit/ coded knowledge handling. 1299 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 302.55 41 2040 ] The purpose I have mandated for this article is to explore the implications of articulating the bridges that are built, usually implicitly, between metatheory and method, and between these and their ultimate interests, the doing of research. 1428 15_RESULT UT=000171016300005 270.618 37 2017 Zweizig 's initial call to incorporate social science methodologies into LIS research is evaluated. 1495 15_RESULT UT=000173017600004 499.549 38 1925 The authors introduce GENIS(2) ( Genetic Information-Seeking Skills), which is an intervention framework for helping people build cancer genetic information-seeking skills that will be useful throughout their lives. 1478 15_RESULT UT=000088171500002 444.361 37 1890 Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that there are recurrent narratives and behavioral genres across households ( and across sample groups), and that these reflect tactics, stratagems, and plans by means of which respondents navigate social space. 1470 15_RESULT UT=000169631200007 248.888 34 1727 Are the relations between the sub-fields of STS maintained by individual researchers or research institutes, and to what extent? 1421 15_RESULT UT=000167290000009 288.151 31 1669 However, analysis by system-order groups indicates only the first pf use had lower performance. 1236 15_RESULT UT=000082504700001 430.684 33 1652 Evidence from the government sphere is also presented: considerable space is given in the study to the role played by IM in the early years of MI5, Britain 's counter-espionage and counter-insurgency military intelligence agency. 1341 15_RESULT UT=000080081100010 269.711 31 1600 Socially relevant topics tend to be concentrated in multidisciplinary clusters, whereas clusters dominated by one or two disciplines contain more basic research. 1265 15_RESULT UT=000171016300003 363.802 32 1583 Regardless of the type of assistance they were seeking, the women repeatedly mentioned the importance of the personal demeanor of service providers when they assessed the outcomes of their encounters with the formal help system. 1363 15_RESULT UT=000086070400009 227.845 31 1580 Also a short presentation of research methods and basic philosophical assumptions is included. 1459 15_RESULT UT=000087756900004 280.419 28 1563 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 1445 15_RESULT UT=000083137400006 294.864 30 1439 This article examines the different conceptual foundations and orientations of the two major approaches contributing to the metadata discussion. 1422 15_RESULT UT=000167290000009 312.023 28 1381 These data suggest that pf was more difficult to learn than df, though the second pf use yielded competitive performance. 1302 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 366.746 31 1357 Above these assumptions is a higher level assumption that impels this journey - that taking an explicitly and self-consciously methodological approach is necessary to the improvement of the enterprise of systematic study. 1525 15_RESULT UT=000086849100004 354.618 31 1349 The second part of the paper explores the close relationship between communication and knowledge in the scientific sector and the role played by ICTs. 1452 15_RESULT UT=000167170600006 367.724 30 1239 new directions of webometrics are outlined for performing knowledge discovery and issue tracking on the Web, partly based on bibliometric methodologies used in bibliographic and citation databases. 1374 15_RESULT UT=000083853700006 244.813 26 1166 The implications of the researcher 's presence at the field site as an additional contextual factor are also discussed. 1301 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 336.865 25 1146 To chart this as a mandate is to assume, in contradiction to extant wisdom, that: ( 1) the journey has not yet been fully mapped; and ( 2) in fact there are multiple and ever-changing ways of bridging these gaps with no one agreed upon single set of criteria by which the results can be evaluated. 1388 15_RESULT UT=000165569100001 317.877 29 1128 In Phase II, 79 different subjects distinguished hygiene and motivator factors in the context of a particular Website ( CNN. 1406 15_RESULT UT=000173017600005 238.624 22 1092 However, the conceptual base of the proposed new theory requires validation by testing in strategic partnerships. 1304 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 367.845 30 1042 The argument supporting the statements can be found elsewhere ( A longer version of this paper is available which includes arguments regarding inattentions to methodology and a bibliography which includes authors writing on the issue. 1515 15_RESULT UT=000165569100006 246.206 21 1006 We do not find gender differences in use, but there is some evidence that e-mail is having a differential, positive effect for women. 1323 15_RESULT UT=000086838600006 180.663 19 969 Different types of documents are typically produced and used in a business process. 1509 15_RESULT UT=000167097900009 236.856 23 923 However, clear discrepancies were evident in terms of how researchers working in different subfields define theory. 1300 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 128.065 16 920 The purpose is to articulate the uses of methodology. 1324 15_RESULT UT=000086838600006 233.54 21 892 In life cycle modelling work related to processing of a document of a specific type is described. 1503 15_RESULT UT=000170653400011 238.424 23 888 The techniques reveal co-citation relationships among authors whose work they had referenced in recent articles. 1264 15_RESULT UT=000171016300003 221.162 21 876 The abuse-specific agencies then referred the women to a wide range of services in the community. 1352 15_RESULT UT=000082078700002 420.041 27 805 We demonstrated that adults understood subject headings better than children; however, both adults and children assigned correct meanings to less than half of the subject headings they examined. 1471 15_RESULT UT=000169631200007 120.365 16 795 The analysis in this paper reveals that this is generally not the case. 1253 15_RESULT UT=000088171500003 197.618 15 759 In all but two of the 20 interactions, the search intermediary initiated a majority of shifts of focus. 1387 15_RESULT UT=000165569100001 331.142 24 751 In Phase I, 44 core features and 12 categories of features were identified by a total of 16 subjects as Web design factors. 1440 15_RESULT UT=000081191400005 152.78 14 732 The results provide insight into web-based inquiry and requirements for remotely supporting scholarship. 1353 15_RESULT UT=000082078700002 185.87 17 711 Neither subject heading context nor subdivision order had an effect an understanding. 1280 15_RESULT UT=000083853700004 161.144 14 555 Thus far, the internet has not been able to supplant other sources and channels but rather complements them. 1303 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 158.236 15 451 It is the primary purpose of this paper to illustrate by example the statements made above. 1542 15_RESULT UT=000169828600003 209.718 15 445 This paper considers strategies for making intranets 'input-friendly ', how can organisations extract the content needed to add to the body of internally produced resources from their employees? 1504 15_RESULT UT=000170653400011 221.738 15 421 Survey data on searching and handling behaviors for an aggregated sample of 180 cited references are correlated with core-periphery zones of the individual maps. 1397 15_RESULT UT=000083923700006 83.7282 9 362 Field norms do, however, count. 1298 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 80.15 7 325 New York: Semiotext(e). 1439 15_RESULT UT=000081191400005 167.967 12 320 Promotional activities attracted an international group of scholars to use the prototype and participate in its evaluation. 1347 15_RESULT UT=000181362300004 145.31 10 285 Alternative models such as author-funded production are also viable. 1251 15_RESULT UT=000088171500003 189.575 12 264 Utterances are defined as any uninterrupted sound, statement, gesture,etc., made by a participant in the discourse dyad. 1451 15_RESULT UT=000167170600006 42.5362 6 214 Concluding the article. 1305 15_RESULT UT=000083853700002 67.9757 4 137 Readers who wish a copy may contactdervin.1@osu. 1534 15_RESULT UT=000169419100005 79.3648 4 16 About 24 % of messages contained answers to questions. 1398 15_RESULT UT=000083923700006 39.6824 2 4 If overlooked, they form a basis of resistance. 1389 15_RESULT UT=000165569100001 19.8412 1 1 com). 1563 16_CONCLUSION UT=000227017500008 121.363 47 1856 The revised MISE model is shifted from the user-centered to the interaction-centered perspective, taking into account factors of searcher, system, search activity, search context, information attainment, and information use activities. 1572 16_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200007 79.2072 39 1360 Practical implications/ limitations - Multitasking information behavior models should include the interplay of information and non-information tasks, and individual differences and cognitive styles. 1573 16_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200007 62.7054 35 1171 Originality/ value - The paper is the first information science theoretical examination of the interplay between information and non-information tasks. 1608 16_CONCLUSION UT=000185833100003 105.336 33 1100 Next, a design-oriented representation of writing tasks as a means of providing an account of phenomena such as information seeking uncertainty and focus refinement is developed The paper illustrates the representation with scenarios describing the work of newspaper journalists. 1593 16_CONCLUSION UT=000227017500009 107.406 32 1068 The validated and enriched MISE model can be extended to serve the basis for future studies in other complex searches process such as multi-tasking and collaborative searches, and can also help identity problems that users face and thus derive requirements for system support. 1602 16_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800011 36.2119 19 496 The findings of these studies show that top-ranking sentences can facilitate effective information access. 1582 16_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800006 24.6497 16 437 Finally, the implications of the proposed conceptual framework for information studies are discussed. 1601 16_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800011 38.7176 12 202 We evaluate our approach in three separate user studies, each applying these sentences in a different way. 1581 16_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800006 21.4055 8 178 We describe differences and connections between these task levels. 1556 16_CONCLUSION UT=000176898400001 29.0617 10 117 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1589 16_CONCLUSION UT=000228698800014 23.2493 8 72 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 1560 16_METHOD UT=000227017500008 105.976 63 2999 The proposed model is called Multiple Information Seeking Episodes ( MISE), which consists of four dimensions: problematic situation, information problem, information seeking process, episodes. 1591 16_METHOD UT=000227017500009 145.407 55 2511 To enhance the understanding of the behavior, this study attempted to improve both the descriptive and explanatory power of the Multiple Information Seeking Episodes ( MISE) model, a conceptual model characterizing factors affecting successive searches. 1578 16_METHOD UT=000230603800006 102.843 52 2162 The focus is on some central aspects of tasks that are recognized within information studies as well as related research areas (e.g., organizational studies). 1605 16_METHOD UT=000185833100003 73.7893 43 1853 Writing is amongst the most common tasks within which information seeking is embedded This paper considers how writing can be understood in order to account for embedded information seeking. 1596 16_METHOD UT=000230603800011 173.814 43 1752 The approach shifts the focus of perusal and interaction away from potentially uninformative document surrogates ( such as titles, sentence fragments, and URLs) to actual document content, and uses this content to drive the information seeking process. 1559 16_METHOD UT=000227017500008 77.8163 40 1680 " Thus, this study develops and validates a theoretical model that explains successive search experience for essentially the same information problem. 1576 16_METHOD UT=000230603800006 85.9679 40 1662 We identify ( 1) the central task levels as well as ( 2) the kinds of dimensions connected to the levels from the perspective of information studies. 1568 16_METHOD UT=000231957200007 83.3225 37 1460 Design/ methodology/ approach - The goal of the paper was to examine the interplay of information and non-information task behaviors. 1567 16_METHOD UT=000231957200007 44.2211 34 1382 However, limited studies have examined the interplay between information and non-information tasks. 1566 16_METHOD UT=000231957200007 60.1342 32 1287 Recent studies provide insights these complex multitasking human information behaviors ( HIB). 1604 16_METHOD UT=000185833100003 28.6226 24 945 It is well accepted that to understand information seeking we must understand the task context within which it takes place. 1585 16_METHOD UT=000228698800014 112.065 27 791 Identification of topic changes within a search session is an important branch of search engine user behavior analysis. 1577 16_METHOD UT=000230603800006 61.2249 20 671 The analysis is aimed to serve as a conceptual starting point for empirical studies in the research area. 1553 16_METHOD UT=000176898400001 99.6073 21 565 In this paper we outline five overlapping dimensions of context which we believe to be important constituent elements and we discuss how they are related to different issues in IR research. 1586 16_METHOD UT=000228698800014 75.3551 19 550 The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of a specific topic identification methodology in detail, and to test its validity. 1598 16_METHOD UT=000230603800011 72.015 13 343 In contrast our approach extracts, ranks, and presents the contents of the top-ranked document set. 1552 16_METHOD UT=000176898400001 79.0435 14 295 Recently, attention to context in IR has expanded to address new problems in new environments. 1597 16_METHOD UT=000230603800011 53.0825 10 209 Current search interfaces assume searchers examine results document-by-document. 1575 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800006 82.2226 56 2576 This article considers the concept of task in the context of information studies in order to provide a definitional clarity for task-based information seeking and retrieval studies. 1574 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800006 72.8857 55 2495 Today information-intensive work tasks in professional settings involve highly dynamic information utilization in which information seeking and searching tasks are taking a more central role. 1551 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000176898400001 104.366 51 2361 The subject of context has received a great deal of attention in the information retrieval ( IR) literature over the past decade, primarily in studies of information seeking and IR interactions. 1584 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800014 87.48 49 2086 Obtaining contextual information on Web search engine logs is a difficult task, since users submit few number of queries, and search multiple topics. 1583 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000228698800014 74.4488 44 1799 The analysis of contextual information in search engine query logs enhances the understanding of Web users ' search patterns. 1565 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200007 33.6593 39 1660 For example, a user switches between seeking new kitchen information and medical information. 1557 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000227017500008 34.6445 39 1618 Most information systems share a common assumption: information seeking is discrete. 1564 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200007 53.1307 37 1585 Purpose - During multitasking, humans handle multiple tasks through task switching or engage in multitasking information behaviors. 1603 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000185833100003 19.9955 25 1050 Information seeking does not occur in a vacuum but invariably is motivated by some wider task. 1558 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000227017500008 66.6645 27 995 Such an assumption neither reflects real-life information seeking processes nor conforms to the perspective of phenomenology, " life is a journey constituted by continuous acquisition of knowledge. 1590 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000227017500009 20.9789 24 950 Successive information searches are fairly common. 1594 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800011 59.8776 16 412 Web searchers typically fail to view search results beyond the first page nor fully examine those results presented to them. 1595 16_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800011 66.5178 14 305 In this article we describe an approach that encourages a deeper examination of the contents of the document set retrieved in response to a searcher 's query. 1592 16_RESULT UT=000227017500009 238.136 88 5328 It empirically observed how the key factors in the information seeking process in the MISE model evolve over multiple search sessions and explained how those factors are affected by other factors associated with searchers, search activity, search context, systems, information attainment, and information-use activities. 1562 16_RESULT UT=000227017500008 166.307 46 2564 The results partially validate MISE by finding that the original MISE model is highly accurate, but less sufficient in characterizing successive searches; all factors in the MISE model are empirically confirmed, but new factors are identified as well. 1570 16_RESULT UT=000231957200007 132.283 52 2445 The nature of HIB as a multitasking activity including the interplay of information and non-information behavior tasks, and the relation between multitasking information behavior to cognitive style and individual differences, is discussed. 1580 16_RESULT UT=000230603800006 70.1461 46 2228 Information retrieval tasks are explicitly considered as a specific type of information search task. 1579 16_RESULT UT=000230603800006 69.1852 45 2202 We define two levels of information-related subtasks: information seeking tasks and information search tasks. 1606 16_RESULT UT=000185833100003 72.782 32 1257 Following Sharples, the paper treats writing as a design activity and explore parallels between the psychology of design and information seeking. 1571 16_RESULT UT=000231957200007 50.1255 27 1250 A model of multitasking between information and non-information behavior tasks is proposed. 1561 16_RESULT UT=000227017500008 60.1345 24 1042 Eight modes of multiple information seeking episodes are identified and specified with properties of the four dimensions of MISE. 1607 16_RESULT UT=000185833100003 88.0813 27 989 Significant parallels can be found and ideas fro m the psychology of design offer explanations for a number of information seeking phenomena. 1599 16_RESULT UT=000230603800011 163.354 23 537 We use query-relevant top-ranking sentences extracted from the top documents at retrieval time as fine-grained representations of top-raked document content and, when combined in a ranked list, an overview of these documents. 1588 16_RESULT UT=000228698800014 99.6121 19 363 These cases are explored and the reasons underlying the inconsistent performance of automatic topic identification are investigated with statistical analysis and experimental design techniques. 1555 16_RESULT UT=000176898400001 64.1391 12 259 We conclude with future areas of research which arc needed in order to fully understand the multidimensional nature of context in IR. 1554 16_RESULT UT=000176898400001 56.2103 12 251 The papers in this special issue are summarized with respect to how they represent work that is being conducted within these dimensions of context. 1569 16_RESULT UT=000231957200007 49.7256 11 220 Findings - This paper explores and speculates on a new direction in HIB research. 1600 16_RESULT UT=000230603800011 48.0453 8 159 The interaction of the searcher provides implicit evidence that is used to reorder the sentences where appropriate. 1587 16_RESULT UT=000228698800014 57.6544 11 153 The topic identification algorithm 's performance becomes doubtful in various cases. 1639 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100002 485.987 166 15212 Originality/ value - This study provides a new and valuable insight into the information behaviour of visually impaired people, as well as testing the applicability of a specific and generic information model to the information behaviour of visually impaired people seeking health and social care information. 1638 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100002 593.112 101 8720 health conditions or disabilities, participants ' understanding of the word " information ", their interactions with information providers, their degree of independence, the support they received from friends and family, their acceptance of their own visual impairment, as well as their awareness of other visual impairments, their registration status and their willingness and ability to pay for aids, adaptations and equipment. 1667 17_CONCLUSION UT=000244967800005 369.613 96 8406 Originality/ value - No reports on CAS for oncology nurses could be traced, and there are also very few reports on the information needs and information behaviour of oncology nurses. 1802 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100004 274.457 99 8082 Originality/ value - Libraries often provide nurses with information services that are based on academic models of information behavior. 1646 17_CONCLUSION UT=000227842400004 259.333 84 7086 Originality/ value - Offers a different way of thinking about human-information relationships and the ways that information professionals can interact with information seekers. 1826 17_CONCLUSION UT=000245018300004 274.106 80 6423 The paper illustrates the complexity of English academics ' conceptions of information literacy and informs academics ' use and understanding of information literacy. 1666 17_CONCLUSION UT=000244967800005 368.075 75 5753 The article can also offer new opportunities for library and information ( LIS) professionals to offer CAS in the health and other professional sectors, by reconsidering how one can use CAS available via the WWW. 1792 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100006 225.73 66 5076 Originality/ value - This study contributes a collectivist approach to research on everyday-life information seeking and on the library as a place. 1825 17_CONCLUSION UT=000245018300004 267.329 62 4703 Originality/ value - The paper fills a major gap in literature on information literacy by focussing on conceptions of lecturers, thereby counterbalancing the abundance of work produced by librarians. 1732 17_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500002 312.195 64 4549 The authors ' approach contrasts with prevailing 'needs and uses " models in information science, in offering a methodological framework based on group narrative and genre analysis that contributes to a theory of social informatics in the household. 1654 17_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100011 374.673 65 4543 Even though chemists do not incorporate large numbers of freely available Web-based resources into their publications, an increasingly important component of a chemist 's information behavior for the direct support of his or her research is unfettered bench-top access via the Web. 1791 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100006 266.602 57 4372 Practical implications - This study provides an example of how programs in public libraries can provide opportunities for information behaviour and the construction of meaning for members of the community. 1668 17_CONCLUSION UT=000244967800005 397.783 64 4185 The article hopes to pave the way for renewed interest in using CAS in demanding professional environments, and especially the health sciences, as well as to stimulate interest in research in information-seeking behaviour in the health sciences. 1804 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100004 275.954 60 4184 Understanding the reality of nurses ' on-duty information behavior may guide librarians and systems designers in the provision of more appropriate systems and services. 1773 17_CONCLUSION UT=000246379800011 278.013 56 3931 The findings indicate that social capital did have a significant effect on information behavior, particularly on the choice of source, which in turn had a direct influence on successful search outcomes. 1706 17_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 593.269 60 3791 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 1680 17_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400002 269.857 52 3782 The conclusion lists questions that information practitioners should consider when designing programs and services for urban teens and calls for researchers to consider this often-ignored segment of the population as potential study participants. 1816 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 273.336 50 3285 It is important that editors of mass media sources such as women 's magazines are aware of this dichotomy and are prepared to provide accurate, factual and less dramatised breast cancer information. 1616 17_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600004 316.009 48 3070 The model for the information-seeking behavior of professionals advanced by another author group is discussed and modifications are suggested that create a new model offering a fuller picture of the behavior of lawyers. 1766 17_CONCLUSION UT=000244967800009 300.274 48 2986 Originality/ value - The paper provides a useful starting-point to any researcher new to web search research, enabling them quickly to achieve an overview of the methodological approaches adopted to date. 1738 17_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300003 179.843 40 2918 Content usually related to responsible corporate bodies and their products and services; information about the page or site itself was included in about one-third of descriptions. 1803 17_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100004 131.729 38 2858 Clinical information systems are designed more for medico-legal record keeping than for nursing care. 1815 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 156.066 38 2812 To conclude, mass media information has advantages and disadvantages and its impact upon individuals may depend on their disease status. 1780 17_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 323.005 35 1467 Three principal aspects of interaction are identified and discussed: interaction within and across tasks; the notion of interaction as task sharing; and interaction as a discourse. 1617 17_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600004 128.572 38 1437 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1748 17_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100004 128.572 38 1437 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1755 17_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100002 128.572 38 1437 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1834 17_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600005 128.572 38 1437 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 1687 17_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400002 126.181 36 1355 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1699 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 126.181 36 1355 ( C) 2000 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1631 17_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500001 218.389 27 1196 The empirical findings of the study demonstrated that scholars use hyperlinks for a variety of purposes, and that their hyperlinking behavior frequently results from a complex interplay of motivations. 1721 17_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100007 327.641 29 1091 Findings point to design features (e.g., image enlargement) that meet seniors ' needs in the context of other health-related information-seeking strategies (e.g., contacting pharmacists). 1681 17_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400002 100.354 29 1021 ( c) 2005 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 1781 17_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 224.66 26 1005 In conclusion the adoption of an interaction paradigm for IR research is advocated and examples of empirical work for supporting interactive searching and retrieval are provided. 1765 17_CONCLUSION UT=000244967800009 165.426 24 983 Nevertheless, limiting its focus to methodological aspects of the existing research, this paper provides a useful overview. 1626 17_CONCLUSION UT=000250064500005 239.723 27 953 Recommendations drawn from the findings are offered to improve systems design and literacy education in order to enhance children 's access to books and to promote recreational reading. 1715 17_CONCLUSION UT=000246869800014 97.9624 27 939 ( c) 2007 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 1814 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 152.088 17 488 This finding was particularly worrying as women with breast cancer looked for and were often 'drawn ' to such communication vehicles. 1714 17_CONCLUSION UT=000246869800014 82.8526 13 474 Future research should examine whether such gaps need to be bridged and, if so, how they could be bridged. 1673 17_CONCLUSION UT=000167187000006 178.45 16 450 The paper concludes with a discussion of the organizational changes that can be expected to accompany the incorporation of these imperatives into the mission and core business processes of e-commerce firms. 1625 17_CONCLUSION UT=000250064500005 222.991 17 293 In addition, the children exhibited differences by age and subtle differences by gender in the frequency of mention of various aesthetic-relevance factors. 1697 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 104.471 10 245 It is, however, not designed as a tutorial system and serves active and curious users best. 1743 17_CONCLUSION UT=000085526300004 149.509 14 228 Relying on data arising from the naturally occurring talk and actions of the children, it is argued that these methods are unique in reflecting the perspective of the children themselves. 1653 17_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100011 67.1837 6 163 This was especially true for articles describing a technique or methodology. 1833 17_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600005 54.6902 5 136 Additional analyses are reported, and their implications are discussed. 1698 17_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 34.7569 3 81 We are starting its expansion to summarizing in the WWW. 1727 17_CONCLUSION UT=000087054000007 79.2279 6 78 Results have also suggested possible modifications to the TEXNET software. 1770 17_METHOD UT=000246379800011 561.994 111 7569 The study reported in this article investigates the role of social networks in affecting access to information and, more particularly, how social capital or the resources made available to individuals through their social networks influence their success in finding the information they need. 1658 17_METHOD UT=000244967800005 830.269 92 6871 Design/ methodology/ approach - A literature study on the nature and value of CAS is combined with a cursory analysis of the literature of oncology nursing to provide insight into the professional demands that oncology nurses need to cope with, and the potential value of CAS for oncology nurses. 1660 17_METHOD UT=000244967800005 725.381 90 6561 Insight into the potential of WWW CAS for oncology nurses and the CAS that are available are combined with what can be learned from studies on information-seeking behaviour to offer some suggestions on how the need for oncology nurses to use CAS available via the WWW can be further explored. 1796 17_METHOD UT=000243809100004 668.226 91 6062 Design/ methodology/ approach - This study used participant observation and in context interviews to describe 50 hours of the observable information behavior of a representative sample of critical care nurses in a 20-bed critical care unit of a community ( non-teaching) hospital. 1769 17_METHOD UT=000246379800011 396.874 87 5477 Research focusing on the social factors affecting information has stressed the importance of interpersonal communication and the quality of social networks in facilitating access to information. 1741 17_METHOD UT=000085526300004 682.546 84 4971 Using examples from an ethnographic study of public library use by 30 preschool girls, this article describes three methods appropriate for studying the information-seeking behavior and library use of preschool children: audio-recording of naturally occurring talk, participant observation, and key informant diaries. 1642 17_METHOD UT=000227842400004 272.161 71 4216 Findings - The literature on phenomenology contains thought that is directly relevant to information studies and information work. 1820 17_METHOD UT=000245018300004 485.841 73 3778 Findings - The findings identify UK English academics ' conceptions of information literacy and show them to be both similar to and significantly different from conceptions described in previous research and librarian-generated frameworks and standards. 1751 17_METHOD UT=000169419100002 477.951 60 3662 Results also show that the information-seeking behavior of social science faculty studying the Kurds is influenced by factors similar to those influencing other social science faculty. 1717 17_METHOD UT=000249135100007 332.568 55 3008 Qualitative, task-based interviews examined participants ' health information behaviors and documented search strategies using an existing database ( www. 1746 17_METHOD UT=000169419100004 322.927 52 2924 Residents ' information-seeking behavior focused on their family and neighbors, with a lower use of external channels, except for health and employment information issues. 1752 17_METHOD UT=000169419100002 434.906 56 2695 Moreover, results also show that accessing the needed materials is a major information-seeking activity that should be added to David Ellis ' behavioral model, and that faculty examined here employ somewhat a more elaborate " differentiating " information-seeking activity than the one described in the model. 1798 17_METHOD UT=000243809100004 561.905 52 2648 Findings - The resulting Nurse 's Patient-Chart Cycle describes their activities during the shift as centering on a regular alternation between interactions with the patient and with the patient 's chart ( in various record systems), clearly bounded with nursing " report " interactions at the beginning and the end of the shift. 1709 17_METHOD UT=000246869800014 254.31 48 2601 This paper reports the results of a study of the real life gaps in information usage processes of 17 engineers. 1809 17_METHOD UT=000086849100001 386.078 48 2338 Women sought and paid attention to information from a variety of mass media sources, including medical books and journals, leaflets, videotapes, women 's magazines, newspapers and television programmes. 1730 17_METHOD UT=000088171500002 348.537 43 2312 This approach to interviews captured different and conflicting points of view, a feature shared with certain social approaches to systems design. 1643 17_METHOD UT=000227842400004 276.635 44 2238 Close examination of perception, intentionality, and interpretation is integral to individuals ' activities related to searching for and retrieving information, determining relevance, and using technology. 1671 17_METHOD UT=000167187000006 339.456 44 2209 After a brief discussion of a definition and the current state of e-commerce, the digital information environment of e-commerce is introduced and two of its constitutive elements, rules and resources, are discussed. 1787 17_METHOD UT=000243809100006 416.618 43 2178 The location of the circle in a public library, the physical characteristics of the act of knitting, and the social meanings of the activities taking place within the group, including the significance of gender and caring, are integrally linked to HIB in this setting. 1759 17_METHOD UT=000244967800009 348.822 41 2028 The paper focuses mainly on the methodological approaches adopted by researchers, but, where relevant, studies of different aspects of user interaction with web-based search tools are considered. 1786 17_METHOD UT=000243809100006 171.3 36 1952 Findings - Information practices and contextual factors are mutually constitutive. 1659 17_METHOD UT=000244967800005 241.57 27 1883 Based on this a selection of WWW CAS suitable for oncology nurses is identified. 1710 17_METHOD UT=000246869800014 185.56 34 1857 Using the critical incident interviewing technique, 65 examples of information usage processes were uncovered. 1745 17_METHOD UT=000169419100004 193.61 34 1747 These households were surveyed regarding their household situation and their need for community and information services. 1649 17_METHOD UT=000250741100011 139.655 33 1733 They are, however, making use of the ACS Electronic Supporting Information archive. 1723 17_METHOD UT=000087054000007 250.362 36 1721 In addition to the full text, subjects were presented with either keywords or phrases extracted automatically, The resulting abstracts, and the times taken, were recorded automatically; some additional information was gathered by oral questionnaire. 1808 17_METHOD UT=000086849100001 177.639 35 1710 A number of themes concerning mass media breast cancer information were identified. 1621 17_METHOD UT=000250064500005 446.071 43 1660 The work extends traditional models of relevance assessment with reader-response theory, employing the concept of " aesthetic relevance ": the potential of a document to provide a suitable reading experience. 1810 17_METHOD UT=000086849100001 149.263 34 1649 Mass media information was thought to possess a number of advantages. 1629 17_METHOD UT=000088171500001 303.072 33 1644 Through a series of qualitative interviews, 19 different hyperlinking motivations, classified into the three motivational groups-scholarly, social, and technological-along the dimensional ranges of their properties, were identified. 1777 17_METHOD UT=000087756900005 460.571 41 1608 The former are deemed to provide a useful framework for characterising interaction at the task level, with the structural relationship between tasks as well as the dynamic transition from one task to another being key features of the interactive process. 1613 17_METHOD UT=000172955600004 135.169 31 1543 In solving their problems, the lawyers overwhelmingly preferred informal sources when seeking information. 1620 17_METHOD UT=000250064500005 235.119 30 1504 In response, this study explores how elementary-school children select books for recreational reading using a digital library. 1611 17_METHOD UT=000172955600004 213.257 33 1426 This analysis of more than 150 interviews of practicing lawyers showed that legal research should not be considered information-seeking. 1702 17_METHOD UT=000087756900004 383.517 32 1364 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 1761 17_METHOD UT=000244967800009 134.899 27 1308 A variety of research methods was employed in the studies reviewed here. 1661 17_METHOD UT=000244967800005 230.718 26 1294 In general the suggestions to explore the use of CAS would also apply to other professional fields. 1703 17_METHOD UT=000087756900004 286.482 32 1268 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 1684 17_METHOD UT=000169989400002 273.994 33 1252 Participants were asked to group documents based on how similar they were to each other and such that the groups would help them to remember how to find them at a later time. 1760 17_METHOD UT=000244967800009 122.944 21 1143 Findings - The area is growing fast and the number of studies has been increasing steadily. 1776 17_METHOD UT=000087756900005 207.422 26 1116 A distinction is made between general information-seeking models and information-searching models for computerised systems. 1683 17_METHOD UT=000169989400002 289.121 29 1096 Fifty participants completed an unconstrained sorting task in which they were asked to sort into groups 47 documents associated with the voluminous work A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens. 1734 17_METHOD UT=000167187300003 467.987 32 1095 was analyzed for use of META tags and specifically the DESCRIPTION tag; 357 contained META tags and 163 used the DESCRIPTION tag. 1821 17_METHOD UT=000245018300004 223.303 28 1062 Research limitations/ implications - The research focuses on creating a conceptual snapshot-in-time for the 20 English academics taking part. 1819 17_METHOD UT=000245018300004 225.744 25 1061 Conceptions are then reviewed in light of previous research and current librarian-generated frameworks and standards. 1711 17_METHOD UT=000246869800014 361.84 30 1025 An inductive analysis of these data, using the constant comparison method, yields five classes of identification gaps, of acquisition gaps, and of utilization gaps. 1676 17_METHOD UT=000230105400002 212.829 28 1023 Qualitative data were gathered using written activity logs and semi-structured group interviews. 1622 17_METHOD UT=000250064500005 266.539 25 924 Individuals define aesthetic relevance in personal terms and apply it as they assess documents, much as they do in traditional relevance assessment. 1628 17_METHOD UT=000088171500001 314.729 25 905 Fifteen Indiana University faculty and graduate students who had published at least one scholarly electronic article containing at least one external hyperlink were surveyed. 1612 17_METHOD UT=000172955600004 234.394 25 883 The lawyers interviewed identified other tasks, such as administration of their law practices, as constituting problem-solving, information-seeking activities. 1797 17_METHOD UT=000243809100004 254.041 23 737 The researcher used open, in vivo and axial coding to develop a grounded theory model of their consistent pattern of multimedia interactions. 1691 17_METHOD UT=000086838600008 209.109 20 712 Knowledge engineering followed the KADS approach, empirical modeling used methods of grounded theory development. 1650 17_METHOD UT=000250741100011 216.117 17 622 The content of the Web-based resources that are used is primarily text based, and the URLs are provided in the articles ' reference lists and experimental sections. 1830 17_METHOD UT=000172955600005 164.973 18 585 Undergraduate students enrolled in English, psychology, and philosophy courses participated in the research. 1740 17_METHOD UT=000085526300004 151.584 15 541 Effective alternatives may be found in methods associated with ethnographic field observation. 1635 17_METHOD UT=000243809100002 95.3204 12 494 Framework analysis was used to analyse the results. 1634 17_METHOD UT=000243809100002 131.094 13 389 A total of 28 semi-structured interviews ( face-to-face or telephone) with 31 visually impaired people were conducted. 1677 17_METHOD UT=000230105400002 202.152 15 346 A typology of urban teens ' preferred ELIS sources, media types, and query topics is presented. 1729 17_METHOD UT=000088171500002 165.802 14 332 The evolving project drew on dialogues with multiple household members elicited in group conversations. 1829 17_METHOD UT=000172955600005 219.136 13 165 The criterion measure of anxiety was the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing ( IPAT) Anxiety Scale. 1692 17_METHOD UT=000086838600008 173.08 11 164 The observed strategies of expert summarizers have given rise to cooperating object-oriented agents communicating through dedicated blackboards. 1670 17_METHOD UT=000167187000006 144.703 10 155 The advantage of using this concept is its emphasis on the information-intensive character of business conducted on the Web. 1724 17_METHOD UT=000087054000007 127.024 9 155 Selected abstracts produced were evaluated on various criteria by independent raters. 1693 17_METHOD UT=000086838600008 144.703 10 145 Each agent is implemented as a CLOS object with an assigned actor at the multimedia user interface. 1735 17_METHOD UT=000167187300003 114.693 8 114 Some of the descriptions greatly exceeded typical length guidelines of 150 or 200 characters. 1785 17_METHOD UT=000243809100006 64.3021 5 56 Field notes and transcripts were coded qualitatively. 1718 17_METHOD UT=000249135100007 17.6794 1 1 drugs. 1632 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100002 387.13 168 16954 Purpose - The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which two existing models of information behaviour could explain the information behaviour of visually impaired people seeking health and social care information. 1750 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100002 584.158 151 15192 Results show that besides using traditional methods for locating relevant government information, social science faculty studying the Kurds use the World Wide Web ( Web) and electronic mail ( e-mail) for that purpose, suggesting that these faculty are aware of, and utilize, new information technology to support their research. 1641 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400004 628.561 143 14265 Design/ methodology/ approach - The paper presents a literature-based conceptual analysis of pioneering work in phenomenology ( including that of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Paul Ricoeur, and others), application of such ideas as intentionality and being in information studies work, and the potential for greater application of the information seeker as other. 1744 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100004 278.772 130 13164 This study investigated the information environment, including the information seeking and information needs, of low-income largely African American households at the Parks at Wynnewood in Dallas, Texas. 1749 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100002 549.716 128 13067 The information-seeking behavior of social science faculty studying the Kurds was assessed using a questionnaire, citation analysis, and follow-up inquiry Two specific questions were addressed: how these faculty locate relevant government information and what factors influence their seeking behavior and use of such information. 1817 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000245018300004 382.399 126 12710 Purpose - The purpose of this research is to identify UK English academics ' conceptions of information literacy and compare those conceptions with current information literacy standards and frameworks. 1794 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100004 258.074 110 10628 Although there have been post-hoe self report studies of nurses ' information seeking, there have been no observational studies of the patterns of their on-duty information behavior. 1818 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000245018300004 419.054 102 9435 Design/ methodology/ approach - Three year AHRB-funded study involving 80 academics interviewed throughout the UK and using the phenomenographic research method to discover variation in experience leading towards identification of qualitatively different conceptions of information literacy. 1782 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100006 389.199 93 8461 Purpose - The authors aim to apply a collectivist theoretical framework to the study of human information behaviour and the construction of meaning in a knitting group held in a branch of a large Canadian ( Ontario) public library. 1656 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800005 401.085 94 8246 The intention with the article is to show the need for exploring the value of WWW CAS for dynamic professional fields such as oncology nursing, and to offer a point of departure for research on their information behaviour. 1774 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 396.345 89 7602 The pager aims to explore the concepts of interaction and interactivity presented in different theoretical models in the fields of human-computer interaction ( HCI) and information-seeking/ searching behaviour, and to relate these to information retrieval ( IR) research. 1657 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800005 269.462 80 7170 The WWW CAS that were identified might be used to get oncology nurses interested in using such services, as well as in participating in research on their information behaviour. 1640 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000227842400004 170.867 74 6895 Purpose - To examine work on phenomenology and determine what information studies can learn and use from that work. 1758 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800009 221.753 76 6723 Design/ methodology/ approach - A review of the past 11 years of research on information seeking on the web was carried out. 1647 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100011 460.624 77 6643 Citation and content analyses of eight American Chemical Society ( ACS) journals in a range of fields of chemistry were used to describe the use of Web-based information resources by the authors and readers of the scholarly literature of chemistry. 1756 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800009 180.335 63 5823 Purpose - This paper seeks to review the methodologies employed by researchers working in the field of information seeking on the web. 1768 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800011 250.128 62 5680 Individuals are influenced by many factors when the information need occurs, including their social, psychological, political, economic, physical, and work environments. 1682 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400002 306.761 66 5606 This paper investigates the ways in which people group or categorize documents associated with a voluminous work to guide the construction of organized displays for information retrieval systems ( IRSs). 1805 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 218.812 61 5336 This study, conducted in 1997, aimed to explore in depth the views and experiences of women with breast cancer concerning disease-related mass media information. 1716 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100007 179.113 58 5309 This study explores an image-based retrieval interface for drug information, focusing on usability for a specific population-seniors. 1648 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100011 304.947 60 5186 The analyses indicate that even though the number of Web-based information resources has grown steadily over the past decade, chemists are not taking full advantage of freely available Web-based resources. 1655 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800005 513.916 63 5016 Purpose - The potential of current awareness services ( CAS) for oncology nurses is considered with special reference to the spectrum of WWW CAS that are available, their benefits and problems, and how these can be linked to the dynamic health environments in which oncology nurses may find themselves. 1669 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187000006 201.142 54 4950 Electronic commerce ( e-commerce) is an activity which takes place in a social context called the 'digital information environment '. 1707 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000246869800014 134.135 47 4387 Engineers face a wide range of gaps when trying to identify, acquire, and utilize information from the Web. 1700 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 325.478 64 4117 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 1757 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000244967800009 251.303 52 3904 It aims to present an overall picture of the research methods used in the area, in a way that will be of value to anyone seeking to design research-based studies of web searching. 1767 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800011 138.156 43 3846 The process of finding information to address problems that arise in everyday life situations is complex. 1783 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100006 332.428 53 3491 Design/ methodology/ approach - The research design was naturalistic and consisted of active participant observation of five knitting group sessions and semi-structured interviews with 12 group members. 1739 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300004 337.365 53 3490 Methods commonly used in public library research such as interviews and questionnaires are not suitable for use with young children whose oral and written language skills are not well developed. 1627 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500001 188.837 40 3124 The primary purpose of the study was to identify motivations for hyperlinking in scholarly electronic articles. 1728 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500002 182.27 34 2623 The authors describe a study of the social dynamics of new media in Scottish households. 1674 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400002 275.731 43 2580 This article presents preliminary findings from a research grant on the everyday life information-seeking ( ELIS) behaviors of urban young adults. 1793 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100004 202.944 32 2465 Purpose - Critical care nurses ' work is rich in informative interactions. 1633 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100002 140.623 33 2439 Design/ methodology/ approach - The research was conducted within a constructivist paradigm. 1610 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600004 197.15 36 2158 Prior work has tended to focus on legal research as the central task performed by lawyers in their information-seeking activities. 1828 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600005 224.418 36 1902 This research investigated the construct validity of two instruments, a Computer Anxiety Index and a Library Anxiety Scale. 1701 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 243.581 30 1849 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 1675 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400002 59.1763 16 1223 Twenty-seven teens aged 14 through 17 participated in the study. 1827 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600005 231.35 25 1131 The phenomena or " library anxiety " and " computer anxiety " have been sometimes hypothesized as emotional responses to new technology. 1775 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 234.962 20 788 It is suggested that interaction in HCI is primarily concerned with establishing a user/ system dialogue at the user interface and does not address the interactive characteristics of IR operational tasks. 1690 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 167.066 17 726 The cognitive model operationalizes the discourse processing model developed by Kintsch and van Dijk. 1609 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600004 81.5727 11 685 The information-seeking behavior of lawyers has not been fully investigated empirically. 1806 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 182.356 17 612 Three age-stratified, unstructured focus group discussions were convened with thirty women with breast cancer ( n = 11, 12 and 7). 1708 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000246869800014 97.245 11 600 To be able to avoid creating such gaps, it is essential to understand them in detail. 1733 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300003 96.2749 11 595 A random sample of 628 Web pages registered with Yahoo! 1784 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100006 105.614 12 542 Field notes were taken, and both observations and interviews were audio taped and transcribed. 1807 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 102.353 11 540 The discussions were audiotaped and transcribed in full and the transcripts were analysed using theme analysis. 1619 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000250064500005 260.698 21 533 Some researchers have suggested that supporting children 's strategies for book selection is crucial to encouraging children to engage with books, indicating that improving these strategies might increase the amount of reading they do. 1689 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 140.089 14 527 It presents an empirically founded cognitive model of summarizing and demonstrates that human summarization strategies can be simulated. 1618 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000250064500005 128.295 11 407 Recreational reading among young people is reportedly on the decline in the United States. 1722 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000007 138.211 12 337 Experimental subjects wrote abstracts of articles using a simplified version of the TEXNET abstracting assistance software. 1795 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100004 42.4714 5 282 This paper seeks to address this issue. 1688 17_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 110.343 7 49 SimSum ( Simulation of Summarizing) simulates 20 real-world working steps of expert summarizers. 1664 17_RESULT UT=000244967800005 388.163 96 5987 The article could be used as an instrument to gain oncology nurses ' interest in WWW CAS, and willingness to participate in further research on their information needs and information behaviour. 1663 17_RESULT UT=000244967800005 347.519 92 5690 To successfully implement such CAS, extensive research on the information-seeking behaviour, information use and information communication of oncology nurses is, however, necessary. 1726 17_RESULT UT=000087054000007 780.987 83 5534 Requiring further study are some unanticipated strong correlations including the following: Windows experience and writing an abstract like the author 's; experience reading abstracts and thinking one had written a good abstract; gender and abstract length; gender and use of words and phrases from the original text. 1824 17_RESULT UT=000245018300004 368.945 85 5420 The paper also highlights the significance of information literacy in English faculty 's teaching and research practices and this relevance suggests that information literacy should be integrated into course and curriculum design. 1822 17_RESULT UT=000245018300004 388.256 80 5102 The research implies that disciplinary differences in conception of information literacy are significant and suggests further research to assess disciplinary conceptual differences. 1645 17_RESULT UT=000227842400004 328.779 78 4799 Some promising work in information studies demonstrates an openness to the ongoing and continuous perceptual experiences of information seekers and the relation of that process of perceiving to the growth of knowledge. 1789 17_RESULT UT=000243809100006 295.225 67 3980 Research limitations/ implications - This study applies collectivist understandings to enrich concepts such as the " information ground " that have previously been studied largely from constructivist perspectives. 1725 17_RESULT UT=000087054000007 669.236 62 3610 Results showed considerable variation among subjects, but 37 % found the keywords Or phrases " quite " or " very " useful in writing their abstracts, Statistical analysis failed to support several hypothesized relations: phrases were not viewed as significantly more helpful than keywords; and abstracting experience did not correlate with originality of wording, approximation of the author abstract, or greater conciseness. 1764 17_RESULT UT=000244967800009 344.497 59 3492 Research limitations/ implications - Web search research comprises a wide range of related studies, making it difficult for the authors to carry out a comprehensive review. 1742 17_RESULT UT=000085526300004 438.899 55 3133 Selected issues important for ethnographic field research with young children are discussed, including gaining access and informed consent, observer effect, and young children 's understanding of research. 1713 17_RESULT UT=000246869800014 185.125 56 3023 The results of this study confirm and extend existing studies on information usage gaps. 1753 17_RESULT UT=000169419100002 226.112 49 2985 Some elements of interdisciplinarity of Kurdish studies as a field of research have been discovered, however, further research is required to verify that. 1823 17_RESULT UT=000245018300004 277.33 49 2923 Practical implications - Librarians working with English faculty on information literacy need to be aware of differences in conception between themselves and academics to work effectively. 1665 17_RESULT UT=000244967800005 301.462 47 2808 Practical implications - Oncology nurses ' interest in CAS can be stimulated, and the article can be used as point of departure for further research. 1679 17_RESULT UT=000230105400002 284.382 55 2800 The results indicate a heavy preference for people as information sources and that urban teens hold generally unfavorable views of libraries and librarians. 1720 17_RESULT UT=000249135100007 323.849 52 2703 Twelve participants ( aged 65 and older), reflecting a diversity of backgrounds and experience with Web-based resources, located pill information using the interfaces and discussed navigational and other search preferences. 1636 17_RESULT UT=000243809100002 182.143 47 2585 Findings - This study identified several factors that may affect a visually impaired person 's information behaviour. 1614 17_RESULT UT=000172955600004 240.081 49 2565 In addition, they preferred sources of information internal to their organizations rather than external sources, although this was less true for lawyers from smaller firms. 1644 17_RESULT UT=000227842400004 266.562 44 2459 Essential to the realization of phenomenology 's potential is adoption of communication by dialogue so that an information seeker is ab le both to conceptualize need and to articulate that need. 1615 17_RESULT UT=000172955600004 207.059 44 2436 Neither the lawyer 's gender nor the size of the center in which the practice was located influenced the type of information sources chosen. 1832 17_RESULT UT=000172955600005 535.495 49 2165 For women, there were significant medium-effect size correlations between the IPAT Anxiety Scale total score and Computer Anxiety Index as well as Library Anxiety Scale scores. 1704 17_RESULT UT=000087756900004 211.292 41 2101 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 1801 17_RESULT UT=000243809100004 120.599 36 1916 They had almost no time or opportunity to consult published sources of information while on duty. 1712 17_RESULT UT=000246869800014 159.255 35 1904 Within these fifteen gap classes, 79 types of information usage gaps are identified. 1678 17_RESULT UT=000230105400002 486.361 45 1873 The typology shows friends and family as preferred ELIS sources, cell phones as the preferred method of mediated communication, and schoolwork, time-related queries, and social life as the most common and most significant areas of ELIS. 1812 17_RESULT UT=000086849100001 114.584 32 1701 Mass media information, however, was also viewed as having a number of disadvantages. 1747 17_RESULT UT=000169419100004 100.526 31 1587 A model of the residents ' information environment is presented. 1800 17_RESULT UT=000243809100004 67.6218 27 1509 Their attention was focused on patient-specific information. 1754 17_RESULT UT=000169419100002 155.792 28 1461 Implications for library services and suggestions for future research are presented. 1772 17_RESULT UT=000246379800011 334.353 34 1389 The theoretical framework for the study is Lin 's theory of social capital whose main proposition is that the ability of people to achieve desired outcomes is positively associated with social capital. 1831 17_RESULT UT=000172955600005 314.914 32 1374 For the men, there were no significant correlations between the PAT and the Computer Anxiety Index or the Library Anxiety Scale. 1811 17_RESULT UT=000086849100001 309.738 33 1274 In particular, participants viewed mass media sources such as magazines and television as helpful in raising breast cancer awareness in the general population. 1623 17_RESULT UT=000250064500005 238.285 29 1221 This study identified a total of 46 factors organized along seven dimensions that influence children 's assessment of the aesthetic relevance of books during selection. 1813 17_RESULT UT=000086849100001 270.203 30 1128 For example, once diagnosed, participants thought that mass media sources such as magazines were frightening and depressing owing to their often negative and sensationalised nature. 1652 17_RESULT UT=000250741100011 407.69 33 1121 Comparison of citation and online access data reveals that at the highest levels of citation, articles also garner high levels of online access. 1662 17_RESULT UT=000244967800005 137.93 18 958 Findings - It seems as if oncology nurses can benefit substantially from WWW CAS. 1790 17_RESULT UT=000243809100006 114.992 19 839 As a small-scale naturalistic study, results are context-specific and must be applied tentatively. 1624 17_RESULT UT=000250064500005 238.907 23 815 The analysis yielded differences in the prevalence of the aesthetic-relevance factors that children mention at various stages of book selection. 1705 17_RESULT UT=000087756900004 194.468 21 685 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 1731 17_RESULT UT=000088171500002 320.144 24 635 Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that there are recurrent narratives and behavioral genres across households ( and across sample groups), and that these reflect tactics, stratagems, and plans by means of which respondents navigate social space. 1651 17_RESULT UT=000250741100011 238.098 20 607 The presence of a reference to a Web-based resource in a chemistry article does not influence its rate of citation, even though the viability of the URLs was found to erode with time. 1736 17_RESULT UT=000167187300003 131.909 12 456 A minority duplicated exactly phrasing found in the visible text; most repeated some words and phrases. 1685 17_RESULT UT=000169989400002 163.633 17 440 Data collected from the sorting task were summarized using cluster analysis, employed to discover common groupings created by participants. 1799 17_RESULT UT=000243809100004 149.061 14 397 The nurses ' demeanor markedly changed between interactions with the chart and interactions with the patient. 1737 17_RESULT UT=000167187300003 112.715 11 336 Noun phrases were slightly more common than complete sentences. 1696 17_RESULT UT=000086838600008 153.124 13 327 According to the first evaluation results in an educational environment, SimSum transmits summarization know-how effectively. 1778 17_RESULT UT=000087756900005 211.731 16 291 Although the latter are all concerned with how searchers interact with IR systems, each of the models examined represents user interaction at different levels of abstraction. 1695 17_RESULT UT=000086838600008 126.153 12 286 Communication between CLOS and Macromedia Director is mediated by Apple Events. 1630 17_RESULT UT=000088171500001 112.103 9 258 The vast majority of the hyperlinks were attributed to more than one motivation by the authors. 1763 17_RESULT UT=000244967800009 79.069 6 192 The paper argues that a better balance is needed between these two approaches. 1771 17_RESULT UT=000246379800011 168.482 12 171 Questionnaires were administered in a face-to-face format to a random sample of 320 residents of the city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 1779 17_RESULT UT=000087756900005 79.069 6 157 Taken together they provide complementary views of a highly dynamic process. 1788 17_RESULT UT=000243809100006 53.244 6 124 Findings are described verbally and illustrated through a model. 1719 17_RESULT UT=000249135100007 122.666 8 108 com) and a new prototype that uses similarity-based clustering of pill images for retrieval. 1637 17_RESULT UT=000243809100002 49.5302 5 103 These related to the presence of other. 1694 17_RESULT UT=000086838600008 68.7246 6 94 The interface is realized with Macromedia Director. 1672 17_RESULT UT=000167187000006 122.666 8 83 Attention then shifts to a subset of rules, called 'information imperatives ', that are critical for e-commerce. 1686 17_RESULT UT=000169989400002 112.322 8 77 Groupings discovered frequently shared physical format, language, and audience attributes. 1762 17_RESULT UT=000244967800009 89.4134 6 75 However, the emphasis to date has been on quantitative rather than qualitative methods. 2093 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000008 2846.85 419 68937 Our results demonstrate that markup and hypertext interfaces to text retrieval systems can benefit recall and can also benefit novices, The challenge now will be to find modified versions of hypertext interfaces that can improve precision, as well as recall and that can work with users who prefer to use different types of search strategy or have different types of training and experience, ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2135 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 2526.86 343 52589 The conclusions highlight the need for more research on: interactive query expansion, the comparative evaluation of automaticvs. interactive query expansion, the study of weighted Web-based or Web-accessible retrieval systems in operational environments, and for user studies in searching ranked retrieval systems in general. 2515 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000005 1903.57 288 44914 Additionally, the searching characteristics of Web users are compared and contrasted with users of traditional information retrieval and online public access systems to discover if there is a need for more studies that focus predominantly or exclusively on Web searching, The comparison indicates that Web searching differs from searching in other environments. 2315 18_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200007 2715.08 271 43165 The important findings of the study are: ( a) the undergraduates ' topic statements and terms derived from it do not constitute an effective information need statement because for most of the subjects in the study the topic terms conformed to a low-impact essay style; ( b) essay style is an effective interoperable structural code for charting the evolution of the undergraduate 's knowledge state from ASK to partial resolution of the ASK in an information need statement. 1973 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500003 1573.96 273 39013 These were foci dealing with: documents; evaluation of search results; search strategies; IR system; topic of the search; and information about the user. 1843 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600008 1444.27 251 36302 Generally, when information retrieval and bibliometrics are interpreted in light of RT, the implications are rich: A single sociocognitive theory may serve to integrate research on literature-based systems with research on their users, areas now largely separate. 2833 18_CONCLUSION UT=000174725100006 1326.4 219 31250 Implications for the development of user-centered approaches to the evaluation of Web and information retrieval ( IR) systems and further research are discussed. 2045 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100003 1078.14 207 29900 This result suggests that information systems must have mechanisms such as user models to direct users to optimal configurations. 2530 18_CONCLUSION UT=000184172700001 1711.7 197 29083 Many researchers perceive situational relevance as the most realistic type of user relevance, and therefore situational relevance is discussed with reference to its potential dynamic nature, and as a requirement for interactive information retrieval ( IIR) evaluation. 1932 18_CONCLUSION UT=000168918800004 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 1950 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2109 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600004 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2166 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800004 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2189 18_CONCLUSION UT=000078430100001 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2279 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000009 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2288 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200005 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2402 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400008 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2493 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400003 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2524 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800005 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2611 18_CONCLUSION UT=000182507700006 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2633 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2676 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400009 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2681 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400002 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2745 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400002 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2768 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2805 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089325100003 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2810 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200008 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2834 18_CONCLUSION UT=000174725100006 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2893 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2914 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800004 620.502 170 27498 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 2422 18_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200007 1060.05 185 26852 Originality/ value - The paper is the first information science theoretical examination of the interplay between information and non-information tasks. 2412 18_CONCLUSION UT=000243809100005 1522.6 186 25724 Originality/ value - These findings broaden the scope of earlier user research, which tends to focus on the more static views of habitual information-seeking and -searching behavior, by applying theoretical frameworks for a richer understanding of the users ' experiences. 1875 18_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400005 1039.15 175 24517 A strong similarity between the information spaces and the cognitive spaces are found, indicating that the methods described may have good utility for working towards information systems that operate as exosomatic memories. 2421 18_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200007 1224.74 180 24394 Practical implications/ limitations - Multitasking information behavior models should include the interplay of information and non-information tasks, and individual differences and cognitive styles. 2632 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 1036.58 167 23506 Implications for the development of models for visual information retrieval, and for the design of Web search engines are discussed. 2792 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500007 1130.35 182 23390 The results of this analysis have been used to provide implications for future support of information seeking on the Web as well as direction for future research in this area. 2791 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500007 1351.19 177 23307 In particular, Information Gathering tasks were the most complex; participants spent more time completing this task, viewed more pages, and used the Web browser functions most heavily during this task. 2066 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100004 569.31 143 22917 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 2926 18_CONCLUSION UT=000181878400006 569.31 143 22917 ( C) 2003 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 2864 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400008 1068.69 163 22790 We outline our approach to the " ethnographically informed " development of information systems in addressing some of the major problems of interdisciplinary work between system designers and EM researchers. 2051 18_CONCLUSION UT=000231994000009 1028.45 166 22377 Originality/ value - The paper suggests that the method has a great potential in library and information science research. 2341 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246869800014 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2007 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2377 18_CONCLUSION UT=000258807800001 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2007 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2463 18_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500006 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2006 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2471 18_CONCLUSION UT=000185427800007 495.994 139 22313 ( C) 2002 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2735 18_CONCLUSION UT=000254813200002 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2007 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2876 18_CONCLUSION UT=000245605100016 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2006 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2981 18_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200015 495.994 139 22313 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 2818 18_CONCLUSION UT=000232617500002 1136.31 153 22122 The main conclusion we can draw from this evaluation, however, is that users prefer a system that can suggest query modifications over a standard search engine, which simply presents a ranked list of documents. 2037 18_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500003 924.669 158 22115 These findings encouraged the design of user interface tools and guidelines building on search history information. 1921 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087652000007 1203.02 166 21621 The results of the study are discussed to understand the nature of the interactive IR process, and to further suggest their implications for the design of adaptive IR systems. 2046 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100003 904.091 155 20952 These experiments suggest some of the complexities and problems encountered in applying individual differences research to user-centered design of information systems. 2278 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000009 962.853 137 20758 If performance of pf is indeed affected by learning, an improved pf system with usability enhancements may prove to be an effective mechanism for interactive information retrieval. 2651 18_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100006 911.487 136 20410 Furthermore, these three dimensions of the behavioral " cube " are positively associated with speed of navigation, but negatively associated with the Web users ' explicit online information search propensity and the degree of relatedness among the sites they visited. 2181 18_CONCLUSION UT=000248247400008 992.495 138 20155 Finally, experience can help Web users to reduce the distraction from animation and is more effective when users are engaged in searching tasks than when they are engaged in browsing tasks. 2839 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500002 1125.27 151 20135 The authors ' approach contrasts with prevailing 'needs and uses " models in information science, in offering a methodological framework based on group narrative and genre analysis that contributes to a theory of social informatics in the household. 2884 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400003 715.744 139 19934 More research is needed to combine philosophical discussions with the practice of information and library science. 2973 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300001 728.168 130 19488 Furthermore, probabilistic Datalog can be used as a query language for integrated information retrieval and database systems. 1963 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089042400005 1194.97 137 19029 The purpose of this article is to provide guidance for log file processing and analysis focusing on users, and to begin the process of standardizing analysis procedures to facilitate the comparison of user behavior observed in different projects. 2444 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400011 1314.18 146 18898 Findings that types of socially mediated communication and distinctive information foraging behaviors correlate with different zones of a bibliographic microhabitat support an interpretation that active specialty members conform to foraging efficiency principles as predicted by prey-choice models from optimal foraging theory. 2588 18_CONCLUSION UT=000206467500004 1372.23 147 18258 Practical implications - One major consequence is that we should take more account of how we construct search tasks for IIR evaluation to create tasks that are interesting and relevant to experimental subjects. 2223 18_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800006 933.662 145 18196 Research limitations/ implications - Demonstrates a powerful and new method, deep log analysis, for mapping and evaluating information seeking behaviour. 2750 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200004 1328.13 141 17883 A critical analysis of these issues results in a proposal for an expanded concept of collection that considers the perspectives of both the user and the collection developer, invites rigorous user-centered research, and looks at the collection as an information-seeking context. 2224 18_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800006 1076.75 134 17854 Practical implications - Important data for publishers to enable them to target their services more effectively Originality/ value - Probably the first analysis of its type, hence showing an aspect of information seeking not previously seen. 2715 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500003 1089.79 138 17765 The future is discussed in terms of LIS dependency on technology, how integration of research areas as well as technical systems can be expected to continue to characterize LIS research, and how webometrics will continue to develop and find applications. 1842 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600008 846.453 128 17747 Relevance theory may thus influence the design of new visual information retrieval interfaces. 1893 18_CONCLUSION UT=000185297700004 444.802 112 17732 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 2545 18_CONCLUSION UT=000183605700004 444.802 112 17732 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 2776 18_CONCLUSION UT=000187036300003 444.802 112 17732 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 2147 18_CONCLUSION UT=000254813200006 673.894 121 17531 Implications for improving current search systems and designing new systems are discussed. 2255 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100004 690.199 118 17435 The conclusion is reached that interfaces for shaping information should be built on an increasing analysis of users ' semantic processing. 1885 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100006 781.485 125 17087 The task was simply, " read the news, " rather than any subject specific information retrieval task. 1996 18_CONCLUSION UT=000250064500002 960.085 124 16918 Usability of information sources, user characteristics such as media habits, and situational factors were mentioned less frequently as preference criteria. 2615 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 785.864 116 16874 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 2980 18_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200015 1403.82 133 16849 Performance assessment indicates that anchored instruction and scaffolding with an instructional tool, the IR Game, with performance feedback enables students to construct queries with fewer semantic knowledge errors also in operational IR systems. 2092 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000008 1225.76 120 16817 In an experiment where a traditional ( type-in) query interface was contrasted with a condition where queries were marked up on the text, the improvement in recall due to viewing more text was more pronounced with search novices. 2134 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 1254.95 138 16581 The initial search produced on average three highly relevant documents; the query expansion search produced on average nine further highly relevant documents. 2165 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800004 893.067 118 16361 Given the immense practical importance of searches for people there seems to be a large need for such systems and, consequently, for addressing the open research questions involved in designing them. 2099 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200002 372.18 101 16286 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. 2368 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100008 751.262 116 15721 The World Wide Web appears to have become a significant channel for scientists to distribute databases, software, and other information related to their published research. 2246 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200003 1072.98 118 15706 A case study based on monotonicity shows that many current IR systems are either monotonic or nonmonotonic, An interesting class of IR models, namely those that are conservatively monotonic, is identified. 2287 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200005 741.95 101 15450 TREC provides an excellent environment and set of tools for, investigating automatic systems; its value for interactive systems is not yet proven. 2693 18_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800005 685.642 108 15233 These insights are valuable for researchers interested in user behavior as well as for practitioners like teachers and information professionals. 1959 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400007 571.73 103 15145 Implications for user training and system design are discussed. 2589 18_CONCLUSION UT=000206467500004 1000.58 114 15135 Originality/ value - Examining different search variables within one study to compare the relative effects on these variables on the search outcomes. 2492 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400003 861.216 108 14391 Implications for image indexing tools and image retrieval system design are proposed. 2904 18_CONCLUSION UT=000232442000008 879.884 98 14252 Originality/ value-This study provides a rare look into the challenges faced by a diverse group of public library users on the web. 1915 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400004 1115.01 106 14236 We argue that the expression il inconsistency is a clear sign or a retrieval problem and that query expansion based on semantic relationships call significantly improve retrieval performance on free-text sources. 2433 18_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700006 494.662 95 14167 Information science must attend to considerations of value, as well as using established techniques, if it is to avoid marginalisation. 2757 18_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700001 619.382 105 14088 They conclude by identifying further areas for research and by recommending that information scientists should lead the way in defining this growing area. 2730 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200001 571.386 94 13943 The Web needs both a more straightforward interface and more information specifically aimed at the young before it can seriously threaten its rivals. 2332 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 1630.91 126 13852 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 2945 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167804000002 1021.81 106 13814 The advantage of this IRS with respect to others is that users can express linguistically different semantic restrictions on the desired documents simultaneously, incorporating more flexibility in the user-IRS interaction. 2123 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 958.426 103 13504 In conclusion the adoption of an interaction paradigm for IR research is advocated and examples of empirical work for supporting interactive searching and retrieval are provided. 2007 18_CONCLUSION UT=000166428400004 596.245 105 13453 A theory of task-based information searching based on the empirical findings of the study is presented. 2061 18_CONCLUSION UT=000171861400002 998.682 99 13343 Subsequent work suggests that the usefulness of passage-level evidence in document retrieval depends on the weighting scheme and type of normalisation used in the retrieval method. 2935 18_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800006 496.059 96 13247 Finally, the implications of the proposed conceptual framework for information studies are discussed. 2784 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100007 696.154 101 13149 The findings provide implications for relevance theory, and the evaluation of in systems. 2692 18_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800005 729.642 93 13077 Understanding of the psychological reasons behind different information-seeking styles is important for a holistic view of information behavior. 2819 18_CONCLUSION UT=000232617500002 672.915 91 12771 Most interestingly, we observe this user preference despite the fact that the baseline system even performs slightly better under certain criteria. 2199 18_CONCLUSION UT=000206501000004 581.6 91 12326 This paper sets out new principles for the study of geographic information behaviour. 2847 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900003 2167.03 115 12229 The fact that the resulting virus list includes most of an earlier independently published list of viruses considered by military experts to have the highest threat as potential biological weapons served as a test of the method; the test outcome showed a high degree of statistical significance, thus supporting an inference that the new viruses on the list share certain important characteristics with viruses of known biological warfare interest. 2108 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600004 804.253 104 12154 The results of the experiments are promising, and show that there is much potential for further research on the use of CSA techniques to search the Web. 2002 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500006 710.219 91 11957 Applications that arise from a better understanding of the topics users search and their relationships are discussed. 2075 18_CONCLUSION UT=000168323400003 893.839 102 11857 The results revealed that expanded queries with concept-based structures performed better than unexpanded queries or 'natural language ' queries. 1948 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 481.825 79 11747 It is, however, not designed as a tutorial system and serves active and curious users best. 1850 18_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VJ87000008 351.87 73 11721 Copyright ( C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd 2554 18_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600003 604.931 88 11703 This is the first large-scale experiment in which users were asked to rank the results of identical queries. 2825 18_CONCLUSION UT=000225799300009 991.81 92 11411 We developed a set of design guidelines on the basis of these results, and propose a flexible interface that adopts these guidelines to accommodate the preferences of different cognitive style groups. 2631 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800007 601.192 82 11292 We contrast this to earlier work byP.G.B. Enser, Journal of Documentation 51 ( 2) ( 1995) 126-170, who examined written queries for pictorial information in a non-digital environment. 2454 18_CONCLUSION UT=000183131900005 743.052 92 11141 Students ' ability to extract new query terms from retrieved items improved search results. 2038 18_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500003 247.672 70 11101 ( c) 2006 Published by ElsevierLtd. 2148 18_CONCLUSION UT=000254813200006 247.672 70 11101 Published by ElsevierLtd. 2309 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 743.138 85 11003 This three-level approach helps us to understand the state of visualization for the design of IR systems in multiple ways. 2470 18_CONCLUSION UT=000185427800007 721.773 85 10874 We propose a more systematic, multidimensional approach to creating evolving classification/ indexing schemes, based on where the user is and what she is trying to do at that moment during the search session. 2023 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167208800007 1316.05 94 10870 Ranking with arbitrary passages shows consistent improvements compared to ranking with whole documents, and to ranking with previous passage types that depend on document structure or topic shifts in documents. 2510 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 803.941 86 10637 It is important that editors of mass media sources such as women 's magazines are aware of this dichotomy and are prepared to provide accurate, factual and less dramatised breast cancer information. 2964 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 605.43 86 10571 The implications of the results for the design of IR interfaces are discussed. 2017 18_CONCLUSION UT=000231426600005 566.317 89 10374 Implications of these results for further research and improving EKR implementation are discussed. 2462 18_CONCLUSION UT=000241539500006 548.31 80 10343 The findings have implications for practitioners, researchers, and system designers. 2620 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500005 769.733 87 10281 The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period. 2740 18_CONCLUSION UT=000247078400002 550.198 72 10175 Therefore this method can be used to compare the product of interactive systems that use different underlying technologies. 1874 18_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400005 556.862 75 10159 The extent of similarity between the cognitive spaces and the information spaces, which were derived independently from each other, is measured. 2401 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400008 725.201 83 9852 The results also suggest that for optimal results each device should be administered at a different stage of the student 's essay writing process. 2209 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 583.727 79 9747 The results showed that the two-factor model provides a means for Web-user interface studies. 2180 18_CONCLUSION UT=000248247400008 873.422 89 9569 Moreover, the negative effects of animation on task performance are greater in browsing tasks than in searching tasks. 2216 18_CONCLUSION UT=000168426400004 689.127 76 9569 We use the semantic information that is provided with these concepts as a powerful filter to successfully simulate Swanson 's discoveries of connecting Raynaud 's disease with fish oil and migraine with a magnesium deficiency. 2722 18_CONCLUSION UT=000082124000007 766.334 84 9197 These include the subjective nature of the interpretation of results, the difficulty of readily identifying clusters and the inability to distinguish collaborative research relationships between authors, Thus, ACA by itself is insufficient. 2310 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 1064.11 80 9123 The three-level approach also enables us in further serious investigation in this emerging field that has been created by the intersection of visualization and IR, by allowing us to look at different layers of visualization in IR that have both technical and theoretical concerns. 1886 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100006 558.681 71 9075 The results indicate that users prefer the coarse-grained community filters to fine-grained personalized filters. 2645 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800008 959.047 86 9043 The article also highlights several important methodological and conceptual issues that frame research on social aspects of digital library use. 2596 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085048500004 922.973 83 9002 The article explores these problems and advocates an approach with emphasis on documents and on the concept 'memory institutions ' as generic terms for the central object of study. 1995 18_CONCLUSION UT=000250064500002 462.298 68 8924 The major source preferences were content of information, and availability and accessibility. 2555 18_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600003 563.483 74 8915 The analysis of the experimental results demonstrates the potential for personalized search. 2972 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300001 807.405 69 8908 In comparison to other approaches, the possibility of recursive rules allows for more powerful inferences, and predicate logic gives the expressiveness required for multimedia retrieval. 2892 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400004 868.81 76 8893 A model of choice behavior shows relationships among the initial question, the reasons, and the choice of initial search strategies. 2544 18_CONCLUSION UT=000183605700004 778.127 83 8827 The article concludes that the KO model contributes significantly to the ability of researchers to collect and organize data in a manner most likely to shed light on research problems they address. 2509 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 497.019 67 8778 To conclude, mass media information has advantages and disadvantages and its impact upon individuals may depend on their disease status. 1986 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 935.22 74 8705 The findings indicate that a hypertext index with multiple access points for each concept, all linked to the same resource, led to greater effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval on almost all measures. 2198 18_CONCLUSION UT=000206501000004 647.341 73 8580 Originality/ value - Geographic relevance is a new field of research that has so far been poorly defined and little researched. 2173 18_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200007 890.618 80 8577 However, it is perhaps equally important to note that the results indicate that variation in the other topic characteristics did not demonstrate any significant difference in the number of cognitive or physical moves. 2133 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500003 598.526 70 8529 ( 4) The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of interactive query expansion. 2211 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 567.489 70 8408 Suggestions for Website designs and evaluation, and further research directions are provided. 2210 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100001 1141.34 82 8330 In addition, Subjects in Phase II commented that, as time passes or familiarity increases with certain design factors, their identification of what are hygiene and motivator factors might change, promoting further investigation and possible expansion of the model. 2640 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 843.394 68 8250 Using the metrics relative subject recall and precision, our results show that, with the exception of Chopper, the phrasing tools were fairly comparable in recall and precision. 2122 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 1010.4 80 8175 Three principal aspects of interaction are identified and discussed: interaction within and across tasks; the notion of interaction as task sharing; and interaction as a discourse. 2783 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100007 808.519 73 7926 Findings suggest that the middle region of a distribution of relevance judgments, also called " partial relevance, " represents a key avenue for ongoing study. 2376 18_CONCLUSION UT=000258807800001 626.272 76 7698 The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for knowledge-intensive work tasks. 2767 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 670.392 63 7692 The performance of the system using the neural network classifier was generally satisfactory and, as expected, the filtering performance varied with regard to the accuracy rates of classes. 2158 18_CONCLUSION UT=000232107900002 620.899 72 7647 A summary of the relationships between the key constructs in the model and recommendations for future research are provided. 2498 18_CONCLUSION UT=000227957700006 447.676 65 7630 Organizational implications and future research directions are discussed. 2076 18_CONCLUSION UT=000168323400003 718.814 70 7571 Further, it was shown that highly relevant documents benefit essentially more from the concept-based QE in ranking than marginally relevant documents. 1987 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500002 899.59 70 7540 Satisfaction measures were more variable, The study offers insight into potential improvements in the design of Web-based indexes and provides preliminary assessment of the validity of the measures employed. 2016 18_CONCLUSION UT=000231426600005 988.676 75 7490 Further, resource availability affects EKR usage for knowledge seeking particularly when task tacitness is low and incentives affect EKR usage particularly when task interdependence is high. 2358 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900004 684.72 66 7445 This methodology could also have significant application in improving user searching and also in predicting electronic commerce buying decisions without the use of personal demographic data. 2060 18_CONCLUSION UT=000171861400002 624.789 61 7405 If the best window size to use for each query could be predicted accurately, a maximum retrieval improvement of 42 % could be obtained. 2702 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100003 843.744 71 7351 " We explore statistical techniques for fitting the model to the training data and use the receiver operating characteristic curve of signal detection theory to represent the power of the resulting models. 2083 18_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100016 682.757 64 7162 In both parts, each section concludes with a summary that in effect provides an interpretation and synthesis of contemporary thinking on the topic treated or suggests hypotheses for future research. 1938 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800003 755.397 70 7093 While our investigation failes to establish a relationship between LTRS and increased citations and raises at least as many questions as it answers, we hope it will serve as an invitation to, and guide for, further research in the use of DLs. 1861 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500001 716.553 64 7092 The empirical findings of the study demonstrated that scholars use hyperlinks for a variety of purposes, and that their hyperlinking behavior frequently results from a complex interplay of motivations. 2775 18_CONCLUSION UT=000187036300003 488.463 56 7010 Knowledge gained from this study can also form the basis of hypotheses for larger studies. 2269 18_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 741.03 66 7003 The relevance criteria of documents changed more than the criteria of references during the process. 2302 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 581.952 57 6792 We show that pointing to documents instead of to fixed size blocks reduces space requirements but increases search times. 2691 18_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800005 751.992 62 6660 Originality/ value - Information-seeking behaviour has not previously been studied in relation to the five-factor model, which is regarded as the most modem personality theory to date. 2235 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600011 309.362 44 6520 Given RT and the right context, bibliometrics may predict psychometrics. 2028 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100009 549.572 59 6340 Finally, the role of the subjects ' level of domain expertise is discussed and directions for future research are proposed. 2670 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500008 605.823 59 6314 This paper outlines the SenseMaker interface design and details some of our experimental findings surrounding its use. 2301 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 552.385 52 6108 We apply our analysis to the Web, using recent statistics on the distribution of the document sizes. 2484 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100002 770.022 60 5692 Striking the balance between individuals ' abilities and the demanding task for detecting, understanding, and utilizing such structures is an emerging theme across the five articles in this special issue. 2610 18_CONCLUSION UT=000182507700006 358.579 43 5678 It is suggested that the theory should be enriched by including search experience in its scope. 2392 18_CONCLUSION UT=000225799300003 873.861 55 5627 Here it is argued that descriptions of IT competencies and computer-related attitudes are dialogic social constructs and closely tied with more general implicit understandings of the nature of technical artifacts and technical knowledge. 2245 18_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200003 304.382 40 5588 The completeness, soundness, and consistency of the aboutness proof systems are analyzed and discussed. 2340 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246869800014 349.228 49 5579 Future research should examine whether such gaps need to be bridged and, if so, how they could be bridged. 2300 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 403.401 50 5548 These results are valid for classical exact queries as well as for approximate searching. 2393 18_CONCLUSION UT=000225799300003 688.333 59 5502 These implicit theories and assumptions are rarely taken under scrutiny in discussions of IT literacy yet they have profound implications for the aims and methods in teaching computer skills. 2709 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300004 596.568 51 5493 This empirical study finds novelty, reliability, and topicality to be key aspects of informative relevance. 2234 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379600011 444.38 45 5244 Pennant diagrams, applied here to a literature search and a Bradford-style journal analysis, can model them. 2268 18_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 618.587 53 5153 The more structured the task in the process, the more able the person is to distinguish between relevant and other sources. 2432 18_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700006 419.568 47 5114 A combination of methods is advocated for future studies of the RAEs. 1978 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170707500010 941.265 57 5065 Of particular interest to the authors is the expansion of work by researchers in image indexing to include image content based feature extraction capabilities in their work. 2944 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167804000002 510.339 44 4977 A bottom-up evaluation mechanism of queries is presented that coherently integrates the use of the three semantics and satisfies the separability property. 2153 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000006 637.523 59 4958 We demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods on test data, and show how all three methods can be combined to produce a single improved method. 2453 18_CONCLUSION UT=000183131900005 574.15 48 4915 In the beginning also the number of concepts and the proportion of subconcepts in the construct contributed indirectly via search tactics to retrieving partly useful references. 2477 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167097900009 268.037 42 4886 Suggestions for further research are discussed. 2537 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169032200008 632.472 50 4866 Building on these findings, a classification scheme and criteria taxonomy that may enable generalization of criteria across different contexts is proposed. 1899 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100008 996.303 56 4807 Congruence was greater for image-based surrogates than for text-based surrogates overall, while congruence between text-based surrogates and videos was greatest when a specific task was introduced. 1905 18_CONCLUSION UT=000227017500007 575.661 40 4634 There is some evidence that citations and Web links categorized and highlighted in terms of their importance and function to be served may help student learning in interdisciplinary domains. 2963 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 801.335 51 4612 Overall end-user searching behaviour is complex and it seems that just one factor can cause poor performance, whereas good performance can result from suboptimal strategies that compensate for some difficulties. 2084 18_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100016 504.225 41 4414 Analyses of some of the major trends that shape relevance work are offered in conclusions. 1958 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400007 679.55 48 4217 The findings provided insights into children 's behaviors and success, as their weighted traversal effectiveness and efficiency scores, as well as quality moves. 2485 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100002 526.375 46 4096 We outline the approaches and the major findings of these articles with reference to this central theme. 2438 18_CONCLUSION UT=A1997XH70600004 395.418 39 3754 These results are interpreted as a failed instance of interdisciplinary communication, and several explanations of this failure are discussed. 2921 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085526300002 456.027 38 3753 For some, use was constrained by perceptions that they needed to have more knowledge or understanding in order to use the Internet better. 2609 18_CONCLUSION UT=000182507700006 423.411 35 3516 This implies that the tested theory of task-based IR is valid on condition that the searchers are experienced. 2883 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400003 514.962 38 3510 The main contribution of the theory lies in a clarification of concepts, but there are still problems regarding the practical applications. 2723 18_CONCLUSION UT=000082124000007 381.424 36 3404 However, ACA can be enhanced significantly when combined with FA to give a more accurate acid useful picture of the MDS results. 2934 18_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800006 360.801 35 3273 We describe differences and connections between these task levels. 2508 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100001 458.944 35 2938 This finding was particularly worrying as women with breast cancer looked for and were often 'drawn ' to such communication vehicles. 2641 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 498.068 27 2820 It was also shown that augmenting the AZ Noun Phraser by including the SPECIALIST Lexicon from the National Library of Medicine resulted in improved recall and precision. 1914 18_CONCLUSION UT=000169354400004 503.313 30 2367 Statistically significant differences in consistency were found in regard to length but not in regard to the categories of topic. 2324 18_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WP65300004 332.77 27 2342 The model enables a more profound understanding of the various feed back processes between the two cycles. 2860 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500004 118.147 19 2338 The implications are discussed. 2852 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085526300004 487.761 33 2169 Relying on data arising from the naturally occurring talk and actions of the children, it is argued that these methods are unique in reflecting the perspective of the children themselves. 1931 18_CONCLUSION UT=000168918800004 289.591 17 1985 Finally we show how to construct OS measures derived from recall and precision. 2962 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100006 478.237 29 1950 Poor performers frequently exhibited several factors of good searcher behaviour and failed for just one reason. 1856 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246379400005 268.063 23 1846 Findings are discussed in the context of machine and bandwagon heuristics. 2703 18_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100003 426.409 28 1817 The trained prediction methods predict whether fusion will beat an oracle, at levels much higher than could be achieved by chance. 2356 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900004 494.113 31 1795 The predicted number of relevant sessions for all ten strata was 11 %, a6.85 % difference. 2846 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900003 399.873 20 1715 We downloaded the Medline records for each of the two literatures and used a computer to extract all virus terms common to both. 2799 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500005 278.921 22 1686 The article also discusses integrating the approaches at the study-design level. 2523 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800005 501.214 29 1668 However, automatic indexing has the over-arcking advantage of decreasing cost, as human indexing becomes ever more expensive. 2913 18_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800004 501.214 29 1668 However automatic indexing has the over-arching advantage of decreasing cost, as human indexing becomes ever more expensive. 2115 18_CONCLUSION UT=000087094200002 366.549 20 1578 However, CPI did succeed in helping to bring a perspective other than the market agenda to the public and to the policy community. 2407 18_CONCLUSION UT=000085804400003 226.911 15 1318 A number of application areas are identified. 1949 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600008 127.135 9 1157 We are starting its expansion to summarizing in the WWW. 2381 18_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100005 243.134 13 1131 Some experiments, within the framework of the TREC-7 adaptive filtering track, are described. 2325 18_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WP65300004 294.655 14 1019 Moreover, it may give insight in the development of hybrid and heterogenous scientific specialties like scientometrics. 2869 18_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400002 277.645 13 967 Also, participants made decisions through one of three avenues in each of their appraisals of online resources. 2355 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900004 238.182 15 931 Overall,17.85 % of the sessions were determined to be relevant. 2905 18_CONCLUSION UT=000232442000008 144.512 9 715 It is instructive for practicing librarians and researchers. 2270 18_CONCLUSION UT=000181362200004 169.831 10 668 Moreover, it seems that understanding of topicality varies depending on the phase of the process. 2663 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 159.968 10 644 Differences are illustrated with a real-life example. 2563 18_CONCLUSION UT=000080331300001 159.968 10 535 MLE assumptions appear to be required to model the data adequately. 2579 18_CONCLUSION UT=000226448300005 208.534 12 527 Changes in use for each of the academic disciplines represented at the college are reported. 2859 18_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500004 169.842 8 512 A set of four propositions are advanced to describe the mechanisms. 2357 18_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900004 155.725 8 410 The authors believe that the methodology can be further refined and the prediction improved. 1972 18_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500003 90.0575 4 311 Six focus categories were observed. 2664 18_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 156.261 6 300 Finally, it is shown that some of these anomalies can be avoided by using geometric instead of arithmetic averages. 2363 18_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WJ55500006 74.6015 3 139 Misinformation and errors are considered. 2004 18_METHOD UT=000166428400004 5492.34 1005 316080 ( 1) to give a summary of empirical results reported earlier on relations between students ' problem stages in the course of writing their research proposals for a master 's thesis and the information sought, choice of search terms and tactics and relevance assessments of the information found for that task; ( 2) to show how the findings of the study refine Kuhlthau 's model of the information search process in the field of information retrieval ( IR), and ( 3) to construe a tentative theory of a task-based IR process based on the supported hypotheses. 2193 18_METHOD UT=000206501000004 5599.68 871 314047 Design/ methodology/ approach - The paper outlines and explores a geographic information seeking process in which geographic information needs ( conditioned by needs and tasks, in context) drive the acquisition and use of geographic information objects, which in turn influence geographic behaviour in the environment Geographic relevance is defined as " a relation between a geographic information need " ( like an attention span) and " the spatio-temporal expression of the geographic information objects needed to satisfy it " ( like an area of influence). 2742 18_METHOD UT=000085411400002 5488.65 737 221623 We provide data on: ( i) sessions - changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback; ( ii) queries - the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers; and ( iii) terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms, We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user. 2627 18_METHOD UT=000167008800007 4867.44 680 209949 We provide data on: ( 1) image queries - the number of queries and the number of search terms per user, ( 2) image search sessions - the number of queries per user, modifications made to subsequent queries in a session, and ( 3) image terms - their rank/ frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. 2652 18_METHOD UT=000087054000006 3338.5 704 206674 In studies of information users ' cognitive behaviors, it is widely recognized that users ' perceptions of their information problem situations play a major role, Time-line interviewing and inductive content analysis are two research methods that, used together, have proven extremely useful for exploring and describing users ' perceptions in various situational contexts. 2732 18_METHOD UT=000254813200002 2058.56 536 174740 By comparing assessments based on artificially created information surrogates, we investigate the effect of the source of information, the quality of an information source and the date of information upon the assessment process. 2828 18_METHOD UT=000174725100006 2624.25 556 166391 The goal of the study reported in this paper was to develop a user-centered approach to the evaluation including: ( 1) effectiveness: based on the impact of users ' interactions on their information problem and information seeking stage, and ( 2) usability: including screen layout and system capabilities for users. 2005 18_METHOD UT=000166428400004 2704.71 514 159621 The results of the empirical studies show that there is a close connection between the students ' problem stages ( mental model) in the task performance and the information sought, the search tactics used and the assessment of the relevance and utility of the information found. 2161 18_METHOD UT=000087256800004 4399.24 567 158354 Based on case studies in two product-development organisations we find that engineers search for documents to find people, search for people to get documents, and interact socially to get information without engaging in explicit searches, This intricate interplay between document and people sources can be explained by the nature of the design task, Many possible solutions are normally available to the designer and in choosing one over the others the designer must take into account a complex set of issues involving both the product as such and its context. 2026 18_METHOD UT=000085990100009 3659.77 517 153954 The results indicate that subjects with WWW-experience are more proficient in locating Web sites than are novice WWW-users, The observed differences were ascribed to the experts ' superior skills in operating Web search engines, However, on tasks that required subjects to locate information on specific Web sites, the performance of experienced and novice users was equivalent-a result that is in line with hypertext research. 1853 18_METHOD UT=000246379400005 2521.63 436 138206 This article investigates the psychological significance of these cues by positing that the information scent transmitted by each cue triggers a distinct heuristic ( mental shortcut) that tends to influence online users ' perceptions of a given news item, with implications for their assessment of the item 's relevance to their information needs and interests. 2526 18_METHOD UT=000184172700001 2509.97 438 134628 The literature on relevance reveals how the relevance concept, especially in regard to the multidimensionality of relevance, is many faceted, and does not just refer to the various relevance criteria users may apply in the process of judging relevance of retrieved information objects. 2613 18_METHOD UT=000165132100004 2521.5 445 133082 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 1934 18_METHOD UT=000085224800003 3353.01 427 127844 The Langley Technical Report Server ( LTRS) is a digital library of over1,400 electronic publications authored by NASA Langley Research Center personnel or contractors and has been available in its current World Wide Web ( WWW) form since1994. In this article, we examine calendar year 1997 usage statistics of LTRS and the Center for AeroSpace Information ( CASI), a facility that archives and distributes hard copies of NASA and aerospace information. 2128 18_METHOD UT=000088865500003 2528.31 405 119831 The main conclusions drawn from the results of the study are that: ( 1) one-third of the terms presented to users in a list of candidate terms for query expansion was identified by the users as potentially useful for query expansion. 2103 18_METHOD UT=000086838600004 1552.59 381 119294 The Web is a very important information resource, but users find that looking for a relevant piece of information in the Web can be like 'looking for a needle in a haystack '. 2706 18_METHOD UT=000246379300004 1687.23 395 118268 This study investigates users ' relevance judgment in non-problem-solving contexts,i.e., when users search information for epistemic value or entertainment. 2643 18_METHOD UT=000085224800008 3364.48 434 113474 This article presents research conducted by the Social Science Team of the federally funded Digital Libraries Initiative ( DLI) project at the University of Illinois, Data were collected from potential and actual users of the DLI test-bed - containing the full text of journal articles-through focus groups, interviews and observations, usability testing, user registration and transaction logging, and user surveys. 2872 18_METHOD UT=000245605100016 2170.63 385 113192 Various studies have identified facets or categories of relevance which go beyond simple topical relevance, and there has been some recent research on how these multi-dimensional concepts of relevance relate to the information seeking process. 2624 18_METHOD UT=000167008800007 1374.37 328 98836 This study examined visual information needs as expressed in users ' Web image queries. 2931 18_METHOD UT=000230603800006 1724.28 347 96366 The focus is on some central aspects of tasks that are recognized within information studies as well as related research areas (e.g., organizational studies). 2787 18_METHOD UT=000246678500007 2239.15 339 95932 We have conducted a field study of 21 participants, in which we logged detailed Web usage and asked participants to provide task categorizations of their Web usage based on the following categories: Fact Finding, Information Gathering, Browsing, and Transactions. 2727 18_METHOD UT=000089368200001 1493.72 311 95854 The children overall demonstrate a sophistication both in their appreciation of the Web 's strengths and weaknesses as an information source, end in their information retrieval strategies. 2512 18_METHOD UT=000167198000005 2741.57 373 94529 This aspect provides a unique opportunity to review the current state of research in the field, identify common trends, develop a methodological framework, and define terminology for future Web searching studies, In this article, the results from published studies of Web searching are reviewed to present the current state of research. 2127 18_METHOD UT=000088865500003 2704.55 322 93504 The results discuss issues that relate to query expansion, retrieval effectiveness, the correspondence of the on-line-to-off-line relevance judgments, and the selection of terms for query expansion by users ( interactive query expansion). 2025 18_METHOD UT=000085990100009 1986.4 327 92912 This study examined the effect of a user 's WWW experience on both phases of the search process, Twenty-five students from two schools for Dutch pre-university education were observed while performing three search tasks. 2647 18_METHOD UT=000250741100006 1484.99 316 91973 In an attempt to fill in the gap, this study proposes a three-dimensional, cubic typology for the characterization of Web users ' online information behavior. 2031 18_METHOD UT=000241539500003 1339.18 292 89897 Qualitative methods were used to explore how attorneys and law librarians used their memory and external memory aids while searching for information and in transferring to information use. 2219 18_METHOD UT=000228115800006 2027.27 323 89777 Design/ methodology/ approach - Nearly a million users making ten million item requests were investigated employing deep log methods, developed by the authors to provide robust and big picture analyses of digital information consumers and their behaviour. 2305 18_METHOD UT=000085724900002 1461.87 291 89297 In parallel with the advent of advanced software and hardware, the attempts to design visualization-based IR systems are stimulated with the promise that information visualization applies visual processing to abstract information. 2754 18_METHOD UT=000166468700001 986.965 285 88915 Previous research has identified a lack of information on how students experience and define information literacy. 1852 18_METHOD UT=000246379400005 2318.11 306 87740 In order to help users cope with the resultant overload of information, news leads are typically accompanied by three cues: ( a) the name of the primary source from which the headline and lead were borrowed, ( b) the time elapsed since the story broke, and ( c) the number of related articles written about this story by other news organizations tracked by the newsbot. 2726 18_METHOD UT=000089368200001 988.175 274 87507 They also discuss how they searched for information on the Web and the ways in which this differs from looking for information in printed sources. 2705 18_METHOD UT=000246379300004 2017.76 304 84849 However, user-centered studies in the extant literature mainly focus on relevance judgment in problem solving contexts in which the situational relevance of a document is the main concern for users. 2496 18_METHOD UT=000227957700006 2062.58 311 84483 In this study we investigate the potential combined impact of the use of organizational decision models and competitive intelligence tool proficiency on knowledge creation and strategic use of information competence. 2220 18_METHOD UT=000228115800006 1881.16 289 84034 Findings - Usage data has been embellished with user data ( for500,000 people), so enabling comparisons to be made between the information seeking behaviour, for instance, of students and staff, academics and practitioners, scientists and social scientists. 2282 18_METHOD UT=000084265200005 2645.84 301 83644 The application was to a form Of blind feedback ( using the top-ranked documents from an initial search to improve the query formulation for a subsequent search, without actual relevance feedback, on the assumption that these top-ranked documents are likely to be relevant). 1837 18_METHOD UT=000246379600008 2170.08 284 83600 The tf weight of the item predicts its effect on the user in the context of the seed term, and its idf weight predicts the user 's processing effort in relating the item to the seed term. 2104 18_METHOD UT=000086838600004 1765.48 285 83056 We were therefore motivated to design and develop a prototype system, WebSCSA ( Web Search by CSA), that applied a CSA technique to retrieve information from the Web using an ostensive approach to querying similar to query-by-example. 2917 18_METHOD UT=000085526300002 3757.19 326 80721 The authors describe the three stages in the research: identification of elements of an analytical framework; testing of a behavioral intention model of Internet use based on the theory of planned behavior, and use of the model to identify attitudes to the Internet, social influences on Internet use, perceived control of Internet use, and changes in these factors as the Internet became more widely known. 2924 18_METHOD UT=000181878400006 842.146 254 80495 The methods they favor for accessing information are described, and the role of government departments in fisheries information provision is highlighted. 2873 18_METHOD UT=000245605100016 1562.75 286 80335 This study extends research on the relationship between multi-dimensional user relevance assignments and stage in the process of completing a task. 2187 18_METHOD UT=000078430100001 1788.06 283 79109 The focus of the paper is a case study in which domain experts evaluate the utility of the tool in the performance of information discovery tasks on a large, dynamic procedural manual. 2177 18_METHOD UT=000248247400008 2432.1 301 78541 Drawing upon divided attention theories, especially the central capacity theory, this research investigates the effects of non-banner-ads animation on Web users ' clicking behavior, task performance, and perceptions through an online shopping experiment. 2312 18_METHOD UT=000233478200007 1844.24 263 77586 The interview 's purpose was to transform the undergraduate 's query from general topic terms, based on vague conceptions of their essay topic, to an information need-based query. 2410 18_METHOD UT=000243809100005 1461.65 255 76088 Findings - Academic library users describe both qualitative and quantitative criteria, which lead them to make rational choices determining when " enough " information satisfices their need. 2679 18_METHOD UT=000086070400002 2708.93 266 74697 To avoid the effects of wrong expansion terms, a weighting method is devised such that the weight of expansion terms depend not only on the weight of all terms in query, but also the weight of those terms in each thesaurus. 2020 18_METHOD UT=000167208800007 2830.86 310 73821 Use of short fragments of documents, called passages, instead of whole documents can overcome these shortcomings: passage ranking provides convenient units of text to return to the user, can avoid the difficulties of comparing documents of different length, and enables identification of short blocks of relevant material among otherwise irrelevant text. 2142 18_METHOD UT=000254813200006 1438.6 247 71854 The model suggested that, rather than just looking at simple search performance measures, we should examine closely the interwoven, interactive processes of both representation construction and information seeking. 2807 18_METHOD UT=000084265200008 1949.5 263 71547 In this paper, we report on the progress of the-Natural Language Information Retrieval project, a joint effort of several sites led by GE Research and its evaluation the 6th Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC-6). 1918 18_METHOD UT=000087652000007 1555.3 265 70962 The focus of this study is on the in-depth investigation of shifts in the micro-level of user goals-"interactive intention " acid information-seeking strategies that users engage in within an information-seeking episode. 2089 18_METHOD UT=000167290000008 1977.77 252 70225 Skimmers were found to have significantly better recall overall, A major outcome from our experiments at TREC and with the TREC data, is that hypertext interfaces to information retrieval ( IR) tasks tend to increase recall. 2349 18_METHOD UT=000170123900004 963.083 228 69714 A number of variables were defined that characterize a session, none of which used any demographic information about the user. 2069 18_METHOD UT=000168323400003 1550.77 256 69626 The reduction of information overload requires that IR systems provide the capability of screening the most valuable documents out of the mass of potentially or marginally relevant documents. 2251 18_METHOD UT=000085990100004 968.354 227 69458 As a result, users frequently experience disorientation in navigating large digital spaces to locate and use information. 2929 18_METHOD UT=000230603800006 1229.15 238 67042 We identify ( 1) the central task levels as well as ( 2) the kinds of dimensions connected to the levels from the perspective of information studies. 2261 18_METHOD UT=000181362200004 1761.93 228 66985 Data for describing their understanding of the work task, search goals and tactics as well as relevance assessments were collected during the search sessions. 2335 18_METHOD UT=000246869800014 1108.16 226 66732 This paper reports the results of a study of the real life gaps in information usage processes of 17 engineers. 1890 18_METHOD UT=000185297700004 1237.22 240 66674 The study of conceptions and constructive instructional design is a novel approach in library and information science. 2582 18_METHOD UT=000206467500004 1706.7 224 65491 Using a specially constructed questionnaire information was sought on TREC assessors ' personal context and, using the TREC assessments gathered, the responses were correlated to the questionnaire questions and the final relevance decisions. 2033 18_METHOD UT=000241539500003 1422.99 238 65260 Results of the study from the legal user group presented evidence of the usefulness of search histories and history-based interface tools. 2417 18_METHOD UT=000231957200007 1324.19 220 65082 Design/ methodology/ approach - The goal of the paper was to examine the interplay of information and non-information task behaviors. 2772 18_METHOD UT=000187036300003 1913.82 237 63219 In addition, children and older adults were more homogeneous than other users in that they had a narrow range of situational goals, whereas users in other groups had a wide range of situational goals. 2850 18_METHOD UT=000085526300004 2730.27 287 63099 Using examples from an ethnographic study of public library use by 30 preschool girls, this article describes three methods appropriate for studying the information-seeking behavior and library use of preschool children: audio-recording of naturally occurring talk, participant observation, and key informant diaries. 2813 18_METHOD UT=000232617500002 2751.89 273 63094 Searching, browsing, question answering, for example, could all benefit from domain-specific knowledge contained in the documents, and in applications such as simple search we do not actually need very " deep " knowledge structures such as ontologies, but we can get a long way with a model of the domain that consists of term hierarchies. 1903 18_METHOD UT=000227017500007 1557.15 208 62876 The undergraduate students enrolled in Geographic Information Science for Geography and Regional Development used Web links more often than citations, but clearly did not see them as key to enhancing learning. 2626 18_METHOD UT=000167008800007 1438.79 207 62826 Twenty-eight terms were used to identify queries for both still and moving images, resulting in a subset of33,149 image queries by 9855 users. 2416 18_METHOD UT=000231957200007 781.468 210 62755 However, limited studies have examined the interplay between information and non-information tasks. 2862 18_METHOD UT=000086651400008 1543.65 229 62497 We elucidate major differences between the practical orientation of EM and theoretical orientation of other ethnographic approaches in information science research. 2666 18_METHOD UT=000085006500008 1687.58 226 62272 As a single portal to a wide array of information sources, the heterogeneous digital library requires that a variety of cataloging schemas, subject domains, document genres, and institutional biases be accommodated. 2712 18_METHOD UT=000246678500003 1157.06 209 62191 The results show a stable structure of two distinct research fields: informetrics and information seeking and retrieval ( ISR). 2467 18_METHOD UT=000185427800007 753.698 202 61940 The lighthouses contain mediation interfaces linking the user to the information store through agents created for each. 2155 18_METHOD UT=000232107900002 2082.59 239 61791 This paper generates 11 propositions exploring the relationship between Human Resource Information Systems ( HRIS) and the trust an individual places in the inanimate technology ( technology trust) and models the effect of those relationships on HRIS implementation success. 2192 18_METHOD UT=000206501000004 1332.08 200 61634 Yet the rise of information seeking on the move using mobile devices implies the need to better understand the kind of situational relevance operating in this kind of context. 2474 18_METHOD UT=000167097900009 2717.13 260 61489 The majority of these theories were from the social sciences (45.4 %), followed by IS (29.9 %), the sciences (19.3 %), and humanities (5.4 %), New IS theories were proposed by 71 authors, When compared with previous studies, our results suggest an increase in the use of theory within IS. 2880 18_METHOD UT=000169354400003 1172.27 195 60930 The topics are: the information process from perception to cognition, and how concept formation takes place in terms of digitisation. 2415 18_METHOD UT=000231957200007 972.014 212 60890 Recent studies provide insights these complex multitasking human information behaviors ( HIB). 2779 18_METHOD UT=000167098100007 1264.04 215 60465 The study reported in this paper investigates the various regions of across a distribution of users ' relevance judgments, including how these regions may be categorized, measured, and evaluated. 1863 18_METHOD UT=000085495700006 1836.63 227 59899 This article examines how professional discourses, in particular those which are foundational for library and information science theory and practice, establish themselves in culture and project history-past and future-by means of appropriating certain dominant tropes in a culture 's language. 2888 18_METHOD UT=000169989400004 1956.89 219 59071 The participants not only indicated a fairly high degree of familiarity with the initial search options and used different search strategies but also were influenced in their choice of an initial search strategy by question-related characteristics. 1967 18_METHOD UT=000088171500003 1299.18 211 58429 Analysis of discourse between the two parties during interactive information retrieval ( IR) shows changes in topic occurs, on average, every seven utterances. 2815 18_METHOD UT=000232617500002 1362.2 216 58063 Such a search system can suggest query modification options derived from the actual data and thus guide a user through the space of documents. 2625 18_METHOD UT=000167008800007 1408.45 200 57926 The data set examined consisted of1,025,908 sequential queries from211,058 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 2481 18_METHOD UT=000085990100002 1382.45 212 57823 More fundamentally, theories and methods developed for the earlier generations of information systems are subject to a close examination of their applicability, efficiency, and effectiveness. 2409 18_METHOD UT=000243809100005 1332.05 199 56405 Design/ methodology/ approach - Faculty, undergraduate and graduate students participated in focus group interviews to investigate what leads them to satisfice their information needs. 2575 18_METHOD UT=000226448300005 2347.49 227 56057 This case study of a liberal arts college library collection quantifies the change in print journal use from 1996 to2003. Variables that affect print journal use are discussed, highlighting college student needs and behaviors. 2814 18_METHOD UT=000232617500002 1423.22 216 55730 We combine domain knowledge automatically acquired by exploiting the documents ' markup structure with knowledge extracted on the fly to assist a user with ad hoc search requests. 2379 18_METHOD UT=000086849100005 1113.69 191 55404 We discuss methods for setting such thresholds and adapting them as a result of feedback information on the performance of the profile. 2162 18_METHOD UT=000087256800004 1101.72 174 54987 However, design documentation seems to be biased toward technical aspects of the chosen solution, while information about the context of the design process is typically not available. 2183 18_METHOD UT=000169392900008 1161.35 184 53762 In IS it is important to consider the nature and meaning of these concepts, which is closely related to theoretical and metatheoretical issues in information retrieval ( IR). 2738 18_METHOD UT=000247078400002 1419.17 189 53320 Far more important than the specific information gathered from this pilot evaluation is the development of ( a) a protocol for evaluating an emerging technology, ( b) reusable assessment instruments, and ( c) the knowledge gained in conducting the evaluation. 2064 18_METHOD UT=000169419100004 1257.7 184 53297 Residents ' information-seeking behavior focused on their family and neighbors, with a lower use of external channels, except for health and employment information issues. 2842 18_METHOD UT=000170123900003 894.857 190 52396 This article stresses methods that are more generally relevant to information science. 2383 18_METHOD UT=000167198000007 2114.86 200 52001 They were required to finish a term paper including at least 20 images, The participants ' image queries were collected by pre- and postsearch questionnaires, and three human reviewers mapped these queries into the previously identified features. 2583 18_METHOD UT=000206467500004 1943.18 235 51755 Findings - This study found that each of the three factors ( interest, knowledge and confidence) had an affect on how many documents were assessed as relevant and the balance between how many documents were marked as marginally or highly relevant. 2087 18_METHOD UT=000167290000008 1053.97 191 51709 User interfaces that made it easier for users to view text were found to improve recall in all three experiments. 2879 18_METHOD UT=000169354400003 1075.86 177 51122 It is founded on mathematical communication theory but developed and elaborated into a cognitive, functionalistic theory, is individually oriented, and deals with the content of information. 2397 18_METHOD UT=000086070400008 1674.09 195 50395 In part III, the present article reports the results of a study of 60 undergraduates in a real-life situation where they had to write a term paper for a university-level remedial writing course. 2459 18_METHOD UT=000241539500006 1113.17 171 49779 Findings revealed that children 's information seeking behavior was characterized by browsing using a single function; that is, looking under " Arabic " from the Simple interface pull-down menu. 2080 18_METHOD UT=000250741100016 1494.46 179 49379 In Part II, the nature of relevance is discussed in terms of meaning ascribed to relevance, theories used or proposed, and models that have been developed. 2796 18_METHOD UT=000246678500005 1518.86 210 48871 The article focuses on their research frameworks, models, hypotheses, laws and theories, study designs, and possible contributions. 2733 18_METHOD UT=000254813200002 1038.9 164 48578 We also investigate how varying levels of topical knowledge, assessor confidence and prior expectation affect the assessment of information surrogates. 2032 18_METHOD UT=000241539500003 818.529 165 48528 Based on the findings, interface design recommendations were made for information systems. 2141 18_METHOD UT=000254813200006 1686.52 192 48474 This paper gives an example of this approach where a model of sensemaking was used to inform the evaluation of a basic exploratory search system(s) in the context of a sensemaking task. 1900 18_METHOD UT=000086651400004 870.802 166 48430 A unified mathematical definition for the classical ( vector and probabilistic) models of information retrieval is given. 2336 18_METHOD UT=000246869800014 890.699 162 48373 Using the critical incident interviewing technique, 65 examples of information usage processes were uncovered. 1838 18_METHOD UT=000246379600008 1702.24 193 48283 The idf measure, also known as statistical specificity, is shown to have unsuspected applications in quantifying interrelated concepts such as topical and nontopical relevance, levels of user expertise, and levels of authority. 2495 18_METHOD UT=000227957700006 1207.4 174 48256 Providing the organization 's knowledge workers with the tools and technology to mine information and generate insights has become a key issue facing organizations. 2503 18_METHOD UT=000086849100001 1331.17 166 47953 Women sought and paid attention to information from a variety of mass media sources, including medical books and journals, leaflets, videotapes, women 's magazines, newspapers and television programmes. 2762 18_METHOD UT=000086070400005 991.978 173 47937 The accuracy of the supervised classifier was established by comparing its performance with a baseline system that uses human classification information. 1992 18_METHOD UT=000250064500002 845.874 158 47530 The concept of information source horizon is used to elicit articulations of source preferences. 2513 18_METHOD UT=000167198000005 1198.85 200 47319 The analysis of the limited Web searching studies available indicates that research methods and terminology are already diverging. 2079 18_METHOD UT=000250741100016 2534.36 205 47303 It is a continuation and update of a similar review that appeared in 1975 under the same title, considered here as being PartI. The present review is organized in two parts: Part II addresses the questions related to nature and manifestations of relevance, and Part III addresses questions related to relevance behavior and effects. 2388 18_METHOD UT=000225799300003 1180.38 185 47022 In line with this approach, research on IT competencies conventionally develops models for explaining user acceptance, and for measuring computer-related attitudes and skills. 1961 18_METHOD UT=000089042400005 1252.93 181 46750 Various electronic journal log files are offering researchers and practitioners a rich data resource for user studies. 2313 18_METHOD UT=000233478200007 2038.39 198 46710 To chart the transformation, the authors investigateN.J. Belkin,R.N. Oddy, andH.M. Brooks ' Anomalous States of Knowledge ( ASK) hypothesis ( 1982a, 1982b), which links the user 's ASK to a relevant document set via a common code based on structural facets. 2071 18_METHOD UT=000168323400003 1692.31 196 46570 The results of the document analysis were applied in an experiment on query expansion ( QE) in a probabilistic IR system. 2795 18_METHOD UT=000246678500005 1860.32 210 46556 This article is an exercise in such an analysis, focusing on two significant approaches to IR: the lab IR approach andP. Ingwersen 's ( 1996) cognitive IR approach. 2129 18_METHOD UT=000088865500003 1400.81 150 46384 ( 2) These terms were mainly judged as either variant expressions ( synonyms) or alternative ( related) terms to the initial query terms. 2771 18_METHOD UT=000187036300003 1231.82 172 46300 Children and older adults were more likely to lack online search experience than other users. 2748 18_METHOD UT=000089368200004 903.408 156 46261 Some of these presumptions have sewed only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection, Others seem to have become more relevant in the current information environment. 2830 18_METHOD UT=000174725100006 1214.55 173 46209 Data analyzed included: ( 1) user pre- and post-search questionnaires and ( 2) Inquirus search transaction logs. 2042 18_METHOD UT=000085990100003 748.426 156 46091 Findings suggest that a compensatory match is likely to be encountered more frequently in designing information systems. 2176 18_METHOD UT=000248247400008 1202.39 170 45760 We propose that the effects of non-banner-ads animation are moderated by task type and the Web user 's experience with the animation. 2747 18_METHOD UT=000089368200004 1291.66 178 45488 This article addresses the task and reveals four major presumptions associated with collections: tangibility, ownership, a user community, and an integrated retrieval mechanism. 2667 18_METHOD UT=000085006500008 824.115 153 45422 SenseMaker is a user-centered interface for information exploration in a heterogeneous digital library. 2404 18_METHOD UT=000085804400003 872.703 151 44868 The characteristics and roles of traditional libraries and information services are described, and a variety of predictions about their future are examined. 1991 18_METHOD UT=000250064500002 959.661 152 44763 It is assumed that this structuring based on the actor 's interest at hand is also reflected in the ways in which an actor prefers information sources and channels. 2049 18_METHOD UT=000231994000009 1620.66 192 44731 Findings - While implementing the verbal protocol method this study has developed a scheme of coding with the help of which the protocol data were analysed and proposed a generic model of online catalogue searching process flow. 1917 18_METHOD UT=000087652000007 1449.18 173 44712 The limitation of the existing IR systems calls for the need to investigate how to support users as they shift from one information-seeking strategy to another in their attempts to achieve their information-seeking goals. 2473 18_METHOD UT=000167097900009 1897.37 208 44473 Our findings indicate that theory was discussed in34.1 % of the articles (0.93 theory incidents per article;2.73 incidents per article when considering only those articles employing theory). 2687 18_METHOD UT=000228115800005 1470.69 175 44452 Broad scanning was linked to extraversion, openness, and competitiveness, whereas deep diving was a search pattern typical of analytical students with a deep and strategic study approach. 2923 18_METHOD UT=000181878400006 831.007 155 44422 The findings reveal that fisher folk require different kinds of information to carry out fishing activities effectively. 2151 18_METHOD UT=000167198000006 1735.38 189 44252 This approach is acceptable for some applications such as statistical estimates of the similarity of queries and documents for the purpose of document retrieval. 2566 18_METHOD UT=000088397400002 900.147 146 43978 One outcome of the project was a series of modules covering ways of accessing and searching information that could be used in formal courses, distance learning courses or for self-instruction. 2119 18_METHOD UT=000087756900005 1830.38 175 43656 The former are deemed to provide a useful framework for characterising interaction at the task level, with the structural relationship between tasks as well as the dynamic transition from one task to another being key features of the interactive process. 2958 18_METHOD UT=000165132100006 1594.56 182 43621 Analysis of strategies, timing data, and query logs showed that there were many different causes for search failure or success. 2063 18_METHOD UT=000169419100004 746.34 137 43471 These households were surveyed regarding their household situation and their need for community and information services. 2502 18_METHOD UT=000086849100001 680.043 138 43453 A number of themes concerning mass media breast cancer information were identified. 2822 18_METHOD UT=000225799300009 1309.76 168 43387 In this paper, we 've adopted an individual differences approach to explore user 's attitudes towards various interface features provided by existing Web directories. 1966 18_METHOD UT=000088171500003 939.083 163 43327 Twenty interactions between 20 different users and one of four different search intermediaries were examined. 2504 18_METHOD UT=000086849100001 625.795 137 43317 Mass media information was thought to possess a number of advantages. 2576 18_METHOD UT=000226448300005 1493.33 167 42781 Validity and reliability of journal use studies is investigated, and the use of coefficient of variance is described as a toot to measure the reliability of journal use counts. 2550 18_METHOD UT=000247578600003 970.257 153 42656 We computed the similarity of the rankings of the users and search engines using four nonparametric correlation measures in [0,1] that complement each other. 2252 18_METHOD UT=000085990100004 1098.63 170 42612 To date, the research response has been predominantly based on the analysis of visual navigational aids that might support users ' bottom-up processing of the spatial display. 1925 18_METHOD UT=000168918800004 1721.11 191 41872 But many studies show that order of presentation of the documents is an important fact to be taken into account, particularly in the case of system 's evaluation, which is not the case as far as usual measures are concerned. 2821 18_METHOD UT=000225799300009 831.883 142 41559 They provide not only search facilities, but they also offer directories for users to browse content divided into groups. 2584 18_METHOD UT=000206467500004 614.94 137 41446 Also these factors are shown to affect an assessors ' ability to predict what information they will finally mark as being relevant. 2977 18_METHOD UT=000227764200015 1501.16 177 41169 The 57 participants of an introductory course on IR were selected for this study, and the analysis illustrates their learning outcomes regarding both conceptual change and development of IR skill. 2088 18_METHOD UT=000167290000008 1647.28 170 41031 A distinction was found between a cluster of subjects ( a majority of whom were search experts) who tended to read fewer documents more carefully treaders, or exclusives) and subjects who skimmed through more documents without reading them as carefully ( skimmers, or inclusives). 2319 18_METHOD UT=A1997WP65300004 503.334 129 40349 Science is pictured as an information processing cycle. 2239 18_METHOD UT=000089368200003 1121.24 152 39932 In addition, some properties are only sound within the context of a given IR model, but are not sound from the perspective of the user. 2829 18_METHOD UT=000174725100006 567.21 126 39204 Twenty-two volunteers searched Inquirus on their own personal information topics. 2186 18_METHOD UT=000078430100001 1857.06 190 39098 The tool works by parsing a contiguous document base into smaller documents and inserting semantic links between these documents using document-document similarity measures based on IR techniques. 2426 18_METHOD UT=000166468700006 1389.69 170 39059 Largely unexplored issues in the theory or assumptions of bibliometrics,e.g. the level of citation which corresponds to a quantum of research quality, are found to emerge in the studies. 1990 18_METHOD UT=000250064500002 1206.77 163 38924 The study utilizes Alfred Schutz 's model describing the ways in which actors structure everyday knowledge into regions of decreasing relevance. 2533 18_METHOD UT=000169032200008 1834.05 162 38421 The expectation was that the subjects would apply different frames of reference for relevance decision making as they moved from one stage of the document evaluation to another, and that change would occur not only for particular criteria but also for classes of criteria. 2534 18_METHOD UT=000169032200008 1839.83 179 38384 The examination of such change was performed at two levels: a micro-level analysis, centering on the use of individual criteria, and a macro-level analysis, concentrating on the use of criteria classes. 1982 18_METHOD UT=000088865500002 1936.57 159 38340 By employing index usability metrics developed by Liddy and Jorgensen ( 1993; Jorgensen & Liddy, 1996) and modified to accommodate a hypertext environment, the study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of 20 subjects who used one existing index ( the A-Z index on the FedStats Web site at http: / /www. 2753 18_METHOD UT=000166468700001 419.073 119 38153 Alternative conceptions of information Literacy are described. 2283 18_METHOD UT=000084265200005 1453.34 147 37597 In the routing task, the problem is one of query optimization based on a training set with known relevant documents; investigations for TREC-6 included using a form of simulated annealing for this purpose. 2788 18_METHOD UT=000246678500007 1913.56 166 37527 We used implicit measures logged during each task session to provide usage measures such as dwell time, number of pages viewed, and the use of specific browser navigation mechanisms. 2248 18_METHOD UT=000250741100003 1603.84 168 37417 Our approach draws onD.W. Galenson 's ( 2006) analyses of artistic creativity, notably his distinction between conceptual and experimental innovation, and alsoH.C. Lehman 's ( 1953) seminal study of the relationship between stage of career and outstanding performance. 2711 18_METHOD UT=000246678500003 1508.95 179 37002 To study research fronts, here defined as current and influential cocited articles, a citations among documents methodology was applied; and to study changes, the analyses were time-sliced into three 5-year periods. 2070 18_METHOD UT=000168323400003 1409.74 159 36290 This paper introduces a new concept-based method to analyse the text characteristics of documents at varying relevance levels. 2930 18_METHOD UT=000230603800006 963.622 158 36236 The analysis is aimed to serve as a conceptual starting point for empirical studies in the research area. 2048 18_METHOD UT=000231994000009 974.89 135 35516 Design/ methodology/ approach - This is based on a sample of 18 OPAC users of the British Council Library in Kolkata. 1976 18_METHOD UT=000170707500010 1360.95 138 34795 This article proposes a number of methods to utilize image primitives to support term assignment for image classification. 2306 18_METHOD UT=000085724900002 1033.27 142 33318 Under this rapid development in the research area, there are few attempts to conceptualize this new field of study. 1889 18_METHOD UT=000185297700004 825.686 133 33287 This study focuses on the integration of research on IR instruction and constructive learning environments. 2939 18_METHOD UT=000167804000002 1790.7 141 33136 The system accepts Boolean queries whose terms can be weighted simultaneously by means of ordinal linguistic values according to three possible semantics: a symmetrical threshold semantic, a quantitative semantic, and an importance semantic. 2737 18_METHOD UT=000247078400002 1763.33 175 32816 Our objectives were ( a) to design a method to realistically and reliably assess interactive question-answering systems by comparing the quality of reports produced using different systems, ( b) to conduct a pilot test of this method, and ( c) to perform a formative evaluation of the HITIQA system. 2440 18_METHOD UT=000170653400011 1824.94 167 32543 This paper reports findings of an author co-citation analysis of the field of human behavioral ecology that expands Griffith 's concept of the social system of scientific communication to fit a socioecological framework. 2955 18_METHOD UT=000165132100006 833.651 109 31553 Data was captured on the search strategies used, duration, and logs of submitted queries. 2519 18_METHOD UT=000167008800005 1814.09 165 31411 Part I of the essay critiques the comparative research, then explores the nature of human analysis of messages or texts and efforts to formulate rules to make human practice more rigorous and predictable. 2743 18_METHOD UT=000085411400002 765.518 126 31252 With these characteristics as a basis, we then conducted a failure analysis, identifying trends among user mistakes. 2867 18_METHOD UT=000171050400002 846.019 121 31245 Specifically, the study focused on relevance judging, evaluation ( critical thinking), and decision making. 2909 18_METHOD UT=000167008800004 1760.45 163 30509 Part one of the essay critiques the comparative research, then explores the nature of human analysis of messages or texts and efforts to formulate rules to make human practice more rigorous and predictable. 2900 18_METHOD UT=000232442000008 1627.05 133 30493 Findings-The findings suggest that people familiar with the use of traditional online catalogs were more comfortable using web tools than those who lacked online catalog experience. 1871 18_METHOD UT=000171050400005 754.239 128 30204 A study to measure the cognitive spaces of 16 research participants is presented. 2274 18_METHOD UT=000167290000009 1198.34 111 30134 We hypothesized that pf, which featured interactive query expansion, would outperform df, which relied on automatic query expansion. 2156 18_METHOD UT=000232107900002 964.279 117 30025 Specifically, organizational, technological, and user factors are considered and modeled to generate a set of testable propositions that can subsequently be investigated in various organizational settings. 2947 18_METHOD UT=000167255500004 1424.86 118 29753 Despite the fact that these tools provide a rich semantic network of vocabulary terms, they are seldom employed for automatic query expansion ( QE) activities. 1866 18_METHOD UT=000167804000004 1259.35 139 29630 The study reported on in this article addresses this question, and examined whether QE via semantically encoded thesauri terminology is more effective in the automatic or interactive processing environment. 1879 18_METHOD UT=000167098100006 1006.97 119 29011 New technology, however, provides the potential for personalized versions to be filtered automatically from this mass of news on the basis of user profiles. 2698 18_METHOD UT=000165132100003 1513.23 146 28659 In previous study ( Ng & Kantor, 1998), we identified two predictive variables for the effectiveness of fusion: ( a) a list-based measure of output dissimilarity, and ( b) a pair-wise measure of the similarity of performance of the two schemes. 2012 18_METHOD UT=000231426600005 971.815 129 28239 This study formulates and empirically tests a theoretical model relating potential antecedents to EKR usage for knowledge seeking. 2549 18_METHOD UT=000247578600003 875.946 96 28113 The URLs and accompanying snippets were displayed in random order, without disclosing which search engine(s) retrieved any specific URL for the query. 2204 18_METHOD UT=000165569100001 854.403 112 28007 Motivator factors, on the other hand, are those that add value to the Website by contributing to user satisfaction ( thus satisfiers). 2436 18_METHOD UT=A1997XH70600004 1389.3 136 27932 This article explores the fate of Swanson 's ideas, using citation context analysis both to determine which authors have utilized Swanson 's ideas and to examine the uses to which they have been put. 2887 18_METHOD UT=000169989400004 2039.57 134 27602 Data were gathered via a questionnaire asking for decisions for 16 questions of four types: closed/ predictable source; closed/ unpredictable source; open/ predictable source; open/ unpredictable source. 2617 18_METHOD UT=000088918500005 1172.01 120 27595 The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI). 1944 18_METHOD UT=000086838600008 668.35 98 27532 Each agent is implemented as a CLOS object with an assigned actor at the multimedia user interface. 1981 18_METHOD UT=000088865500002 867.574 112 27502 The exploratory study reported on here investigates one specific component of a Web site-the index structure. 2329 18_METHOD UT=000087756900004 1174.2 116 27428 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 1896 18_METHOD UT=000167098100008 823.299 106 27388 The basic factor considered is the ability of a surrogate to enable users to make the same distinctions that they would make given the actual video. 2371 18_METHOD UT=000258807800001 881.634 117 27354 In this study, we propose an IF technique with task-stage identification that provides effective codification-based support throughout the execution of a task. 2527 18_METHOD UT=000184172700001 879.81 100 27257 From our point of view, the multidimensionality of relevance explains why some will argue that no consensus has been reached on the relevance concept. 2260 18_METHOD UT=000181362200004 896.166 96 26865 The students were asked to make an IR search at the beginning, middle and end of the course. 2938 18_METHOD UT=000167804000002 680.382 104 26768 The user queries and IRS responses are modeled linguistically using the concept of fuzzy linguistic variables. 1846 18_METHOD UT=A1996VJ87000008 739.03 102 26349 A popular perceptual construct, user satisfaction, is examined through a review of IS effectiveness literature. 2976 18_METHOD UT=000227764200015 970.057 105 26061 The particular focus of this study is the assessment of learning outcomes in an experimental, but naturalistic, learning environment compared to more traditional instruction. 2802 18_METHOD UT=000089325100003 2191.03 149 25532 When categorizing magazine articles with broad subject descriptors, we study three aspects of text classification: ( 1) effective selection of feature words and proper names that reflect the main topics of the text; ( 2) learning algorithms; and ( 3) improvement of the quality of the learned classifier by selection of examples. 2837 18_METHOD UT=000088171500002 1467.1 135 25362 This approach to interviews captured different and conflicting points of view, a feature shared with certain social approaches to systems design. 2466 18_METHOD UT=000185427800007 850.036 100 25292 The navigation classification scheme uses the metaphor of a ship and ship 's navigator traveling through charted ( but unknown to the user) waters, guided by a series of lighthouses. 2447 18_METHOD UT=000183131900005 713.002 90 25067 They were asked to make searches in the PsycINFO database for their task in the beginning and end of the seminar. 2910 18_METHOD UT=000167008800004 1299.23 126 24760 We find that research comparing human vs automatic approaches has done little to change strongly held beliefs, in large part because many associated variables have not been isolated or controlled. 2112 18_METHOD UT=000087094200002 1400.97 107 24743 Two public policy models that explore the policy-making process and policy community were used as the framework for building an understanding of events, context, stakeholders, strategies, and influence. 1926 18_METHOD UT=000168918800004 1262.47 132 24741 in this article, we propose a general method for the construction of measures of similarity taking into account the rank of presentation of the document. 2520 18_METHOD UT=000167008800005 1264.75 125 24634 We find that research comparing human versus automatic approaches has done little to change strongly held beliefs, in large part because many associated variables have not been isolated or controlled. 2901 18_METHOD UT=000232442000008 1090.43 99 24619 People who had recent web experience expected online catalog searching to be similar to web searching. 2203 18_METHOD UT=000165569100001 637.284 93 24616 Hygiene factors are those whose presence make a Website functional and serviceable, and whose absence causes user dissatisfaction ( thus dissatisfiers). 2273 18_METHOD UT=000167290000009 682.313 87 24396 Twenty-four searchers performed the same six tasks in varying search and system-order per TREC-8 guidelines. 2686 18_METHOD UT=000228115800005 961.846 111 24029 Fast surfing could be related to a surface study approach and emotionality, as well as to low openness to experience and low conscientiousness. 1955 18_METHOD UT=000086651400007 1885.85 133 23650 Their affective states were captured via a one-on-one exit interview, A new measure called " Web Traversal Measure " was developed to measure children 's " weighted " traversal effectiveness and efficiency scores, as well as their quality moves in Yahooligans! 2143 18_METHOD UT=000254813200006 847.254 94 23570 Participants were asked to make sense of an unfamiliar topic using an augmented query-based search system. 2489 18_METHOD UT=000169989400003 1277.1 113 23414 The participants ' image retrieval tasks were collected by pre- and post-search questionnaires, and a post-search interview. 2889 18_METHOD UT=000169989400004 827.592 100 23355 Of the two question characteristics in the study, the most influential is the predictable/ unpredictable source of the answer. 2095 18_METHOD UT=000084265200002 1154.53 100 23292 TREC contains two main retrieval tasks plus optional subtasks that allow participants to focus on particular common subproblems in retrieval. 2657 18_METHOD UT=000084513300005 1409.09 128 23288 These numbers are then brought together to obtain country scores, or department scores,etc. It turns out, as we will show in this article, that different scoring methods can yield totally different rankings. 2855 18_METHOD UT=000246678500004 1114.28 108 22964 The extant research has taken cognitive and behavioral perspectives to study information-seeking behavior, and observed its dynamics in multiple sessions. 2940 18_METHOD UT=000167804000002 1020.82 99 22824 The first one identifies a new threshold semantic used to express qualitative restrictions on the documents retrieved for a given term. 2263 18_METHOD UT=000181362200004 565.436 79 22530 The students were asked to think aloud during the search session. 2808 18_METHOD UT=000084265200008 1047.3 111 21636 In this paper we describe the 'stream- architecture ', a method we designed to combine evidence obtained from several different document representations. 1942 18_METHOD UT=000086838600008 1096.22 107 21563 Knowledge engineering followed the KADS approach, empirical modeling used methods of grounded theory development. 2540 18_METHOD UT=000183605700004 949.954 105 21540 The knowledge organization ( KO) model is reinterpreted for transferability to quantitative, qualitative, and textual research. 2398 18_METHOD UT=000086070400008 977.371 96 21455 The purpose of the study was to test two devices, an uncertainty expansion device and an uncertainty reduction device. 2241 18_METHOD UT=000089368200003 1261.74 111 21452 Therefore, the motivating question for this article is: independent of any given IR model, and examined within an information-based, abstract framework, what are commonsense properties of aboutness ( and its dual, nonaboutness)? 2719 18_METHOD UT=000082124000007 832.259 104 21171 Factor analysis ( FA) has been used to reveal the 'breadth ' of the authors ' research areas. 2337 18_METHOD UT=000246869800014 1278.37 107 20956 An inductive analysis of these data, using the constant comparison method, yields five classes of identification gaps, of acquisition gaps, and of utilization gaps. 2405 18_METHOD UT=000085804400003 1063.72 101 20817 A number of recent models of the 'electronic ' or 'digital ' library are analysed, and the concept of the 'hybrid ' library is described. 1870 18_METHOD UT=000171050400005 1172.68 113 20804 A method for measuring concept relations in human cognitive space is presented: the paired comparison survey with Principal Components Analysis. 2441 18_METHOD UT=000170653400011 1049.21 109 20656 Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques are used to characterize the research specialty at large and portray five respondents ' individual resource maps. 2056 18_METHOD UT=000171861400002 1511.3 103 20474 The experimental results indicated that using a fixed window size of 50 words gave better results than other window sizes for the TREC-5 and TREC-6 test collections. 2137 18_METHOD UT=A1996VV63300007 1705.47 114 20038 We conclude that decision support systems are grounded in several contributing disciplines, such as organizational science, multiple criteria decision making, group decision making, and strategic planning. 2541 18_METHOD UT=000183605700004 780.432 95 20026 In each instance, the model 's applicability is illustrated with examples from the authors ' research. 2950 18_METHOD UT=A1997WP65300003 1315.88 97 19892 It draws attention to one proposed theory and discusses the potential reasons why it has not been generally accepted as the theory of citations, despite its merits in explaining many phenomena in the citation behaviour of scientists. 2228 18_METHOD UT=000246379600011 1006.7 82 19496 The difficulty of achieving worthwhile cognitive effects and acceptable processing effort in human-system dialogues explains why relevance is the central concern of IS. 2054 18_METHOD UT=000171861400002 1556.64 107 19241 A retrieval score was calculated for each of the passages extracted and the highest score obtained by a passage of that size was taken as the document 's passage-level score for that window size. 2488 18_METHOD UT=000169989400003 704.95 70 19220 They were required to finish a term paper including at least 20 images. 2346 18_METHOD UT=000170123900004 777.075 76 19164 With this definition and good transaction logging, it is possible to ascertain the relevance of a session. 2295 18_METHOD UT=000084325300010 621.184 71 19152 Despite their existence, little is known about the expected behavior of these " block addressing " indices, and even less is known when it comes to cope with approximate search. 2118 18_METHOD UT=000087756900005 889.999 98 19118 A distinction is made between general information-seeking models and information-searching models for computerised systems. 2843 18_METHOD UT=000170123900003 881.971 75 18722 Initial Medline searches identified two kinds of virus literatures-the first concerning the genetic aspects of virulence, and the second concerning the transmission of viral diseases. 2214 18_METHOD UT=000168426400004 717.563 75 18529 In this paper, we propose a two-step model of the discovery process in which hypotheses are generated and subsequently tested. 2373 18_METHOD UT=000258807800001 859.623 75 18411 The identified task-stage is then incorporated into a profile adaptation process to generate the worker 's current task profile. 2170 18_METHOD UT=000187580200007 715.245 83 18368 Thirty academic staff and postgraduate researchers from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Glasgow participated in this study. 2019 18_METHOD UT=000167208800007 920.011 87 18265 Collections of diverse types of documents expose shortcomings in current approaches to ranking. 1954 18_METHOD UT=000086651400007 1090.97 83 18029 Their cognitive and physical behaviors were captured using Lotus ScreenCam, a Windows-based software package that captures and replays activities recorded in Web browsers, such as Netscape. 2205 18_METHOD UT=000165569100001 364.707 70 17909 An empirical study is conducted in two phases. 2956 18_METHOD UT=000165132100006 909.699 83 17304 Differences were found between the groups for the performance measure of recall in only one of the four experimental tasks. 2229 18_METHOD UT=000246379600011 1169.3 88 16689 Moreover, since relevant communication with both systems and unfamiliar people is uncertain, speakers tend to seek cognitive effects that cost them the least effort. 2590 18_METHOD UT=000084325300011 1739.23 118 16566 This experiment searches an online library catalog employing author surnames, plus title words of books in citations of eight scholarly works whose authors selected the title words used as being recallable. 2348 18_METHOD UT=000170123900004 486.431 59 16074 Next, a methodology was developed to try to predict the relevance of a session. 2918 18_METHOD UT=000085526300002 1127.68 72 16070 They observed that learners ' intended uses of the Internet became more specific between 1994 and1996. While the influence of the media and the general community increased in this period, attitudes remained relatively stable. 1998 18_METHOD UT=000088171500006 742.104 62 15742 More than 1000 of the most frequently cooccurring term pairs were categorized into one or more of 30 developed subject areas. 1895 18_METHOD UT=000167098100008 817.513 73 15665 Of primary concern is evaluating the representativeness of different types of surrogates for various tasks. 2678 18_METHOD UT=000086070400002 887.472 64 15661 The expansion terms are taken from a hand-crafted thesaurus, co-occurrence-based automatically constructed thesaurus, and predicate-argument-based automatically constructed thesaurus. 2866 18_METHOD UT=000171050400002 1345.88 95 15535 Ten undergraduates pursuing topics pertaining to their academic work were interviewed and observed as they used GALILEO ( GeorgiA Library LEarning Online, a virtual library containing many scholarly databases). 2618 18_METHOD UT=000088918500005 666.623 71 15102 The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. 2365 18_METHOD UT=000165569100008 896.918 71 14897 Four hundred eighty-five records represented nonduplicate descriptions of data compilations ( 194), software ( 153), Websites ( 73), electronic documents ( 49), and digitized images ( 17). 2387 18_METHOD UT=000225799300003 703.645 69 14433 In the research literature, IT literacy is often defined as sets of basic skills to be learned, and competencies to be demonstrated. 2480 18_METHOD UT=000085990100002 818.715 67 14194 The effects of individual differences on the use of these new technologies are yet to be found out. 2427 18_METHOD UT=000166468700006 723.201 72 14052 A weak, and unsatisfactorily treated, correlation between citation aggregates and research quality for individual entities is revealed. 2111 18_METHOD UT=000087094200002 895.249 76 14050 The investigation followed the example of naturalistic methods described in grounded theory and extended case methodologies. 2685 18_METHOD UT=000228115800005 947.894 77 13823 Findings - Three information-seeking patterns - fast surfing, broad scanning and deep diving emerged from the statistical analyses. 2659 18_METHOD UT=000084513300005 1639.08 95 13772 Indeed, we present examples in which country ( or author) c has a smaller relative score in the total counting system than in the fractional counting one, yet this smaller score has a higher importance than the larger one ( fractional counting). 1858 18_METHOD UT=000088171500001 1076.29 78 13706 Fifteen Indiana University faculty and graduate students who had published at least one scholarly electronic article containing at least one external hyperlink were surveyed. 1908 18_METHOD UT=000169354400004 770.946 67 13569 Consistency figures were calculated for each set of three articles ( the total number of sets was sixty). 2318 18_METHOD UT=A1997WP65300004 613.462 68 13438 This article proposes a qualitative model to better understand the mutual interactions involved. 2780 18_METHOD UT=000167098100007 493.085 48 13383 An instrument was designed using four scales for collecting, measuring, and describing end-user relevance judgments. 1909 18_METHOD UT=000169354400004 865.915 79 12967 Inconsistency in words and concepts was found between news articles from different newspapers. 2328 18_METHOD UT=000087756900004 1315.29 76 12919 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 2557 18_METHOD UT=000220290800008 632.575 61 12863 Cognitive partnering in the conduct of research and scholarship has become commonplace, and this trend is reflected in rates of co-authorship and sub-authorship collaboration. 1999 18_METHOD UT=000088171500006 788.873 66 12408 Subject area frequencies and their cooccurrences with one another were tallied and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. 2372 18_METHOD UT=000258807800001 1072.06 78 12334 Task-needs pattern similarity analysis based on a correlation value is used to identify a worker 's task-stage ( the pre-focus, focus formulation, or post-focus task-stage). 2672 18_METHOD UT=000086070400009 1016.68 80 12251 It begins with the presentation of different attitudes towards LIS and the divergence between LIS as a knowledge producing and knowledge utilizing: area. 2102 18_METHOD UT=000086838600004 588.494 51 12151 However, there has never been any application of these techniques to the World Wide Web. 2761 18_METHOD UT=000086070400005 865.587 66 12107 In the first phase, a multilayer feedforward neural network was trained to classify medical documents in the area of cell biology. 2572 18_METHOD UT=000082700500018 726.738 71 12079 Based on these similarities, a model of the way in which new knowledge is generated is proposed. 2895 18_METHOD UT=000085048500002 1126.33 68 11857 The paper outlines the background for the development of the School from a professional school to a university institution and the political, economic, professional and other conditions for this framework. 2169 18_METHOD UT=000187580200007 1059.78 74 11742 The data gathering techniques adopted in this investigation included pre- and post-search questionnaires, transaction logs and post-session interviews. 2658 18_METHOD UT=000084513300005 877.121 72 11679 In addition to this, a relative increase according to one method can go hand in hand with a relative decrease according to another counting method. 2275 18_METHOD UT=000167290000009 706.629 64 11564 Initial analysis appeared to reject this hypothesis, as df showed slightly higher overall performance than pf. 2697 18_METHOD UT=000165132100003 766.14 56 11140 Thus, if would be quite valuable to have a theory that can predict, in advance, whether fusion of two or more retrieval schemes will be worth doing. 2150 18_METHOD UT=000167198000006 1276.08 77 10945 In general, automatic indexing has dealt with this problem by removing instances of a few hundred common words known as stop words, and treating the remaining words as though they were content bearing. 2518 18_METHOD UT=000167008800005 901.933 76 10939 We conclude that human analysis should be used on a much more selective basis, and we offer suggestions on how these two types indexing might be allocated to best advantage. 2908 18_METHOD UT=000167008800004 901.933 76 10939 We conclude that human analysis should be used on a much more selective basis, and we offer suggestions on how these two types of indexing might be allocated to best advantage. 2389 18_METHOD UT=000225799300003 764.944 52 10909 The assumption is that computer-related attitudes and self-efficacy impact IT adoption and success in computer use. 2548 18_METHOD UT=000247578600003 289.111 35 10885 ) for 12 selected queries. 2010 18_METHOD UT=000231426600005 1008.38 68 10522 As a key component of KM initiatives, electronic knowledge repositories ( EKRs) are deployed by organizations to store codified knowledge for future reuse. 1910 18_METHOD UT=000169354400004 859.501 64 10268 The mean value of consistency calculated on the basis of words was 65 %; this however depended on the article length. 2718 18_METHOD UT=000082124000007 1101.55 63 10157 Multidimensional scaling ( MDS) and clustering techniques ( CT) were used to create the two-dimensional maps to display the dynamic intellectual structure of IR, based on scholars citing their work over these two time periods. 1847 18_METHOD UT=A1996VJ87000008 587.671 39 10044 Problems with this construct are highlighted and the social psychology literature is used to clarify these problems. 2849 18_METHOD UT=000085526300004 601.482 48 9221 Effective alternatives may be found in methods associated with ethnographic field observation. 2428 18_METHOD UT=000166468700006 588.951 54 8878 The proposal to replace informed peer review by citation analysis is regarded as highly unrealistic. 2969 18_METHOD UT=000084513300001 676.352 41 8575 By using default independence assumptions with explicit specification of disjoint events, the inference process always yields point probabilities. 2567 18_METHOD UT=000088397400002 459.328 35 8540 EDUCATE 'spawned ' a number of other projects. 1935 18_METHOD UT=000085224800003 499.84 50 8507 We also perform a citation analysis on some of the top publications distributed by LTRS. 2361 18_METHOD UT=A1997WJ55500006 614.175 38 8393 Hierarchies of processes, linked together, provide a communication channel between each of the corresponding functions and layers in the hierarchies. 1859 18_METHOD UT=000088171500001 956.583 62 8304 Through a series of qualitative interviews, 19 different hyperlinking motivations, classified into the three motivational groups-scholarly, social, and technological-along the dimensional ranges of their properties, were identified. 2593 18_METHOD UT=000085048500004 611.6 46 8275 What influences introduced the concept of 'information ' into the library field in the middle of the twentieth century? 2458 18_METHOD UT=000241539500006 690.326 47 8241 Children 's perceptions of and affective experience in using the ICDL was gathered through group interviews. 2449 18_METHOD UT=000183131900005 319.265 32 7588 The students were asked to think aloud in the sessions. 2603 18_METHOD UT=000182507700006 319.265 32 7588 The students were asked to think aloud in the sessions. 2648 18_METHOD UT=000250741100006 775.718 43 7394 We discuss a set of hypotheses concerning the relationships among these dimensions as well as those between these dimensions and related behavioral aspects. 2347 18_METHOD UT=000170123900004 573.513 41 7388 This was done for905,970 sessions conducted with the University of California 's Melvyl online catalog. 2213 18_METHOD UT=000168426400004 591.693 35 7289 In the biomedical context, DonR. Swanson has generated several literature-based hypotheses that have been corroborated experimentally and clinically. 1975 18_METHOD UT=000170707500010 565 42 7140 However, human beings often prefer to locate images using words. 2294 18_METHOD UT=000084325300010 1177.36 60 7042 These low overhead indices ( whose most notorious exponent is Glimpse) are modified inverted files, where space is saved by making the lists of occurrences point to text blocks instead of exact word positions. 2801 18_METHOD UT=000089325100003 592.741 44 6963 Typical text classifiers learn from example texts that are manually categorized. 2262 18_METHOD UT=000181362200004 532.042 44 6908 Pre- and post-search interviews were conducted during each session. 2602 18_METHOD UT=000182507700006 532.042 44 6908 A pre- and post-search interview was conducted in both sessions. 2240 18_METHOD UT=000089368200003 882.193 49 6861 For example, a common form of aboutness, namely overlapping aboutness, implies precision degrading properties such as compositional monotonicity. 1880 18_METHOD UT=000167098100006 729.968 40 6785 People read the news for many reasons: to find out " what 's going on, " to be knowledgeable members of a community, and because the activity itself is pleasurable. 2696 18_METHOD UT=000165132100003 682.176 42 6738 " There are many successful data fusion experiments reported in in literature, but there are also cases in which it did not work well. 2448 18_METHOD UT=000183131900005 476.662 40 6587 A pre- and postsearch interview was conducted in both sessions. 2284 18_METHOD UT=000084265200005 539.048 29 6103 A significant feature of this work is the need to avoid overfitting of the training sample. 1953 18_METHOD UT=000086651400007 690.885 40 6024 Twenty-two seventh-grade science children from a middle school located in Knoxville, Tennessee participated in the project. 1927 18_METHOD UT=000168918800004 654.022 46 5965 We will call them Ordered Similarity measures,i. e,, measures of OS. 2763 18_METHOD UT=000086070400005 430.128 36 5890 A relatively high degree of accuracy was achieved by the supervised method. 2350 18_METHOD UT=000170123900004 380.729 31 5850 The values of the variables were computed for the sessions. 2194 18_METHOD UT=000206501000004 576.956 36 5830 Some empirical examples are given to indicate the theoretical and practical application of this work. 2601 18_METHOD UT=000182507700006 371.122 30 5790 Data were collected in several ways. 2230 18_METHOD UT=000246379600011 693.89 37 5788 Yet hearers need greater effort, often greater specificity, from speakers if their responses are to be highly relevant in their turn. 2856 18_METHOD UT=000246678500004 416.016 30 5617 However, the underlying mechanisms that govern the dynamics of information-seeking behavior are not well understood. 2435 18_METHOD UT=A1997XH70600004 524.891 36 5288 He has called these implicit links among published literatures undiscovered public knowledge. 2396 18_METHOD UT=000086070400008 413.906 26 4766 Part II outlines the prototype of the tool. 2636 18_METHOD UT=000085224800005 789.313 36 4635 Four noun phrase generation tools were evaluated as to their ability to isolate noun phrases from medical journal abstracts. 2560 18_METHOD UT=000080331300001 623.659 38 4350 Each measure on each set is scaled using SAS MDS under ordinal, interval, and MLE assumptions. 2457 18_METHOD UT=000241539500006 453.964 32 4319 Children 's success was assessed based on a measure the researchers developed. 2673 18_METHOD UT=000086070400009 512.186 32 3932 It goes on to discuss the different labels for the discipline, its institutional affiliations and some technology driven paradigms. 2011 18_METHOD UT=000231426600005 494.43 24 3925 Although EKRs have been used for some time, there is a lack of understanding of what motivate employees ' usage of an EKR. 2899 18_METHOD UT=000232442000008 426.688 29 3907 After the observations, an interview guide was used to ask targeted questions. 1943 18_METHOD UT=000086838600008 529.112 25 3827 The observed strategies of expert summarizers have given rise to cooperating object-oriented agents communicating through dedicated blackboards. 1968 18_METHOD UT=000088171500003 266.039 16 3669 These twenty interactions included some9,858 utterances and1,439 foci. 2041 18_METHOD UT=000085990100003 567.538 30 3639 Two matching strategies were explored in the first experiment: the capitalization match, and the compensatory match. 2293 18_METHOD UT=000084325300010 638.35 32 3563 In recent years some indexing schemes with very low space overhead have appeared, some of them dealing with approximate searching. 2836 18_METHOD UT=000088171500002 520.042 27 3446 The evolving project drew on dialogues with multiple household members elicited in group conversations. 2594 18_METHOD UT=000085048500004 556.349 27 3201 What kind of theoretical orientations have dominated the held, and how are these orientations linked to epistemological assumptions? 2096 18_METHOD UT=000084265200002 464.646 26 3076 The emphasis on individual experiments evaluated in a common setting has proven to be very successful. 2957 18_METHOD UT=000165132100006 225.804 15 2796 Overall performance was poor. 2967 18_METHOD UT=000084513300001 353.927 16 2768 Therefore, probabilistic weights may be attached to both facts and rules. 2292 18_METHOD UT=000084325300010 290.986 19 2703 This is called " approximate text searching, " which is becoming more and more popular. 1839 18_METHOD UT=000246379600008 395.178 21 2362 A new kind of visualization, the pennant diagram, illustrates these claims. 2968 18_METHOD UT=000084513300001 550.036 22 2181 The underlying semantics extends the well-founded semantics of modularly stratified Datalog to a possible worlds semantics. 2360 18_METHOD UT=A1997WJ55500006 359.221 16 2038 This discipline independent definition may be applied to all domains, from physics to epistemology. 2320 18_METHOD UT=A1997WP65300004 296.644 15 1990 Its quality is maintained in the ''peer review cycle ' '. 1881 18_METHOD UT=000167098100006 237.889 14 1733 Given this, we ask the question, " How much filtering is acceptable to readers? 2366 18_METHOD UT=000165569100008 689.951 26 1559 The greatest concentration of E-RRI was found in molecular biology ( QP=123), general natural history and biology ( QH=84), and medicine ( R=74). 2055 18_METHOD UT=000171861400002 296.223 13 1308 A range of window sizes was tried. 2604 18_METHOD UT=000182507700006 99.8959 6 1102 This was recorded as were the transaction logs. 2637 18_METHOD UT=000085224800005 293.807 11 667 Tests were conducted using the National Cancer Institute 's CANCERLIT database. 1983 18_METHOD UT=000088865500002 53.6435 2 161 fedstats. 2561 18_METHOD UT=000080331300001 68.9635 2 4 The resulting 75 permutations are ploted. 2616 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500005 3241.37 564 160941 A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval ( IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index ( SCI) and Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library gi Information Science area. 2067 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168323400003 1084.66 486 143576 The increasing flood of documentary information through the Internet and other information sources challenges the developers of information retrieval systems. 2110 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087094200002 1214.25 470 136722 This research investigated the role of a public interest group, Canada 's Coalition for Public Information, in the federal information policymaking process for the information highway. 2408 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000243809100005 1041.36 457 135277 Purpose - This paper seeks to understand how users know when to stop searching for more information when the information space is so saturated that there is no certainty that the relevant information has been identified. 2062 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100004 1003.02 453 133685 This study investigated the information environment, including the information seeking and information needs, of low-income largely African American households at the Parks at Wynnewood in Dallas, Texas. 2928 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800006 1419.14 476 129400 This article considers the concept of task in the context of information studies in order to provide a definitional clarity for task-based information seeking and retrieval studies. 2564 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088397400002 1005.53 431 128527 This paper introduces the concept of information literacy and describes the impact of information technology on information literacy. 2100 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600004 1266.33 383 114310 Intelligent Information Retrieval is concerned with the application of intelligent techniques, like for example semantic networks, neural networks and inference nets to Information Retrieval. 2871 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000245605100016 1057.34 400 113364 Exactly how the information seeker judges the relevance of what is retrieved has been a renewed area of interest in information retrieval studies. 2250 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100004 1807.5 409 112491 User problems with large information spaces multiply in complexity when we enter the digital domain, Virtual information environments can offer 3D representations, reconfigurations, and access to large databases that may overwhelm many users ' abilities to filter and represent. 2185 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000078430100001 1254.03 381 111202 This paper is an interim report on our efforts at NIST to construct an information discovery tool through the fusion of hypertext and information retrieval ( IR) technologies. 2571 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000082700500018 1421.5 393 110823 Similarities are explored between research approaches characterizing different paradigms in information science on the one hand, and different information processing styles of individual researchers on the other. 2190 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000206501000004 1755.13 401 107509 Purpose - The purpose of this paper concerns the dimensions of relevance in information retrieval systems and their completeness in new retrieval contexts such as mobile search. 2077 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100016 972.342 363 105356 Relevance is a, if not even the, key notion in information science in general and information retrieval in particular. 1916 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087652000007 1925.03 407 103836 Research has demonstrated that people engage in multiple types of information-seeking strategies when using information retrieval ( IR) systems; unfortunately, current IR systems are designed to support only one type of information-seeking strategy: specifying queries. 2877 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400003 1401.4 366 102890 This article presents the semantic information theory, formulated by the philosopher FredI. Dretske, as a contribution to the discussion of metatheories and their practical implications in the field of library and information science. 2030 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500003 826.407 370 102495 This study investigated the use of search history information in legal information seeking. 2612 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 1670.59 384 99395 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 2682 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800005 921.409 348 98642 Purpose - To explore information behavior from a psychological perspective by relating information seeking to personality traits and study approaches. 2024 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100009 1124.04 344 97053 Searching for information on the World Wide Web ( WWW) basically comes down to locating an appropriate Web site and to retrieving relevant information from that site. 2731 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000254813200002 872.635 327 95569 In this paper we investigate how information surrogates might be useful in exploratory search and what information it is useful for a surrogate to contain. 2167 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200007 1668.96 354 93392 This paper presents an evaluation of the effects of search topic characteristics on cognitive and physical search moves within the interface of a thesaurus-enhanced information retrieval environment. 2922 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000181878400006 1009.92 326 92944 This article examines the information needs, information-seeking behavior, and the impact of information use on artisan fisher folk and extension agents at three major lakes in Uganda. 2927 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800006 1011.76 315 90138 Today information-intensive work tasks in professional settings involve highly dynamic information utilization in which information seeking and searching tasks are taking a more central role. 2623 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 1572.48 357 88729 Little research has examined how people search for non-textual information on the Internet, and few large-scale studies has investigated visual information-seeking behavior with general-purpose Web search engines. 2694 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100003 1207.93 325 88459 Effective automation of the information retrieval task has long been an active area of research, leading to sophisticated retrieval models. 2414 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200007 640.557 302 87599 For example, a user switches between seeking new kitchen information and medical information. 2258 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 682.879 306 87083 The assessment of relevance is based on both retrieved bibliographical information and the documents acquired and read on the basis of this information. 2116 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 1629.71 329 86749 The pager aims to explore the concepts of interaction and interactivity presented in different theoretical models in the fields of human-computer interaction ( HCI) and information-seeking/ searching behaviour, and to relate these to information retrieval ( IR) research. 2746 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200004 745.191 292 85842 Advances in information technology have dramatically changed information seeking, and necessitate an examination of traditional conceptions of library collection. 2952 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 1316.12 320 85258 An empirical investigation of information retrieval ( IR) using the MEDLINE1 database was carried out to study user behaviour, performance and to investigate the reasons for suboptimal searches. 2303 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 1381.25 317 84215 Visualization in information retrieval ( IR) is a rapidly emerging area in which human-computer interaction ( HCl) is adapted to the design of interfaces for IR systems. 2894 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085048500002 1521.14 319 83997 The paper analyses the development of LIS research in Denmark since 1985, when research became one of the main activities of the Royal School of Library and Information Science ( RSLIS) along with education and continuing education. 2861 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400008 1261.43 323 83238 This paper describes ethnomethodologically informed ethnography ( EM) as a methodology for information science research, illustrating the approach with the results of a study in a university library. 2394 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400008 1857.18 333 83041 The present article is part III in a series of articles describing the development of a front-end software tool to be used by undergraduates accessing information from an electronic database for a social science/ humanities term paper or research essay. 2965 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300001 877.616 277 79402 In the logical approach to information retrieval ( IR), retrieval is considered as uncertain inference. 2710 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500003 1479.88 296 78021 Based on articles published in 1990-2004 in 21 library and information science ( LIS) journals, a set of cocitation analyses was performed to study changes in research fronts over the last 15 years, where LIS is at now, and to discuss where it is heading. 2793 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500005 1068.58 282 77593 There is a well-known gap between systems-oriented information retrieval ( IR) and user-oriented IR, which cognitive IR seeks to bridge. 2217 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800006 1526.35 293 76594 Purpose - To present the latest results of research conducted at University College London as part of the Virtual Scholar Research Programme, investigating the impact of the digital roll-out of information services to academics and researchers. 1865 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167804000004 1567.97 277 75681 While researchers have explored the value of structured thesauri as controlled vocabularies for general information retrieval ( IR) activities, they have not identified the optimal query expansion ( QE) processing methods for taking advantage of the semantic encoding underlying the terminology in these tools. 2622 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 854.879 271 74627 The vast majority of these studies have concentrated on the area of textual information retrieval ( IR). 2777 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100007 867.817 272 73506 The dichotomous bipolar approach to relevance has produced an abundance of information retrieval IIR) research. 2897 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000232442000008 1341.56 284 71940 Purpose-This exploratory study sets out to describe the ways in which end-users exchanged information between the web and a web online catalog, how they searched one device based on what they knew about the other, and their experiences in navigating between the two devices. 2029 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500003 1279.29 284 71785 Recording search histories, presenting them to the searcher, and building additional interface tools on them offer many opportunities for supporting user tasks in information seeking and use. 2403 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085804400003 1246.92 281 71631 As libraries and information services address the needs of users in an increasingly networked environment, there is a need for theoretical models to underpin research, development and practice. 2486 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400003 2131.78 281 71039 This project applied Jorgensen 's three image retrieval tasks ( 1995) and Enser 's four models of image retrieval ( 1995) to investigate end-users ' image retrieval tasks and image query modes in the field of art history. 2580 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467500004 2630.41 315 70911 Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine how different aspects of an assessor 's context, in particular their knowledge of a search topic, their interest in the search topic and their confidence in assessing relevance for a topic, affect the relevance judgements made and the assessor 's ability to predict which documents they will assess as being relevant. 2479 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100002 1594.42 269 70796 There is a renewed interest in individual differences due to the advances in virtual environments, especially through far-reaching technologies such as information visualization and 3D graphical user interfaces on the World Wide Web. 2218 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800006 1154.31 268 70499 This is the second study to look at the information seeking behaviour of academics and researchers in regard to digital journal libraries, and concentrates on the users and usage of Blackwell Synergy. 2806 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200008 1644.83 268 70321 Natural language processing ( NLP) techniques may hold a: tremendous potential for overcoming the inadequacies of purely quantitative methods of text information retrieval, but the empirical evidence to support such predictions has thus far been inadequate and appropriate scale evaluations have been slow to emerge. 2677 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400002 985.886 256 70123 This paper proposes a method to improve the performance of information retrieval systems by expanding queries using heterogeneous thesauri. 2225 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600011 1756.69 277 69867 When bibliometric data are converted to term frequency ( tf) and inverse document frequency ( idf) values, plotted as pennant diagrams, and interpreted according to Sperber and Wilson 's relevance theory ( RT), the results evoke major variables of information science ( IS). 2597 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700006 1832.9 322 69643 The study analyses how students ' growing understanding of the topic and search experience were related to their choice of search tactics and terms while preparing a research proposal for a small empirical study. 2974 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200015 1028.85 246 68862 In order to design information retrieval ( IR) learning environments and instruction, it is important to explore learning outcomes of different pedagogical solutions. 2236 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200003 865.144 254 68725 Information retrieval ( IR) is driven by a process that decides whether a document is about a query. 2052 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000171861400002 1572.85 281 68403 This study investigated whether document retrieval can be improved if documents are divided into smaller sub-documents or passages and the retrieval score for these passages are incorporated in the final retrieval score for the whole document. 2683 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800005 1616.57 268 68183 Design/ methodology/ approach - The research design was quantitative and consisted of statistical analysis of three questionnaires,i.e. the NEO Five-Factor Inventory measuring personality, the ASSIST test measuring approaches to studying, and a questionnaire regarding information behavior. 2635 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 897.625 248 68153 The goal of this research is to determine whether noun phrasing could be a viable technique to include in medical information retrieval applications. 2936 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167804000002 998.214 255 68138 A linguistic model for an Information Retrieval System ( IRS) defined using an ordinal fuzzy linguistic approach is proposed. 2464 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000185427800007 2562.6 301 67888 In this article and two other articles which conceptualize a future stage of the research program ( Leide, Cole, Large, & Beheshti, submitted for publication; Cole, Leide, Large, Beheshti, & Brooks, in preparation), we map-out a domain novice user 's encounter with an IR system from beginning to end so that appropriate classification-based visualization schemes can be inserted into the encounter process. 2445 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000183131900005 1203.79 265 67541 This article focuses on analysing students ' information needs in terms of conceptual understanding of the topic they propose to study and its consequences for the search process and outcome. 1952 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400007 818.33 253 66999 search engine to find information on a specific search task. 1869 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400005 1114.34 263 66882 In exosomatic memory systems, the information spaces of systems will be consistent with the cognitive spaces of their human users. 2039 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100003 869.787 260 66811 Individual differences between users of information systems can influence search performance. 1887 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000185297700004 910.996 237 66584 To design information retrieval ( IR) learning environments and instruction, it is important to explore learners ' conceptions of the domain to be examined. 2364 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100008 1708.78 254 66118 Five-hundred twenty-seven full bibliographic records containing URLs were downloaded from SCISEARCH as part of an exploration of the extent of Web publication of electronic research-related information ( E-RRI) in the sciences and classified as to resource type, subject area, and degree of intellectual property protection. 2182 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900008 1557.79 255 65698 Theories of aboutness and theories of subject analysis and of related concepts such as topicality are often isolated from each other in the literature of information science ( IS) and related disciplines. 2725 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200001 1455.15 252 64881 The children discuss the quantity and quality of textual and image information on the Web versus traditional print sources, and the reasons why they made very little use of any moving images and sound clips on the Web. 1851 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379400005 1695.84 260 64621 Google News and other newsbots have automated the process of news selection, providing Internet users with a virtually limitless array of news and public information dynamically culled from thousands of news organizations all over the world. 2311 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200007 1330.44 248 64355 The authors present a study of the real-life information needs of 59 McGill University undergraduates researching essay topics for either a history or psychology course, interviewed just after they had selected their essay topic. 2716 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000082124000007 999.662 222 62820 Author co-citation analysis ( ACA) has been used to explore changes in the intellectual base of the information retrieval ( LR) held over two consecutive time periods: 1987-1991 and 1992-1997. 1894 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100008 687.279 222 62494 This article is concerned with the problem of representing moving images for information retrieval. 2472 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167097900009 985.869 230 61141 We report on our findings regarding authors ' use of theory in1,160 articles that appeared in six information science ( IS) journals from 1993-1998. 2671 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400009 994.876 214 60097 This paper presents different facets or aspects of Library and Information Science ( LIS) from a theoretical and philosophical perspective. 2827 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000174725100006 1594.36 274 58799 This study explores a user-centered approach to the evaluation of the Web search engine Inquirus - a Web meta-search tool developed by researchers from the NEC Research Institute. 2826 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000174725100006 1640.37 277 58434 A growing body of studies is developing approaches to evaluating human interaction with Web search engines, including the usability and effectiveness of Web search tools. 1988 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250064500002 808.269 212 58042 This study focuses on the ways in which people define their source preferences in the context of seeking orienting information for nonwork purposes. 2885 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 1835.04 263 57734 This gaper studies the influence of question-related variables ( closed/ open and predictable/ unpredictable source) on Web users ' choices of search strategy ( direct address, subject directory, and search engine) in the initial stage of a search. 1836 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600008 758.061 199 57487 The tf*idf formula from information retrieval is used to operationalize this ratio for any item co-occurring with a user-supplied seed term in bibliometric distributions. 2724 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200001 944.992 220 57181 This article presents and discusses interviews with 50 grade-6 primary school students about their experience of using the Web to find information for a class project. 2237 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200003 668.728 197 56561 Recent attempts spawned from a logic-based information retrieval theory have formalized properties characterizing " aboutness, " but no consensus has yet been reached. 2094 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200002 1754.77 242 56129 The Text REtrieval Conference is a workshop series designed to encourage research on text retrieval for realistic applications by providing large test collections, uniform scoring procedures and a forum for organizations interested in comparing results. 2136 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VV63300007 2895.61 265 55919 This study is conducted to infer the intellectual structure of the decision support systems ( DSS) field by means of an empirical assessment of the DSS literature over the period 1971 through1990. Three multivariate data analysis tools ( factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis) are applied to an author cocitation frequency matrix derived from a large database file of comprehensive DSS literature over the same period. 2704 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300004 567.363 198 55542 Research in information science now regards users'relevance judgment as subjective perception. 2778 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100007 1606.39 266 55171 However, relevance studies that include consideration of users ' partial relevance judgments are moving to a greater relevance clarity and congruity to impact the design of more effective IR systems. 2413 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200007 885.153 204 54834 Purpose - During multitasking, humans handle multiple tasks through task switching or engage in multitasking information behaviors. 2634 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 1357.75 208 54801 In an effort to assist medical researchers and professionals in accessing information necessary for their work, the A1 Lab at the University of Arizona is investigating the use of a natural language processing ( NLP) technique called noun phrasing. 2592 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085048500004 902.565 200 54784 This paper investigates the problem of the labelling of the library, documentation and information field with particular emphasis on the terms 'information ' and 'document '. 2820 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000225799300009 629.693 198 54491 Search engines are very popular tools for collecting information from distributed resources. 2385 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000225799300003 746.925 199 54110 In this article a social constructionist approach to information technology ( IT) literacy is introduced. 2018 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167208800007 1636.24 242 52885 Text retrieval systems store a great variety of documents, from abstracts, newspaper articles, and Web pages to journal articles, books, court transcripts, and legislation. 1868 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400005 561.949 195 52833 This article works towards realization of exosomatic memory for information systems. 2247 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100003 924.229 191 52561 We explore the relationship between creativity and both chronological and professional age in information science using a novel bibliometric approach that allows us to capture the shape of a scholar 's career. 2499 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 694.984 195 52019 This study, conducted in 1997, aimed to explore in depth the views and experiences of women with breast cancer concerning disease-related mass media information. 2227 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600011 787.794 192 51854 While such concerns figure automatically in dialogues between people, they become problematic when people create or use or judge literature-based information systems. 2655 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 620.178 181 49582 This information is then used to study the evolution of the system, for instance to gauge the results of special national or international programs. 2785 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500007 1478.6 230 48521 Previous studies have examined various aspects of user behavior on the Web, including general information-seeking patterns, search engine use, and revisitation habits. 2870 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000245605100016 623.577 177 48408 The process of information seeking involves a varied set of tasks and interactions. 2191 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000206501000004 557.318 173 48152 Geography as a factor in relevance is little understood and information seeking is assumed to take place in indoor environments. 1933 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800003 646.085 166 47745 We attempt to assess the publication impact of a digital library ( DL) of aerospace scientific and technical information ( STI). 1844 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VJ87000008 477.127 169 46783 Information systems ( IS) effectiveness is a complex variable. 2333 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246869800014 496.621 166 46575 Engineers face a wide range of gaps when trying to identify, acquire, and utilize information from the Web. 2369 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000258807800001 783.117 169 46384 Effective knowledge management in a knowledge-intensive environment can place heavy demands on the information filtering ( IF) strategies used to model workers ' long-term task-needs. 2546 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600003 1084.12 215 46069 In this study, we investigate the similarities and differences between rankings of search results by users and search engines. 2359 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WJ55500006 589.398 164 45593 Information may be defined as the characteristics of the output of a process, these being informative about the process and the input. 2751 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700001 726.673 163 45483 The authors identify some key definitions of 'information literacy ' and initiatives concerned with imparting information literacy skills. 2752 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700001 505.024 158 44899 They identify Limitations in taking an approach to information literacy which assumes that it can be boiled down to a list of skills. 2326 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 1392.49 202 44182 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 2565 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088397400002 662.988 153 43271 The European Union funded EDUCATE project addressed the subject-related aspects of information literacy for scientists and engineers. 2646 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100006 1450.05 210 42910 Although the body of literature pertaining to the study of micro, context-specific behavior on the Web is growing, there lacks a global, macro analysis as to the behavioral dimensions of Web users ' online activities. 2878 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400003 451.578 153 42637 Dretske 's theory is described in Knowledge and the flow of information [ 1]. 2226 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600011 2733.76 213 41662 These include topicality, in the sense of intercohesion and intercoherence among texts; cognitive effects of texts in response to people 's questions; people 's levels of expertise as a precondition for cognitive effects; processing effort as textual or other messages are received; specificity of terms as it affects processing effort; relevance, defined in RT as the effects/ effort ratio; and authority of texts and their authors. 2456 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500006 348.933 137 40676 Children 's information seeking activities was captured by using HyperCam software. 2085 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000008 1384.37 181 39905 The results from a series of three experiments that used Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC) data and TREC search topics are compared. 2159 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800004 326.775 133 39566 Engineers get most of their information from colleagues and internal reports. 2168 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200007 1436.73 172 39092 Topic characteristics examined here are topic complexity, topic familiarity, search type and prior topic search experience. 2343 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900004 1272.67 177 37915 In this paper, a simple operational definition of relevance is proposed for a Web-based library catalog: whether or not during a search session the user saves, prints, mails, or downloads a citation. 2446 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000183131900005 992.622 178 37329 The research subjects were 22 undergraduates of psychology attending a seminar for preparing a research proposal for a small empirical study. 2581 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467500004 1071.15 162 35990 Design/ methodology/ approach - The study was conducted as part of the Text REtrieval Conference ( TREC) HARD track. 2953 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 1367.97 179 35789 The experimental subjects were drawn from two groups of final year medical students who differed in their knowledge of the search system (i.e., novice and expert users). 2382 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000007 1341.84 171 35291 This study investigates end-users ' image queries by comparing the features of the queries to those identified in previous studies by Enser and McGregor ( 1992), Jorgensen ( 1995), and Fidel ( 1997), Twenty-nine college students majoring in art history were recruited. 2547 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600003 1349.57 171 34648 Sixty-seven students took part in a 3-week-long experiment, during which they were asked to identify and rank the top 10 documents from the set of URLs that were retrieved by three major search engines ( Google, MSN Search, and Yahoo! 2786 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500007 926.431 157 33578 Little research has been conducted to study how users navigate and interact with their Web browser across different information-seeking tasks. 2455 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000241539500006 1190.6 155 32880 This paper reports the results of a study that investigated Arabic-speaking children 's interaction with the International Children 's Digital Library ( ICDL) to find Arabic books on four tasks. 2769 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000187036300003 1169.65 160 32785 This study analyzed observations and interviews of 31 participants, who were divided into six age groups, to understand the influence of end-user goals and experience on Internet search approaches. 2117 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 1166.2 156 32703 It is suggested that interaction in HCI is primarily concerned with establishing a user/ system dialogue at the user interface and does not address the interactive characteristics of IR operational tasks. 2539 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700004 1319.63 171 32461 This article proposes that concepts of knowledge organization relating to relevance, precision, recall, coextensiveness, exhaustivity, specificity, and consistency offer a ready-made model that can be applied to research data. 1965 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500003 768.453 148 32212 Results indicate that users and search intermediaries work toward search goats in nonlinear fashion. 2174 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000248247400008 1069.31 157 31884 Prior research on Web animation typically focuses on banner ads, where the findings suggest that users are capable of ignoring the animation when performing online tasks. 2654 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 1083.09 150 31712 One aim of science evaluation studies is to determine quantitatively the contribution of different players ( authors, departments, countries) to the whole system. 1862 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700006 1747.32 150 29783 This article argues that professional discourses tend to align themselves with dominant ideological and social forces by means of language, In twentieth century modernity, the use of the trope of " science " and related terms in professional theory is a common linguistic device through which professions attempt social self-advancement. 2532 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200008 1175.28 160 29714 A laboratory experiment and a naturalistic study were conducted to explore the patterns of movement in use of relevance criteria during real-time document evaluation processes. 2695 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100003 1305.1 138 29364 With many IR schemes available, researchers have begun to investigate the benefits of combining the results of different IR schemes to improve performance, in the process called " data fusion. 2256 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 1113.38 147 29062 The objective of this study is to analyse how changes in relevance criteria are related to changes in problem stages during the task performance process. 2525 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000184172700001 1147.6 140 28995 This article introduces the concept of relevance as viewed and applied in the context of IR evaluation, by presenting an overview of the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the concept. 2621 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800007 745.716 137 28932 A growing body of research is beginning to explore the information-seeking behavior of Web users. 2047 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000231994000009 888.427 134 28812 Purpose - This study aims to investigate how participants have interacted during the execution of Online Public Access Catalogue ( OPAC searches, and whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied or confused. 1951 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400007 907.36 138 28689 This study reports on the first part of a research project that investigated children 's cognitive, affective, and physical behaviors as they use the Yahooligans! 2139 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000254813200006 932.132 135 28494 The evaluation of exploratory search relies on the ongoing paradigm shift from focusing on the search algorithm to focusing on the interactive process. 1888 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000185297700004 924.473 127 27808 This article addresses the issue by investigating students ' conceptions of IR know-how and its implications for designing learning environments for IR. 2259 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 893.883 140 27453 The participants of the study were eleven students who attended a course for one term for preparing a research proposal for the master 's thesis. 2124 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 1048.57 132 26048 A user-centered investigation of interactive query expansion within the context of a relevance feedback system is presented in this article. 1989 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250064500002 724.277 128 25671 The conceptual framework of the study combines ideas drawn from social phenomenology and information-seeking studies. 2280 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200005 1408.19 144 25435 The Okapi system has been used in a series of experiments on the TREC collections, investigating probabilistic models, relevance feedback and query expansion, and interaction issues. 2140 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000254813200006 1133.01 127 24938 This paper proposes a model-driven formative evaluation approach, in which the goal is not the evaluation of a specific system, per se, but the exploration of new design possibilities. 1979 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 786.764 119 24934 portant area of research as Web sites proliferate and problems with use are noted. 2848 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300004 1125.21 123 24666 Methods commonly used in public library research such as interviews and questionnaires are not suitable for use with young children whose oral and written language skills are not well developed. 2741 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400002 850.163 119 24661 We analyzed transaction logs containing51,473 queries posed by18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. 2175 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000248247400008 1058.48 119 23593 Research on non-banner-ads animation (e.g., animation applied to the main content of an e-commerce Web site), however, is relatively scarce with inconclusive results. 2800 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089325100003 1074.07 123 22985 Automatic text categorization is an important research area and has a potential for many text-based applications including text routing and filtering. 2574 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000226448300005 1014.61 108 22835 The availability of full-text journal articles online affects patrons ' use of the library 's print journal collection. 2378 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100005 1044.34 114 22110 A major problem in using current best-match methods in a filtering task is that of setting appropriate thresholds, which are required in order to force a binary decision on notifying a user of a document. 1857 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500001 690.751 106 22088 The primary purpose of the study was to identify motivations for hyperlinking in scholarly electronic articles. 2598 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700006 630.804 102 21522 In addition to that, the findings of the study are used to test Vakkari 's ( 2001) theory of task-based IR. 2272 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000009 827.947 94 21078 Df employed the adaptive linear model for retrieval, while pf used weighted query expansion based on positive and negative feedback. 1907 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400004 1441.64 121 20902 News articles on the same news events were taken from three Finnish newspapers and compared in regard to their central concepts and words representing the concepts in the news texts. 1835 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379600008 1093.78 109 20735 In Sperber and Wilson 's relevance theory ( RT), the ratio Cognitive Effects/ Processing Effort defines the relevance of a communication. 2665 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500008 909.526 103 20438 The advent of the heterogeneous digital library provides the opportunity and establishes the need for the design of new user interfaces. 1974 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170707500010 712.025 86 20353 The use of primitive content features of images for classification and retrieval has matured over the past decade. 1960 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089042400005 932.989 94 20151 Understanding user behavior with electronic services is now a major concern of journal publishers, librarians, and others. 2736 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000247078400002 997.881 108 20115 We describe a procedure for quantitative evaluation of interactive question-answering systems and illustrate it with application to the High-Quality Interactive Question-Answering ( HITIQA) system. 2068 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168323400003 706.463 98 20069 It is not enough that an IR system is able to make a distinction between relevant and non-relevant documents. 2439 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400011 1003.68 98 20031 Among BelverC. Griffith 's many contributions to disciplinary communication is the idea that science and scholarship at large constitute a social system to be investigated empirically. 2865 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400002 597.209 96 19993 This study explored higher-order thinking processes in undergraduates using a virtual library. 1997 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500006 843.348 99 19986 Queries submitted to the Excite search engine were analyzed for subject content based on the cooccurrence of terms within multiterm queries. 2794 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500005 708.728 105 19979 It is therefore interesting to analyze approaches at the level of frameworks, models, and study designs. 2424 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 821.059 98 19884 These include citation analyses and a review of the public reception of the RAE 1996, which included a brief critique of the citation studies. 2271 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000009 840.915 108 19801 We compare a user-defined passage feedback ( pf) system to a document feedback ( df) system. 2717 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000082124000007 483.177 87 19648 Thirty-nine highly cited IR researchers were selected as the research sample. 2040 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100003 688.863 99 18991 In user-centered design it is important to match users with system configurations that will optimize their performance. 2946 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167255500004 583.665 73 18523 Structured thesauri encode equivalent, hierarchical, and associative relationships and have been developed as indexing/ retrieval tools. 2200 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 605.691 89 18509 Proliferating Web-user interface studies prompt a need for theoretical approaches. 2517 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800005 1338.73 114 18486 In this two-part essay, a computer scientist and long-time TREC participant ( Perez-Carballo) and a practitioner and teacher of human cataloging and indexing ( Anderson) pursue this question by reviewing the opinions and research of leading experts on both sides of this divide. 2907 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800004 1338.73 114 18486 In this two-part essay, a computer scientist and long-time TREC participant ( Perez-Carballo) and a practitioner and teacher of human cataloging and indexing ( Anderson) pursue this question by reviewing the opinions and research of leading experts on both sides of this divide. 2101 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600004 893.926 96 18468 This field of research has seen a number of applications of Constrained Spreading Activation ( CSA) techniques on domain knowledge networks. 2811 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000232617500002 953.714 103 18456 The Web provides a massive knowledge source, as do intranets and other electronic document collections. 2160 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800004 642.59 94 18359 This study investigates how engineers ' information-seeking practices intertwine looking for informing documents with looking for informed people. 2954 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100006 632.885 89 18284 The subjects carried out four search tasks and their recall and precision performance was recorded. 1964 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500003 799.279 88 18175 The author presents the results of additional analyses of shifts of focus in IR interaction. 2304 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 666.582 87 18155 There are numerous proposals for the development of new visual IR systems. 2531 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200008 800.687 88 18082 This paper provides an overview of empirical investigations of people 's use of relevance criteria. 2538 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000183605700004 651.845 88 17943 Organizing research data for effective analysis has been insufficiently addressed in the methodological literature. 2511 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000005 430.379 83 17616 Research on Web searching is at an incipient stage. 2600 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700006 606.288 83 17534 They made a search for their task in PsychINFO database at the beginning and end of the seminar. 2316 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WP65300004 732.362 71 16936 Hardly anyone will dispute that the creation of the Science Citation Index has made an important difference to science. 2281 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200005 831.385 94 16909 The TREC-6 ad hoc task was used to test an application of a new relevance weighting formula, which takes account of documents judged nonrelevant. 2642 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800008 713.82 85 16756 How users meet infrastructure is a key practical, methodological challenge for digital library design. 2201 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 588.096 91 16655 This study presents a two-factor model that can guide Website design and evaluation. 2898 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000232442000008 745.915 88 16623 Design/ methodology/ approach-Thirty-one participants were observed searching the web or a web online catalog. 2835 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500002 637.418 84 16429 The authors describe a study of the social dynamics of new media in Scottish households. 2841 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900003 745.994 85 15978 Our findings are intended as a guide to the virus literature to support further studies that might then lead to appropriate defense and public health measures. 2487 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400003 526.074 78 15464 Twenty-six undergraduate students majoring in art history were recruited in this study. 2599 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000182507700006 571.609 79 15197 The research subjects were 22 students of psychology attending a seminar for preparing the proposal. 2291 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 649.123 78 15031 One of the best tools to make the search more flexible is to allow a limited number of differences between the words found and those sought. 2078 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100016 932.005 88 15018 This two-part critical review traces and synthesizes the scholarship on relevance over the past 30 years or so and provides an updated framework within which the still widely dissonant ideas and works about relevance might be interpreted and related. 1980 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500002 804.336 78 14960 Generally, aspects of Web sites that have been investigated focus on such areas as overall design and navigation. 2840 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900003 724.929 76 14823 Using novel informatics techniques to process the output of Medline searches, we have generated a list of viruses that may have the potential for development as weapons. 2478 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100002 567.298 72 14646 The practical significance of identifying and accommodating individual differences has been established across a number of fields of research. 2327 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 867.55 74 14420 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 2289 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 1080.7 86 14024 The issue of reducing the space overhead when indexing large text databases is becoming more and more important, as the text collections grow in size. 2125 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 419.907 65 14005 Data were collected from 25 searches using the INSPEC database. 2423 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 593.721 68 13961 The Research Assessment Exercises ( RAE) conducted in the UK have attracted various types of published response. 1902 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000227017500007 754.438 76 13931 Use of citations and Web links embedded in online teaching materials was studied for an undergraduate course. 2317 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WP65300004 400.942 60 13540 It is less clear, however, in what way the science system has been influenced. 2915 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300002 526.44 69 13462 This longitudinal study, carried out between November 1993 and 1998, investigated the reasons that adult learners in Iceland gave for wanting to learn about the Internet, and their attitudes to it. 2257 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362200004 372.413 67 13391 Relevance is understood as a task- and process-oriented user construct. 1906 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169354400004 786.925 70 12884 This article investigates how consistent different newspapers are in their choice of words when writing about the same news events. 2853 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500004 752.92 62 12815 Human information-seeking behavior is a topic of increasing interest in many disciplines. 2949 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WP65300003 738.05 63 12450 The paper discusses the often lamented lack of a theory of citations, and the lack of a sociological theory in particular. 2770 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000187036300003 472.197 59 11877 Users who lacked experience approached the Internet similarly no matter what the age group. 2434 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997XH70600004 673.085 63 11682 In a series of articles, Don Swanson explores the problem of associating two or more literatures that are logically, or substantively, related, but bibliographically noninteractive. 2758 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 497.747 65 11669 Document classifiers can play an intermediate role in multilevel filtering systems. 2559 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000080331300001 978.868 79 11393 Multiple similarity measures for five TREC topic-document sets from the LDC TREC Collection Disk 1 are derived from the full text of documents. 2086 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000008 520.999 60 11179 These experiments each involved three novel user interfaces tone per experiment). 2370 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000258807800001 658.795 64 11169 Because of the growing complexity of knowledge-intensive work tasks, a profiling technique is needed to deliver task-relevant documents to workers. 2149 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000006 961.175 77 10718 An important problem in the indexing of natural language text is how to identify those words and phrases that reflect the content of the text. 2886 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400004 522.161 59 10652 Subjects are 54 Finnish and American students with about2.5 yr of Web searching. 2937 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167804000002 636.127 56 10389 The ordinal fuzzy linguistic approach is presented, and its use for modeling the imprecision and subjectivity that appear in the user-IRS interaction is studied. 2126 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500003 643.291 61 10141 The data collection mechanisms included questionnaires, transaction logs, and relevance evaluations. 2344 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900004 321.523 46 10085 If one of those actions is performed, the session is considered relevant to the user. 2386 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000225799300003 711.583 55 9886 This approach contributes to the literature on IT literacy by introducing the concept of IT self as a description of the momentary, context-dependent, and multilayered nature of interpretations of IT competencies. 2656 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 497.675 50 9222 Taking articles as our basic data, we want to determine the exact relative contribution of each coauthor or each country. 2975 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200015 337.69 39 8481 Learning outcomes have seldom been evaluated in IR instruction. 2465 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000185427800007 399.009 43 8248 This article describes the visualization of a navigation classification scheme only. 2053 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000171861400002 630.006 58 8200 The documents were segmented by sliding a window of a certain size across the document and extracting the words displayed each time the window stopped. 1941 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 603.58 52 8173 The cognitive model operationalizes the discourse processing model developed by Kintsch and van Dijk. 2342 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900004 320.851 41 7970 Relevance has been a difficult concept to define, let alone measure. 2916 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000085526300002 789.394 49 7507 Data were collected through a short open-ended electronic mail survey delivered to participants in Internet training courses held in Iceland over a three-year period. 2003 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166428400004 214.313 34 7016 The aim of this article is threefold. 2684 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800005 533.57 42 6982 A total of 305 university students who were in the process of writing a Master 's thesis responded to the questionnaires. 2494 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000227957700006 578.906 40 6700 Nimble competitors competing in a dynamic global marketspace increasingly characterize the current environment faced by many organizations. 2290 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 636.394 46 6661 Another subject, which is gaining importance as text databases grow and get more heterogeneous and error prone, is that of flexible string matching. 2008 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000231426600005 581.103 44 6590 Knowledge is a critical resource that can help organizations to sustain strategic advantage in competitive environments. 1940 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 488.951 40 6507 It presents an empirically founded cognitive model of summarizing and demonstrates that human summarization strategies can be simulated. 2516 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800005 755.389 52 6382 Does human intellectual indexing have a continuing role to play in the face of increasingly sophisticated automatic indexing techniques? 2906 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800004 755.389 52 6382 Does human intellectual indexing have a continuing role to play in the face of increasingly sophisticated automatic indexing techniques? 2009 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000231426600005 657.497 48 6367 Organizations in Asia and elsewhere are turning to knowledge management ( KM) initiatives and technologies to leverage their knowledge resources. 2202 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100001 501.755 39 5909 According to the model, there are two types of Website design factors: hygiene and motivator. 1845 18_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VJ87000008 855.613 53 5878 The literature on organizational effectiveness suggests that it may nor be possible to find a precise measure of IS effectiveness and the criteria for effectiveness may vary from organization to organization. 1922 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168918800004 411.697 38 5618 Indices of similarity are used to quantify the difference between two sets of documents. 2812 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000232617500002 432.562 33 5273 However, much of that knowledge is encoded implicitly and cannot be applied directly without processing into some more appropriate structures. 2395 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400008 358.39 28 5148 Part I describes the theoretical framework for the tool. 2425 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 177.892 21 5061 This paper develops the critique. 2966 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300001 630.299 40 5039 Whereas classical in models are based on propositional logic, we combine Datalog ( function-free Horn clause predicate logic) with probability theory. 2501 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 336.801 26 4658 The discussions were audiotaped and transcribed in full and the transcripts were analysed using theme analysis. 1876 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100006 560.169 33 4598 Most on-line news sources are electronic versions of " ink-on-paper " newspapers. 2345 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900004 289.34 24 4326 An analysis is presented illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of this definition. 2154 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000232107900002 425.6 23 3910 Scholars in many disciplines have considered the antecedents and consequences of various forms of trust. 1924 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168918800004 276.454 22 3667 Indeed, they are calculated from the results of the intersections or unions of the compared sets. 2760 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 169.674 18 3611 The analysis was conducted in two phases. 2759 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 431.73 26 3512 The effectiveness of a classifier that uses supervised learning was analyzed in terms of its accuracy and ultimately its influence on filtering. 2212 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400004 317.299 25 3432 Literature-based discovery has resulted in new knowledge. 2556 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000220290800008 476.209 21 2699 The twentieth century saw the progressive collectivization of science-dramatic growth in teamwork in general and large-scale collaboration in particular. 2854 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500004 192.233 15 2503 However, the dynamics of this behavior remain elusive. 2334 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000246869800014 266.388 15 2207 To be able to avoid creating such gaps, it is essential to understand them in detail. 2500 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100001 433.153 20 2191 Three age-stratified, unstructured focus group discussions were convened with thirty women with breast cancer ( n = 11, 12 and 7). 1877 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100006 437.131 20 1914 These are versions that have been filtered, from the mass of news produced each day, by an editorial board with a given community profile in mind. 2238 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200003 197.879 11 1285 The proposed properties are largely determined by the underlying framework within which aboutness is defined. 1939 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600008 255.614 10 477 SimSum ( Simulation of Summarizing) simulates 20 real-world working steps of expert summarizers. 1878 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100006 109.388 4 421 As readers, we choose the filter rather than choose the stories. 1923 18_OBJECTIVE UT=000168918800004 148.255 7 417 Usually, they are based on the number of elements that they have in common. 2614 18_RESULT UT=000165132100004 9397.01 1447 575594 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 2948 18_RESULT UT=000167255500004 7800.22 719 231358 This article reports on an experiment that examined whether thesaurus terms, related to query in a specified semantic way ( as synonyms and partial-synonyms ( SYNs), narrower terms ( NTs), related terms ( RTs), and broader terms ( BTs)), could be identified as having a more positive impact on retrieval effectiveness when added to a query through automatic QE, The research found that automatic QE via SYNs and NTs increased relative recall with a decline in precision that was not statistically significant, and that automatic QE via RTs and BTs increased relative recall with a decline in precision that was statistically significant, Recall-based and a precision-based ranking orders for automatic QE via semantically encoded thesauri terminology were identified, Mapping results found between enduser query terms and the ProQuest(R) Controlled Vocabulary ( 1997) ( the thesaurus used in this study) are reported, end future research foci related to the investigation are discussed. 2831 18_RESULT UT=000174725100006 3848.69 630 213225 Key findings include: ( 1) Inquirus was rated highly by users on various usability measures, ( 2) all users experienced some level of shift/ change in their information problem, information seeking, and personal knowledge due to their Inquirus interaction, ( 3) different users experienced different levels of change/ shift, and ( 4) the search measure precision did not correlate with other user-based measures. 2131 18_RESULT UT=000088865500003 4507.27 557 173105 ( 3) The relationships identified between the five best terms selected by the users for query expansion and the initial query terms were that: ( a) 34 % of the query expansion terms have no relationship or other type of correspondence with a query term; ( b) 66 % of the remaining query expansion terms have a relationship to the query terms. 2035 18_RESULT UT=000241539500003 2582.45 510 149827 Search histories were found to be useful in many user tasks: memory support, search system use, information seeking, information use, task management, task integration, and collaboration. 2644 18_RESULT UT=000085224800008 2785.49 465 128547 Basic results on nature and extent of testbed use are presented, followed by a discussion of three analytical foci relating to digital library use as a process of assemblage: document disaggregation and reaggregation; information convergence; and the manner in which users confront new genres and technical barriers in information systems. 1867 18_RESULT UT=000167804000004 4328.31 406 124583 The research found that, regardless of end-users ' retrieval goals, synonyms and partial synonyms ( SYNs) and narrower terms ( NTs) are generally good candidates for automatic QE and that related ( RTs) are better candidates for interactive QE, The study also examined end-users ' selection of semantically encoded thesauri terms for interactive QE, and explored how retrieval goals and QE processes may be combined in future thesauri-supported in systems. 2468 18_RESULT UT=000185427800007 1649.9 366 112235 The user 's agent is the cognitive model the user has of the information space, which the system encourages to evolve via interaction with the system 's agent. 2729 18_RESULT UT=000089368200001 2523.9 399 106913 The results from this research study suggest that although the Web can make an important contribution to information retrieval by school students, for the time being, at any rate, a role also remains both for other electronic sources such as CD-ROMs and print materials that are targeted specifically st young users. 2832 18_RESULT UT=000174725100006 1759.57 344 106385 Some users experienced major changes/ shifts in various user-based variables, such as information problem or information seeking stage with a search of low precision and vice versa. 2782 18_RESULT UT=000167098100007 3686.35 404 103760 Findings include: ( 1) overlapping regions of relevance were found to impact the usefulness of precision ratios as a measure of in system effectiveness, ( 2) both positive and negative levels of relevance are important to users as they make relevance judgments, ( 3) topicality was used more to reject rather than accept items as highly relevant, ( 4) utility was more used to judge items highly relevant, and ( 5) the nature of relevance judgment distribution suggested a new IR evaluation measure-median effect. 2553 18_RESULT UT=000247578600003 2035.21 344 101485 Presentation order influences the rankings, but overall the results indicate that there is no " average user, " and even if the users have the same basic knowledge of a topic, they evaluate information in their own context, which is influenced by cognitive, affective, and physical factors. 2411 18_RESULT UT=000243809100005 2079.65 341 97363 The situational context of both the participants ' specific information need and their role in academic society affects every stage of their search - from the selection of the first resource, to ongoing search strategies, to decisions on how much information is enough. 2882 18_RESULT UT=000169354400003 1890.54 341 94627 Semantic information theory can be used as a frame of reference in order to explain, clarify and refute concepts currently used in library and information science, and as the basis for critical reviews of elements of the cognitive viewpoint in TR, primarily the notion of 'potential information '. 2138 18_RESULT UT=A1996VV63300007 2926 341 93597 We further conclude that the DSS area is in the process of building its own articulated theories in the subareas of foundations, group decision support systems, model management, user interface/ individual differences, and decision support systems implementation, and that organizational scientists have made important contributions to the development of DSS research subspecialties. 2713 18_RESULT UT=000246678500003 2165.67 341 91265 However, experimental retrieval research and user oriented research have merged into one ISR field; and IR and informetrics also show signs of coming closer together, sharing research interests and methodologies, making informetrics research more visible in mainstream LIS research. 2107 18_RESULT UT=000086838600004 1638.3 311 90172 We tested whether WebSCSA improves retrieval of relevant information on top of Web search engines results and how well WebSCSA serves as an agent browser for the user. 2933 18_RESULT UT=000230603800006 1416.77 318 87641 Information retrieval tasks are explicitly considered as a specific type of information search task. 2044 18_RESULT UT=000085990100003 1438.49 261 87234 The second experiment examined user selection of system configurations, and concluded that users do not act to optimize system configuration when they select features. 2483 18_RESULT UT=000085990100002 1929.85 305 87219 In particular, we highlight the notion of structure in the perception of individual users of an information system and the role of individuals ' abilities to recognize and use such structures to perform various information-intensive tasks. 2650 18_RESULT UT=000250741100006 2832.35 310 84680 We found that a Web user 's width (i.e., number of categories of Web sites explored), length (i.e., number of sites visited per category), and depth (i.e., number of pages downloaded per site) of online information behavior are highly correlated. 2514 18_RESULT UT=000167198000005 1929.16 327 82926 A framework is proposed for future studies that will facilitate comparison of results, The advantages of such a framework are presented, and the implications for the design of Web information retrieval systems studies are discussed. 1840 18_RESULT UT=000246379600008 2395.62 318 81319 The bibliometric distributions visualized are the works cocited with a seed work ( Moby Dick), the authors cocited with a seed author ( White HD, for maximum interpretability), and the books and articles cocited with a seed article (S.A. Harter 's " Psychological Relevance and Information Science, " which introduced RT to information scientists in 1992). 2932 18_RESULT UT=000230603800006 1222.34 280 81221 We define two levels of information-related subtasks: information seeking tasks and information search tasks. 1841 18_RESULT UT=000246379600008 1541.35 290 80469 Pennant diagrams use bibliometric data and information retrieval techniques on the system side to mimic a relevance-theoretic model of cognition on the user side. 2858 18_RESULT UT=000246678500004 1447.08 269 79257 This framework is not only comprehensive and integrated, but also offers an explanation of the mechanisms governing the interaction between users ' cognitive states and their manifested behavior when using an information retrieval system. 2034 18_RESULT UT=000241539500003 973.893 260 78557 Both user manifestations and researcher observations revealed that searchers need historical information in information seeking. 2249 18_RESULT UT=000250741100003 1467.03 224 77972 The data presented here suggest that creativity is expressed in different ways, at different times, and with different intensities in academic information science. 2196 18_RESULT UT=000206501000004 1887.25 294 76261 The paper argues that geographic relevance is best defined as a spatio-temporally extended relation between information need ( an " attention " span) and geographic information object ( a zone of " influence "), and it defines four domains of geographic relevance. 2863 18_RESULT UT=000086651400008 1345.19 281 74790 We address ways in which EM may be used to inform systems design and consider the issues that arise in coordinating the results of this research with the needs of information systems designers. 2875 18_RESULT UT=000245605100016 1658.28 271 72669 Our results also find a statistically significant relationship between the users ' stage in the search process and relevance categories chosen using the convenience sample chosen for this study. 2756 18_RESULT UT=000166468700001 1607.38 268 72551 They go on to discuss two issues in the light of previous developments and their own research: appropriate pedagogic methods for educating for information literacy and information literacy as a discipline in its own right. 2146 18_RESULT UT=000254813200006 1010.14 224 71080 For example, users strategically used search to find useful structure ideas instead of just accumulating information facts. 2816 18_RESULT UT=000232617500002 1514.35 244 70953 This article gives a detailed account of a task-based evaluation that compares a search system that uses the outlined domain knowledge with a standard search system. 2285 18_RESULT UT=000084265200005 1357.72 257 70354 In the interactive: track, methodology remains the major problem we do not yet know how to conduct controlled laboratory experiments which provide good information about information retrieval interaction. 2036 18_RESULT UT=000241539500003 1334.08 253 70230 Integrating information across various user tasks and collaborating with others are extensions of traditional information-seeking and use models. 2419 18_RESULT UT=000231957200007 1644.48 268 69843 The nature of HIB as a multitasking activity including the interplay of information and non-information behavior tasks, and the relation between multitasking information behavior to cognitive style and individual differences, is discussed. 2178 18_RESULT UT=000248247400008 1315.88 229 69521 The results show that non-banner-ads animation does attract Web users ' attention, with the animated item more likely to be clicked first and also more likely to be purchased when users are performing browsing tasks. 2120 18_RESULT UT=000087756900005 1372.33 213 67657 Although the latter are all concerned with how searchers interact with IR systems, each of the models examined represents user interaction at different levels of abstraction. 2043 18_RESULT UT=000085990100003 1122.85 204 67304 Having determined an optimal match between users and system configurations, it is necessary to find ways to ensure that users are guided to the appropriate configuration. 2497 18_RESULT UT=000227957700006 2554.74 299 67288 Regression analysis results show significant main and interaction effects of the organizational decision models and competitive intelligence tool proficiency on four identified factors of knowledge creation and strategic use of information competence: pattern discovery, strategy appraisal, insight generation, and solution formulation. 2145 18_RESULT UT=000254813200006 1537.39 240 67228 The data analysis revealed users ' sources of ideas for structuring representations and a tightly coupled relationship between search and representation construction in their exploratory searches. 2608 18_RESULT UT=000182507700006 1514.46 241 67084 By comparing these results with the findings of relevant earlier studies the conclusion was drawn that domain knowledge has an impact on searching assuming that users have a sufficient command of the system used. 2491 18_RESULT UT=000169989400003 1977.23 253 66705 The study found a significant relationship between the level of success for the search results and the percentage of search keywords or phrases drawn from the topic title or topic description participants planned to use. 2755 18_RESULT UT=000166468700001 1511.55 257 66692 The authors describe the student response to a one-semester credit-bearing class in information literacy, taken by business students at the University of Strathclyde, and relate it to two models of information literacy. 2222 18_RESULT UT=000228115800006 1686.12 231 65339 Of particular note is the " repeat visitor " evaluation and the analysis of one and a quarter million search sessions which categorised sessions in terms of how " busy " they were for a whole range of user groups. 2374 18_RESULT UT=000258807800001 1980.04 257 64159 The results of a pilot study conducted in a research institute confirm that there is a low or negative correlation between search sessions and transactions in the pre-focus task-stage, whereas there is at least a moderate correlation between search sessions/ transactions in the post-focus stage. 1970 18_RESULT UT=000088171500003 2079.5 217 63687 These utterances are segmented by the researcher according to their inentional focus,i.e., the topic on which the conversation between the user and search intermediary focus until the focus changes (i.e., shifts of focus). 2734 18_RESULT UT=000254813200002 1002.36 242 63520 We show that both types of contextual information affect how the information surrogates are judged and what actions are performed as a result of the surrogates. 2254 18_RESULT UT=000085990100004 1360.49 207 63088 A distinction between spatial and semantic cues is introduced, and existing empirical data are reviewed that highlight the differential reliance on spatial or semantic information as the domain expertise of the user increases. 2959 18_RESULT UT=000165132100006 1404.71 209 62356 Poor searchers either gave up too quickly, employed few search terms, used only simple queries, or used the wrong search terms. 2253 18_RESULT UT=000085990100004 1422.16 218 62018 In the present paper, an emerging alternative is considered that places greater emphasis on the top-down application of semantic knowledge by the user gleaned from their experiences within the sociocognitive context of information production and consumption. 2451 18_RESULT UT=000183131900005 1488.55 206 61923 The results show that during the preparation of research proposals different features of the students ' conceptual structure were connected to the search success. 2074 18_RESULT UT=000168323400003 2148.41 237 59153 A query expansion experiment verified that the findings of the text analysis can be exploited in formulating more effective queries for best match retrieval in the search for highly relevant documents. 2367 18_RESULT UT=000165569100008 2164.05 253 58177 Roughly two-thirds of the 410 accessible Webpages ( 67 %) permitted totally free and unrestricted public access and use of the information; 11 % requested citation of a related journal article as acknowledgment of use; the remainder stated conditions for use or relied on a statement of copyright as an indication of ownership. 2573 18_RESULT UT=000082700500018 1337.27 237 58168 The model focuses in particular on what the author describes as " research pathologies, " and ways in which the research output of information science may arguably be enhanced. 1873 18_RESULT UT=000171050400005 1609.33 245 56894 A method for automatically generating information spaces from document collections is presented that uses term cooccurrence, eigensystems analysis, and Principal Components Analysis. 2059 18_RESULT UT=000171861400002 2037.09 184 56727 Using a variable window size ( ranging from 50 to 400 words) yielded a retrieval improvement of about 5 % over using a fixed window size of50. Different window sizes were found to work best for different queries. 2890 18_RESULT UT=000169989400004 1599.89 197 56535 The participants mentioned 24 different types of reasons for selecting the initial search strategy, which were grouped by their focus on questions, sources, and search strategy options. 2308 18_RESULT UT=000085724900002 2349.91 245 55849 The paper proposes a three-level approach to analyzing visualization in IR system design: ( i) component level analysis, ( ii) technique level analysis and ( iii) interaction level analysis. 2400 18_RESULT UT=000086070400008 1465.53 212 54458 The uncertainty reduction device is designed to require the student to integrate information gathered for the term paper, The devices were found to improve the mean marks of the students who received interventions compared to classmates who did not participate in the study. 2628 18_RESULT UT=000167008800007 1111.02 161 54299 On average, there were3.36 image queries per user containing an average of3.74 terms per query. 2739 18_RESULT UT=000247078400002 1461.21 206 54009 We conclude that this method, which uses a surprisingly small number of subjects and does not rely on predetermined relevance judgments, measures the impact of system change on work produced by users. 2874 18_RESULT UT=000245605100016 1212.34 215 53734 Our results concur with and add detail to previous studies and suggest that users consistently identify relevance criteria beyond topical relevance. 2781 18_RESULT UT=000167098100007 1226.59 197 53245 The instrument was administered to 21 end-users who conducted searches on their own information problems and made relevance judgments on a total of 1059 retrieved items. 2171 18_RESULT UT=000187580200007 743.269 186 51867 Each participant conducted three searches based on their research information needs. 2132 18_RESULT UT=000088865500003 1674.48 193 51274 These relationships were: narrower term ( 46 %), broader term ( 3 %), related term ( 17 %). 2700 18_RESULT UT=000165132100003 1682.01 219 50898 We use the in systems participating in the TREC 4 routing task to train a model that predicts the effectiveness of data fusion, and use the in systems participating in the TREC 5 routing task to test that model. 2765 18_RESULT UT=000086070400005 1471.16 172 50626 In the second phase, to clarify the impact of this performance on filtering, different types of user profiles were created by grouping subsets of classes based on their individual classification accuracy rates. 2339 18_RESULT UT=000246869800014 863.765 199 50214 The results of this study confirm and extend existing studies on information usage gaps. 2452 18_RESULT UT=000183131900005 1516.02 168 50028 Students ' ability to cover their conceptual construct by query terms was the major feature affecting search success during the whole process. 2857 18_RESULT UT=000246678500004 1245.59 194 49984 With a focus on interactive information retrieval behavior, this study proposes an integrated framework based on activity theory. 2587 18_RESULT UT=000206467500004 1120.03 182 49278 The research implications are numerous but mainly on the effect of personal context on the outcomes of a user study. 2824 18_RESULT UT=000225799300009 1364.9 203 49180 Empirical results indicate that users ' cognitive styles influence their reactions to the organization of subject categories, presentation of the results, and screen layout. 2144 18_RESULT UT=000254813200006 1152.58 190 48251 The processes of representation construction and information seeking were captured and analyzed using data from experiment notes, interviews, and a system log. 2384 18_RESULT UT=000167198000007 2770.77 211 48039 Enser and McGregor 's categories of Unique and Nonunique, and Jorgensen 's classes of Location, Literal Object, Art Historical Information, People, and People-Related Attributes received high degrees of matching by three reviewers, This finding can be applied to add more details to Enser and McGregor 's four categories ( Unique, Nonunique, Unique with refiners, and Nonunique with refiners) and to regroup Jorgensen 's 12 classes of image attributes. 2164 18_RESULT UT=000087256800004 1206.73 185 47364 While document retrieval is a well-established field, this study concludes by briefly outlining how computer systems could support searches for people. 2606 18_RESULT UT=000182507700006 1510.1 179 46985 Although the students ' vocabulary of the topic grew generating an increased use of specific terms between the sessions, their use of search tactics and operators remained fairly constant. 2097 18_RESULT UT=000084265200002 1497.91 192 46737 In the six years since the beginning of TREC, the state of the art in retrieval effectiveness has approximately doubled, and technology transfer among research labs and between research systems and commercial products has accelerated. 2551 18_RESULT UT=000247578600003 957.108 148 46730 The findings show that the similarities between the users ' choices and the rankings of the search engines are low. 2774 18_RESULT UT=000187036300003 1091.72 168 46545 An understanding of the influence of age, experience, and goals on Internet search patterns might guide how, how much, and in what format information should be presented in the future. 2307 18_RESULT UT=000085724900002 1653.88 178 46452 This paper intends to classify the works of visualization for IR system design in a systematic way, by providing a mosaic view of the emerging area of visualization in IR system design. 2653 18_RESULT UT=000087054000006 1296.05 180 46163 This article describes advantages and disadvantages of the methods using examples from a study of users ' criteria for evaluation in a multimedia context. 2817 18_RESULT UT=000232617500002 693.37 135 45707 We found that users do use the query modification suggestions proposed by the system. 2773 18_RESULT UT=000187036300003 845.872 158 45448 The study has implications for user services and research in end-user searching. 2437 18_RESULT UT=A1997XH70600004 1234.67 181 45279 The results suggest that while Swanson has received significant attention from the library and information science community, his ideas have not been widely cited in biomedical disciplines, and, when cited, only with rhetorically dismissive qualifications that detract from their facticity. 2668 18_RESULT UT=000085006500008 1804.84 193 45137 It unifies citations and articles from heterogeneous sources by presenting them in a common schema with affordances for quick comparisons of properties, At the same time, SenseMaker users can recover a degree of context by iteratively organizing citations and articles into higher-level bundles based on either metadata or content. 2469 18_RESULT UT=000185427800007 929.386 159 44052 The system 's agent is an evolving classification scheme created by professional indexers to represent the structure of the information store. 1884 18_RESULT UT=000167098100006 1108.52 133 43809 The amount of emphasis given the user profile and the community profile was varied to test the subjects ' reactions to different amounts of personalized filtering. 2362 18_RESULT UT=A1997WJ55500006 1460.44 187 43508 Models of communication ( Shannon), perception, observation, belief, and knowledge are suggested that are consistent with this conceptual framework of information as the value of the output of any process in a hierarchy of processes. 2490 18_RESULT UT=000169989400003 1612.1 174 43501 There was a significant difference between the mean number of search keywords or phrases participants planned to use and the mean number of search keywords or phrases they actually used. 2050 18_RESULT UT=000231994000009 880.698 165 43190 It is suggested that the method has a great potential in library and information science research. 2098 18_RESULT UT=000084265200002 1504.95 164 42835 In addition, TREC has sponsored the first large-scale evaluations of Chinese language retrieval, retrieval of speech and retrieval across different languages. 1962 18_RESULT UT=000089042400005 1361.18 173 41886 This article reports the experience of using the log file data to understand user behavior in the SuperJournal project, addressing methodological and analytical issues that may have wider relevance. 2195 18_RESULT UT=000206501000004 1410.95 164 41058 Findings - The paper sets out definitions of geographical information needs based on cognitive and geographic criteria, and proposes four canonical cases, which might be theorised as anomalous states of geographic knowledge ( ASGK). 2391 18_RESULT UT=000225799300003 2095.08 171 40469 An analysis of empirical interview data in which academic researchers discuss their relationships with computers and IT competence shows how a self-assessment such as " computer anxiety " presented in one discussion context can in another discussion context be consigned to the past in favor of a different and more positive version. 1882 18_RESULT UT=000167098100006 994.003 134 40338 " In this study, an evaluation of user preference for personal editions versus community editions of on-line news was performed. 2942 18_RESULT UT=000167804000002 1733.39 168 39866 The second one is a new semantic proposal introduced to express quantitative restrictions on the documents retrieved for a term,i.e., restrictions on the number of documents that must be retrieved containing that term. 2215 18_RESULT UT=000168426400004 1448.09 179 39670 We have implemented this model in a Natural Language Processing system that uses biomedical Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS) concepts as its unit of analysis. 2766 18_RESULT UT=000086070400005 1062.46 166 38994 Then, a filtering system with the neural network integrated into it was used to filter the medical documents and this performance was compared with the filtering results achieved using the baseline system. 1897 18_RESULT UT=000167098100008 1436.68 148 38879 To explore this issue, four types of video surrogates were created and compared under two tasks, Multidimensional scaling ( MDS) was used to map the dimensional dispersions of users ' judgments of similarity between videos and similarity between surrogates. 1849 18_RESULT UT=A1996VJ87000008 812.984 133 38150 As a result of this review, we offer some principles to keep in mind when utilizing user satisfaction as a measure of IS effectiveness. 2188 18_RESULT UT=000078430100001 1124.74 156 38070 The results of the case study are discussed, and their implications for the design of large-scale automatic hypertext generation systems are described. 2163 18_RESULT UT=000087256800004 1008.2 143 37820 Hence: people become a critical source of information because they can explain and argue about why specific decisions were made and what purpose is served by individual parts of the design. 1937 18_RESULT UT=000085224800003 1396 163 37607 We discuss the caveats of our investigation, speculate on possible different models of usage facilitated by DLs, and suggest " retrieval analysis " as a complementary metric to citation analysis. 2823 18_RESULT UT=000225799300009 946.473 141 37447 Among a variety of individual differences, cognitive style is a particularly important characteristic that influences the effectiveness of information seeking. 1919 18_RESULT UT=000087652000007 1086.38 131 37439 Forty cases of library uses were selected from four different types of libraries for this study. 2420 18_RESULT UT=000231957200007 726.329 147 37385 A model of multitasking between information and non-information behavior tasks is proposed. 2881 18_RESULT UT=000169354400003 911.405 144 37128 Other important issues are the concepts of information and knowledge, truth and meaning. 2707 18_RESULT UT=000246379300004 826.091 138 37081 It is posited that informative relevance and affective relevance should be the main concerns for users. 2568 18_RESULT UT=000088397400002 1093.89 145 36607 One, DEDICATE, deals with distance education information courses and is described in the paper along with brief details of its use in various universities in Central and Eastern Europe. 2022 18_RESULT UT=000167208800007 2125.83 176 36335 We introduce a new type of passage, overlapping fragments of either fixed or variable length, We show that ranking with these arbitrary passages gives substantial improvements in retrieval effectiveness over traditional document ranking schemes, particularly for queries on collections of long documents. 1848 18_RESULT UT=A1996VJ87000008 969.479 131 35537 It is noted that theories and models from the behavioural sciences offer a sound basis for understanding the problems with conceptualization and operationatization of user satisfaction. 2179 18_RESULT UT=000248247400008 790.043 120 35493 Meanwhile, Web users ' task performance and perceptions are negatively affected in the presence of animation. 1883 18_RESULT UT=000167098100006 1408.52 143 35481 A personalized edition of a local newspaper was created for each subject based on an elliptical model that combined the user profile and community profile as represented by the full edition of the local newspaper. 2330 18_RESULT UT=000087756900004 862.979 130 33913 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 2649 18_RESULT UT=000250741100006 1008.94 121 33549 Online panel data consisting of month-long clickstreams of2,022 Web users obtained from lnsightXplore, Taiwan are made available for the empirical validation of the hypotheses. 2903 18_RESULT UT=000232442000008 1437.88 149 33540 Research limitations/ implications-Some limitations of the study include a small sampling size, varied responses to interview questions, obtrusive procedures, and lack of generalizability to groups or settings dissimilar from the one in this study. 2925 18_RESULT UT=000181878400006 436.338 120 33526 The study recommends what could be done to provide the fisher folk with information. 2960 18_RESULT UT=000165132100006 1204.49 139 33317 Good searchers persisted longer, used a larger, richer set of terms, constructed more complex queries, and were more diligent in evaluating the retrieved results. 2690 18_RESULT UT=000228115800005 951.975 130 32935 Further research is recommended in order to explore the three search styles in other populations and contexts. 2797 18_RESULT UT=000246678500005 1096.35 124 32908 The two approaches are quite different, which becomes apparent in the use of independent, controlled, and dependent variables in the study designs of each approach. 2680 18_RESULT UT=000086070400002 1431.86 156 32438 Experiments show that using heterogeneous thesauri with an appropriate weighting method results in better retrieval performance than using only one type of thesaurus. 2027 18_RESULT UT=000085990100009 689.53 125 32127 Based on these findings, implications for training and supporting students in searching for information on the WWW are identified. 2851 18_RESULT UT=000085526300004 1507.43 146 32091 Selected issues important for ethnographic field research with young children are discussed, including gaining access and informed consent, observer effect, and young children 's understanding of research. 2528 18_RESULT UT=000184172700001 1418.49 137 32003 Thus, the objective of this article is to present an overview of the many different views and ways by which the concept of relevance is used-leading to a consistent and compatible understanding of the concept. 2338 18_RESULT UT=000246869800014 677.221 120 30560 Within these fifteen gap classes, 79 types of information usage gaps are identified. 2065 18_RESULT UT=000169419100004 479.418 118 30508 A model of the residents ' information environment is presented. 2536 18_RESULT UT=000169032200008 796.969 122 30446 Both projects provided information on criteria patterns, which challenge the conventional meaning-based approach to criteria classification. 2630 18_RESULT UT=000167008800007 1044.82 118 30180 The most frequently occurring image related terms appeared less than 10 % of the time, with most terms occurring only once. 2714 18_RESULT UT=000246678500003 983.392 117 29253 Furthermore, the focus on the Internet, both in ISR research and in informetrics-where webometrics quickly has become a dominating research area-is an important change. 2475 18_RESULT UT=000167097900009 825.266 93 29245 However, clear discrepancies were evident in terms of how researchers working in different subfields define theory. 2266 18_RESULT UT=000181362200004 1625.65 154 29112 The findings support to a certain extent the overall hypotheses that a person 's problem stage during task performance is related to his or her use of relevance criteria in assessing retrieved references and documents. 2243 18_RESULT UT=000089368200003 686.322 112 29105 Special attention is paid to the rules prescribing conservative behavior of aboutness with respect to information composition. 2506 18_RESULT UT=000086849100001 592.11 112 28859 Mass media information, however, was also viewed as having a number of disadvantages. 2231 18_RESULT UT=000246379600011 1142.62 121 28451 This theme of mismatch manifests itself in vague reference questions, underdeveloped online searches, uncreative judging in retrieval evaluation trials, and perfunctory indexing. 2708 18_RESULT UT=000246379300004 1605.21 148 28374 Based onH. R Grice 's ( 1975, 1989) communication theory andY. Xu andZ. Chen 's ( 2006) framework, this study tests the significance of topicality, novelty, reliability, understandability, and scope to informative relevance and affective relevance in non-problem-solving contexts. 1994 18_RESULT UT=000250064500002 741.008 112 27974 Printed media ( newspapers), the Internet, and broadcast media ( radio, television) were preferred in seeking for orienting information. 1891 18_RESULT UT=000185297700004 1279.56 118 27854 The article presents five qualitatively different conceptions of IR know-how and explores the connections between these conceptions and learning style, enrollment type, and major subject. 2798 18_RESULT UT=000246678500005 426.987 102 27447 Thus, each approach is capable of contributing very differently to understanding and developing information access. 2804 18_RESULT UT=000089325100003 1470.07 132 27269 Despite a limited number of training examples, combining an effective feature selection with the chi(2) learning algorithm for training the text classifier results in an adequate categorization of new magazine articles. 1854 18_RESULT UT=000246379400005 1973.9 126 27205 A large 2 x 3 x 6 within-subjects online experiment ( N = 523) systematically varied two levels of the source credibility cue, three levels of the upload recency cue and six levels of the number-of-related-articles cue in an effort to investigate their effects upon perceived message credibility, newsworthiness, and likelihood of clicking on the news lead. 2920 18_RESULT UT=000085526300002 327.138 97 27101 They were positively disposed toward it: as a source of information. 2081 18_RESULT UT=000250741100016 901.82 120 26871 The manifestations of relevance are classified as to several kinds of relevance that form an interdependent system of relevancies. 2569 18_RESULT UT=000088397400002 502.21 97 26435 The nicest child I never knew Was Charles Augustus Fortesque He sought when it was in his power For information twice an hour. 2669 18_RESULT UT=000085006500008 425.673 74 26359 Furthermore, SenseMaker enables users to move fluidly from browsing to searching by introducing structure-based searching and structure-based filtering. 2979 18_RESULT UT=000227764200015 1292.96 118 26331 Students in the experimental learning environment changed their conceptions more regarding linguistic aspects of IR and paid more emphasis on planning and management of search process. 2978 18_RESULT UT=000227764200015 1162.58 119 25566 Concept mapping of student essays was used to analyze conceptual change and log-files of search exercises provided data for performance assessment. 2206 18_RESULT UT=000165569100001 1162.57 82 25227 In Phase I, 44 core features and 12 categories of features were identified by a total of 16 subjects as Web design factors. 2585 18_RESULT UT=000206467500004 915.385 115 25197 Research limitations/ implications - The major limitation is that the research is conducted within the TREC initiative. 2265 18_RESULT UT=000181362200004 455.522 90 25038 Research and search diaries were also collected. 2605 18_RESULT UT=000182507700006 626.631 103 24926 The results show that search experience was slightly related to the change of facets. 1985 18_RESULT UT=000088865500002 333.222 73 24852 User satisfaction with the indexes was also evaluated. 2543 18_RESULT UT=000183605700004 1273.39 135 24696 The limitations of the model are noted and compromises are described, providing a valuable approach to meaningful data preparation for researchers, educators, students, and reviewers of research across disciplines. 2629 18_RESULT UT=000167008800007 913.352 91 24386 Image queries contained a large number of unique terms. 2971 18_RESULT UT=000084513300001 1219.28 124 24359 This approach allows for easy formulation of specific retrieval models for arbitrary applications, and classical probabilistic in models can be implemented by specifying the appropriate rules. 2157 18_RESULT UT=000232107900002 2612.16 133 24212 Eleven propositions are offered suggesting that organizational trust, pooled interdependence, organizational community, organizational culture, technology adoption, technology utility, technology usability, socialization, sensitivity to privacy, and predisposition to trust influence an individual 's level of trust in the HRIS technology ( technology trust) and ultimately the success of an HRIS implementation process. 2429 18_RESULT UT=000166468700006 870.982 117 24143 Productive uses for citation analysis in research evaluation are suggested. 2057 18_RESULT UT=000171861400002 1409.86 120 24076 This window size yielded a significant retrieval improvement of 24 % compared to using the whole-document retrieval score ( using the traditional tf*idf weighting scheme with cosine normalisation). 2152 18_RESULT UT=000167198000006 1604.46 113 24023 However, when the indexing terms are to be examined by a human as a means of accessing the literature, it greatly improves efficiency if most of the noncontent-bearing words and phrases can be eliminated from the indexing, Here we present three statistical techniques for identifying content-bearing phrases within a natural language database. 2619 18_RESULT UT=000088918500005 1015.22 119 23780 The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. 2380 18_RESULT UT=000086849100005 808.257 107 23744 These methods fit within the probabilistic approach to retrieval, and are applied to a probabilistic system. 2001 18_RESULT UT=000088171500006 949.248 82 22791 Multidimensional scaling of subject cooccurrences revealed similar relationships among the different subject categories. 2674 18_RESULT UT=000086070400009 1346.96 117 22688 Fields of LIS practices, examples of concrete research problems and the fundamental concepts are introduced as are subareas, theories, related disciplines, and approaches ( " paradigms"/ metatheories). 2661 18_RESULT UT=000084513300005 1132.44 103 21931 Consequently, a ranking between countries, universities, research groups or authors, based on one particular accrediting method does not contain an absolute truth about their relative importance. 2207 18_RESULT UT=000165569100001 954.553 79 21425 In Phase II, 79 different subjects distinguished hygiene and motivator factors in the context of a particular Website ( CNN. 2073 18_RESULT UT=000168323400003 2147.1 144 21403 In highly relevant documents a larger number of aspects of the request were discussed, searchable expressions for the aspects were distributed over a larger set of text paragraphs, and a larger set of unique expressions were used per aspect than in marginally relevant documents. 1971 18_RESULT UT=000088171500003 653.841 76 21386 In all but two of the 20 interactions, the search intermediary initiated a majority of shifts of focus. 2482 18_RESULT UT=000085990100002 1018.94 109 21331 In this article, we present a brief historical overview of research in individual differences in the context of virtual environments. 2406 18_RESULT UT=000085804400003 755.128 88 21296 On this basis a generic model of the library, using that term in its broadest sense, is developed. 2688 18_RESULT UT=000228115800005 736.761 103 21164 Research limitations/ implications - The results are based on descriptions of behaviour, not actual observations. 2591 18_RESULT UT=000084325300011 905.454 87 20568 Searches comprising surname together with two recallable title words, or one if only one was available, yielded a single-screen miniature catalog ( minicat)99.0 % of the time. 2476 18_RESULT UT=000167097900009 1000.41 120 20301 Results from citation analysis indicate that IS theory is not heavily cited outside the field, except by IS authors publishing in other literatures. 2399 18_RESULT UT=000086070400008 1119.77 88 20002 The uncertainty expansion device is designed to expand the uncertainty in the diagnostic situation by requiring the student to consider all possible angles, directions and arguments he or she might make in the essay/ term paper. 2720 18_RESULT UT=000082124000007 1442.41 98 19863 ACA offers a good technique that contributes to the understanding of intellectual structure in the sciences and possibly in other areas to the extent that those areas rely on formal scholarly communication such as serial publications. 2091 18_RESULT UT=000167290000008 1527.56 115 19391 Findings from one of the experiments indicated that viewing a greater diversity of text on a single screen (i.e., not just more text per se, but more articles available at once) may also improve recall. 2105 18_RESULT UT=000086838600004 495.979 83 19375 In this paper we describe the system and its underlying model. 1920 18_RESULT UT=000087652000007 1064.88 89 18697 The qualitative and qualititative analysis of the data identifies four types of shifts of interactive intentions end three types of information-seeking strategies. 2803 18_RESULT UT=000089325100003 923.936 84 18473 The chi(2) test, which is sometimes used for selecting terms that are highly related to a text class, is applied in a novel way when constructing a category weight vector. 2607 18_RESULT UT=000182507700006 816.282 76 18359 There was no correlation between the terms and tactics used and the total number of useful references found. 2431 18_RESULT UT=000166468700006 771.401 91 17996 The future value of citation analysis could be to inform, but not to determine, judgements of research quality. 2535 18_RESULT UT=000169032200008 513.212 87 17890 General results of the two studies are included in this paper. 2090 18_RESULT UT=000167290000008 907.819 94 17786 Our interpretation of this pattern of results across the three experiments is that increased interaction with the text ( more pages viewed) generally improves recall. 1928 18_RESULT UT=000168918800004 461.256 65 17781 Then, we present an experimentation of evaluation used to quantify the filtering impact of a system. 1912 18_RESULT UT=000169354400004 1098.61 93 17739 At the concept level, consistency was considerably higher, ranging from 92 % to 97 % between short and long articles. 2943 18_RESULT UT=000167804000002 775.603 71 17564 The last one is the usual semantic of relative importance that has an effect when the term is in a Boolean expression. 2197 18_RESULT UT=000206501000004 1009 93 17208 Finally a model of geographic relevance is suggested in which attention and influence are modelled as map layers whose intersection can define the nature of the relation. 1855 18_RESULT UT=000246379400005 1000.01 102 16942 Results showed evidence for source primacy effect, and some indication of a cue-cumulation effect when source credibility is low. 2418 18_RESULT UT=000231957200007 677.865 79 16929 Findings - This paper explores and speculates on a new direction in HIB research. 2662 18_RESULT UT=000084513300005 381.47 44 16466 Different counting methods should be used and compared. 2267 18_RESULT UT=000181362200004 943.069 93 16097 There is a connection between an individual 's changing understanding of his or her task and how the relevance of references and full texts is judged. 2058 18_RESULT UT=000171861400002 762.743 78 15779 However, combining this window score and the whole-document retrieval score did not yield a retrieval improvement. 2578 18_RESULT UT=000226448300005 1171.16 91 15644 Use of print journals also available in full text showed a greater decrease in use than journals not available online. 1929 18_RESULT UT=000168918800004 675.88 70 15580 This protocol is based on a large scale interrogation of the system and on a comparison of answer sets. 2558 18_RESULT UT=000220290800008 611.27 63 15233 The effects of these developments on academic writing are discussed and theorized in terms of distributed cognition. 2868 18_RESULT UT=000171050400002 887.087 83 14951 We found a high degree of intermingling between relevance judging and evaluation, along with a number of strategies participants used to assist them in both thinking processes. 2809 18_RESULT UT=000084265200008 1090.1 87 14944 Some of the document representations used in the experiments described here involved the use of phrases and proper names computed using Natural Language Processing techniques. 2521 18_RESULT UT=000167008800005 1428.15 97 14889 Part II focuses on current methods in automatic indexing, its gradual adoption by major indexing and abstracting services, and ways for allocating human and machine approaches. 2911 18_RESULT UT=000167008800004 1428.15 97 14889 Part II focuses on current methods in automatic indexing, its gradual adoption by major indexing and abstracting services, and ways for allocating human and machine approaches. 2577 18_RESULT UT=000226448300005 615.694 78 14665 Results show that overall use of the print collection decreased by 52 percent. 2552 18_RESULT UT=000247578600003 680.664 81 14636 We examined the effects of the presentation order of the results, and of the thinking styles of the participants. 2072 18_RESULT UT=000168323400003 1090.42 92 14554 Statistical differences in textual characteristics of highly relevant and less relevant documents were investigated by applying a facet analysis technique. 2314 18_RESULT UT=000233478200007 1022.22 74 14517 In the present study an interoperable structural code based on eight essay styles is created, then notions of structural facets compatible with a high-impact essay structure are presented. 2276 18_RESULT UT=000167290000009 863.037 81 14503 However, analysis by system-order groups indicates only the first pf use had lower performance. 2130 18_RESULT UT=000088865500003 575.611 59 14419 However, a substantial portion of the selected terms were identified as representing new ideas. 1930 18_RESULT UT=000168918800004 631.131 68 14343 We present simultaneously the results of comparisons obtained by a classical measure and by an OS measure. 2844 18_RESULT UT=000170123900003 684.25 68 14286 Both literatures taken together are of central importance in identifying research relevant to the development of biological weapons. 2082 18_RESULT UT=000250741100016 978.76 89 14283 In Part III, relevance behavior and effects are synthesized using experimental and observational works that incorporated data. 2675 18_RESULT UT=000086070400009 635.27 69 14215 Also a short presentation of research methods and basic philosophical assumptions is included. 2286 18_RESULT UT=000084265200005 939.387 81 14043 The Okapi team has been particularly interested in the relation between the functionalities associated with relevance feedback and the ability of searchers to make use of these functionalities. 2331 18_RESULT UT=000087756900004 799.696 58 13804 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 2172 18_RESULT UT=000187580200007 542.607 65 13763 The results show that complex topics are associated with significantly more cognitive and physical moves. 2941 18_RESULT UT=000167804000002 918.507 66 13749 It is monotone increasing in index term weight for the threshold values that are on the right of the mid-value, and decreasing for the threshold values that are on the left of the mid-value. 2902 18_RESULT UT=000232442000008 431.024 54 13491 However, drawing too close an association between the two systems sometimes caused difficulties when the searching protocols varied, like keyword searching versus selecting an index. 1993 18_RESULT UT=000250064500002 726.475 70 13405 The empirical part of the study draws on interviews with 20 individuals active in environmental issues. 2789 18_RESULT UT=000246678500007 716.08 63 12845 We also report on differences in how participants interacted with their Web browser across the range of information-seeking tasks. 1947 18_RESULT UT=000086838600008 611.257 69 12827 According to the first evaluation results in an educational environment, SimSum transmits summarization know-how effectively. 2430 18_RESULT UT=000166468700006 841.135 68 12816 A historically rare instance of correlation between rankings derived from citation aggregates and fi om real world peer review has been revealed by the studies. 2232 18_RESULT UT=000246379600011 726.289 68 12663 Another effect of least effort is a bias toward topical relevance over other kinds. 2562 18_RESULT UT=000080331300001 881.738 70 12497 It is suggested that cosine-vector and overlap measures for similarity appear to recover optimal data relationships among the documents of the five sets. 2749 18_RESULT UT=000089368200004 1012.78 63 12369 The emergence of nontraditional media, such as the World Wide Web ( WWW), poses two specific challenges: to question the necessity of finite collections, and contest the boundaries of a collection. 1977 18_RESULT UT=000170707500010 821.919 72 12290 Further, the authors propose to release code for image analysis in a common tool set for other researchers to use. 2375 18_RESULT UT=000258807800001 1045.1 75 12187 Compared with the traditional IF technique, the proposed IF technique with task-stage identification achieves, on average, a19.49 %, improvement in task-relevant document support. 2015 18_RESULT UT=000231426600005 516.598 64 11883 Results reveal that perceived output quality directly affects EKR usage for knowledge seeking. 2006 18_RESULT UT=000166428400004 582.214 54 11724 The corroborated hypotheses expand the ideas in Kuhlthau 's model in the domain of IR. 2352 18_RESULT UT=000170123900004 1115.97 71 11721 A stratified random sampling technique was used to form ten strata such that each new strata of90,570 sessions contained the same proportion of relevant to nonrelevant sessions. 2689 18_RESULT UT=000228115800005 528.295 60 11603 Although the statistical results were significant, generalisable conclusions would have required more convincing figures. 1872 18_RESULT UT=000171050400005 886.647 60 11527 Items measured include relations among seven TREC topic statements as well as 17 concepts from the topic statements. 2919 18_RESULT UT=000085526300002 744.662 54 11287 Participants found the Internet interesting and useful, with positive advantages over other media. 2296 18_RESULT UT=000084325300010 576.874 56 11286 Our main contribution is an analytical study of the space-time trade-offs for indexed text searching. 1913 18_RESULT UT=000169354400004 646.009 59 11198 The articles also represented three categories of topic ( event, process and opinion). 2460 18_RESULT UT=000241539500006 636.13 56 11020 Children were more successful on the fully self-generated, open-ended task than on the assigned and semi-assigned tasks. 1911 18_RESULT UT=000169354400004 806.635 66 10981 For short news wires consistency was 83 % while for long articles it was only 47 %. 2298 18_RESULT UT=000084325300010 700.665 47 10976 We find that, under reasonable assumptions, it is possible to build an index which is simultaneously sublinear in space overhead and in query time. 2442 18_RESULT UT=000170653400011 729.04 62 10772 The techniques reveal co-citation relationships among authors whose work they had referenced in recent articles. 2507 18_RESULT UT=000086849100001 940.539 64 10455 For example, once diagnosed, participants thought that mass media sources such as magazines were frightening and depressing owing to their often negative and sensationalised nature. 2000 18_RESULT UT=000088171500006 1143.69 80 10267 The cluster analyses revealed several anticipated and a few unanticipated groupings of subjects, resulting in several well-defined high-level clusters of broad subject areas. 2838 18_RESULT UT=000088171500002 1017.68 64 10228 Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that there are recurrent narratives and behavioral genres across households ( and across sample groups), and that these reflect tactics, stratagems, and plans by means of which respondents navigate social space. 2529 18_RESULT UT=000184172700001 620.893 63 10218 In addition, special attention is paid to the type of situational relevance. 2277 18_RESULT UT=000167290000009 789.598 65 10093 These data suggest that pf was more difficult to learn than df, though the second pf use yielded competitive performance. 2297 18_RESULT UT=000084325300010 602.412 53 9859 We study the space overhead and retrieval times as functions of the block size. 2443 18_RESULT UT=000170653400011 772.887 58 9733 Survey data on searching and handling behaviors for an aggregated sample of 180 cited references are correlated with core-periphery zones of the individual maps. 1901 18_RESULT UT=000086651400004 570.944 54 9549 Also, a mathematical structure ( Diophantine set) behind relevance feedback is identified. 2505 18_RESULT UT=000086849100001 1003.2 67 9500 In particular, participants viewed mass media sources such as magazines and television as helpful in raising breast cancer awareness in the general population. 2221 18_RESULT UT=000228115800006 589.814 60 8964 We believe this is the first time this type of analysis has been attempted with logs. 2586 18_RESULT UT=000206467500004 292.922 47 8930 This means that we can report on results but cannot report on discussions with the assessors. 2639 18_RESULT UT=000085224800005 1174.85 62 8729 In addition, the National Library of Medicine 's SPECIALIST Lexicon was incorporated into two versions of the AZ Noun Phraser to be evaluated against the other tools as well as a nonaugmented version of the AZ Noun Phraser. 2351 18_RESULT UT=000170123900004 767.858 63 8667 Principal components analysis was used to extract a new set of variables out of the original set. 2184 18_RESULT UT=000169392900008 810.869 64 8651 A theory of IR must specify which concepts should be regarded as synonymous concepts and explain how the meaning of the nonsynonymous concepts should be defined. 2021 18_RESULT UT=000167208800007 616.381 50 8637 In this article, we compare several kinds of passage in an extensive series of experiments. 2013 18_RESULT UT=000231426600005 553.618 53 8561 The model was operationalized and the survey instrument subjected to a conceptual validation process. 2790 18_RESULT UT=000246678500007 495.693 49 8534 Within each type of task, we found several distinguishing characteristics. 2701 18_RESULT UT=000165132100003 493.893 46 8014 The model asks, " when will fusion perform better than an oracle who uses the best scheme from each pair? 2638 18_RESULT UT=000085224800005 1200.54 53 7886 The NLP tools evaluated were Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's ( MIT 's) Chopper, The University of Arizona 's Automatic Indexer, Lingsoft 's NPtool, and The University of Arizona 's AZ Noun Phraser. 1936 18_RESULT UT=000085224800003 909.746 60 7775 We find that although LTRS distributes over71,000 copies of publications ( compared with an estimated24,000 copies from CASI), citation analysis indicates that LTRS has almost no measurable publication impact. 2542 18_RESULT UT=000183605700004 596.568 55 7762 This exploration demonstrates the model 's resiliency in organizing numeric data, coding transcripts, and marking up textual statements. 2595 18_RESULT UT=000085048500004 693.674 48 7734 What is the implication of the recent influence of socially oriented epistemologies for such basic concepts in IS as 'information ' and 'document '? 2699 18_RESULT UT=000165132100003 620.913 53 7705 In this article we investigate the predictive power of these two variables in simple symmetrical data fusion. 2390 18_RESULT UT=000225799300003 723.72 43 7623 Computer self-efficacy measures are, however, often based on self-assessments that measure interpretations of skills rather than performance in practice. 2744 18_RESULT UT=000085411400002 511.774 42 7407 We conclude with a summary of findings and a discussion of the implications of these findings. 2728 18_RESULT UT=000089368200001 589.696 41 7405 In their reaction to the Web compared with traditional print sources, they can be categorized as technophiles, traditionalists, or pragmatists. 1956 18_RESULT UT=000086651400007 488.84 37 7394 Children 's prior experience in using the Internet/ Web and their knowledge of the Yahooligans! 2522 18_RESULT UT=000167008800005 827.027 60 7238 Overall, we conclude that both approaches to indexing have been found to be effective by researchers and searchers, each with particular advantages and disadvantages. 2912 18_RESULT UT=000167008800004 827.027 60 7238 Overall, we conclude that both approaches to indexing have been found to be effective by researchers and searchers, each with particular advantages and disadvantages. 2354 18_RESULT UT=000170123900004 490.35 45 6999 Then, the coefficients; were used to predict the relevance of the sessions in the missing strata. 2106 18_RESULT UT=000086838600004 522.818 40 6730 Furthermore, we report on an experiment carried out with human subjects to evaluate the effectiveness of WebSCSA. 2896 18_RESULT UT=000085048500002 434.426 40 6580 The initiatives taken and the activities realised during the years are evaluated, especially those with relevance to international co-operation. 2845 18_RESULT UT=000170123900003 374.805 33 6066 Yet, the two literatures had very few articles in common. 1984 18_RESULT UT=000088865500002 362.355 30 5803 gov) and three experimental variants to complete five researcher-generated tasks. 2970 18_RESULT UT=000084513300001 320.417 29 5557 We describe an evaluation method and present an implementation. 1864 18_RESULT UT=000085495700006 777.038 47 5282 This article suggests that ethical and political choices arise out of the rhetoric and practice of professional discourse, and that these choices cannot be confined to the realm of professional polemics. 1898 18_RESULT UT=000167098100008 394.678 29 5232 Congruence between these maps was used to evaluate the representativeness of each type of surrogate. 2951 18_RESULT UT=A1997WP65300003 470.786 33 5144 This theory has been expounded by Latour and presented, in particular, in his book entitled Science in Action. 2114 18_RESULT UT=000087094200002 893.01 44 4995 CPI remained outside the decision-making network of government officials and private sector representatives owing to its limited resources, limited political experience, and its late entry into the policy process. 1892 18_RESULT UT=000185297700004 397.733 29 4856 In addition, the implications for learning environment design are discussed. 2299 18_RESULT UT=000084325300010 552.905 37 4838 This surprising analytical conclusion is validated with extensive experiments, obtaining typical performance figures. 2014 18_RESULT UT=000231426600005 582.602 34 4798 The survey was administered to 160 knowledge professionals in public-sector organizations in Singapore who had accessed EKRs in the course of their work. 2321 18_RESULT UT=A1997WP65300004 670.847 37 4752 The main upshot of the SCI has been the creation of a second-order cycle on top of the primary knowledge production cycle. 2961 18_RESULT UT=000165132100006 339.388 29 4142 However, individual performances were not correlated with all of these factors. 2461 18_RESULT UT=000241539500006 432.708 25 4140 Children made suggestions for improving the Arabic collection and the design of the ICDL. 2891 18_RESULT UT=000169989400004 273.625 24 3450 The reasons varied across question types. 2233 18_RESULT UT=000246379600011 335.377 18 3368 RT can explain these outcomes as well as more adaptive ones. 2323 18_RESULT UT=A1997WP65300004 414.858 25 3340 The specialty of scientometrics has a key role in this citation cycle. 2121 18_RESULT UT=000087756900005 284.79 20 3180 Taken together they provide complementary views of a highly dynamic process. 2244 18_RESULT UT=000089368200003 326.188 19 2928 The interaction between aboutness and nonaboutness is modeled via normative rules. 1860 18_RESULT UT=000088171500001 379.606 22 2603 The vast majority of the hyperlinks were attributed to more than one motivation by the authors. 1969 18_RESULT UT=000088171500003 466.491 26 2594 Utterances are defined as any uninterrupted sound, statement, gesture,etc., made by a participant in the discourse dyad. 2113 18_RESULT UT=000087094200002 391.673 22 2091 The researcher concluded that CPI exercised little influence over policy outcomes. 2764 18_RESULT UT=000086070400005 232.267 13 1719 however, classification accuracy varied across classes. 1904 18_RESULT UT=000227017500007 303.802 19 1708 Current conventions for citing and linking tend to make citations and links invisible. 2322 18_RESULT UT=A1997WP65300004 224.758 17 1565 This is the citation cycle. 1945 18_RESULT UT=000086838600008 164.274 7 1498 The interface is realized with Macromedia Director. 1957 18_RESULT UT=000086651400007 96.2859 4 1462 interface were gathered via a questionnaire. 2242 18_RESULT UT=000089368200003 356.736 18 1198 We propose a set of properties characterizing aboutness and nonaboutness from a commonsense perspective. 2264 18_RESULT UT=000181362200004 209.91 10 1054 The transaction logs were captured and the thinking aloud was recorded. 2660 18_RESULT UT=000084513300005 464.972 19 1020 Similar anomalies were constructed for total versus proportional counts and for total versus straight counts. 2353 18_RESULT UT=000170123900004 318.643 13 921 Logistic regression was used to ascertain the regression coefficients for nine of the ten strata. 1946 18_RESULT UT=000086838600008 299.936 13 642 Communication between CLOS and Macromedia Director is mediated by Apple Events. 2450 18_RESULT UT=000183131900005 84.953 4 528 This was recorded, as were the transaction logs. 2721 18_RESULT UT=000082124000007 115.422 4 110 Nonetheless, obvious drawbacks exist in ACA. 2208 18_RESULT UT=000165569100001 32.5711 1 1 com). 2991 19_CONCLUSION UT=A1996UT16200003 15.6903 13 169 The complex relationship between system and user was sometimes contradictory, with subjects finding the systems to be usable or unusable in different ways. 2998 19_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200007 14.4834 12 144 However, it is perhaps equally important to note that the results indicate that variation in the other topic characteristics did not demonstrate any significant difference in the number of cognitive or physical moves. 2987 19_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VJ87000003 6.03474 5 25 Copyright ( C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd 2989 19_METHOD UT=A1996UT16200003 24.5774 23 459 Randomly assigned to one of two systems, one with inter-record linkages to authors and descriptors and one which also linked title and abstract keywords, subjects were asked about their affective response to their search experience. 2983 19_METHOD UT=A1996VJ87000003 12.5371 17 332 Two systems, one with inter-record linkages to authors and descriptors and one that also included title and abstract keywords, were tested. 2984 19_METHOD UT=A1996VJ87000003 20.594 12 171 No significant differences in retrieval performance and system usage were found for most search tests. 2994 19_METHOD UT=000187580200007 25.9029 10 100 The data gathering techniques adopted in this investigation included pre- and post-search questionnaires, transaction logs and post-session interviews. 2995 19_METHOD UT=000187580200007 25.9029 10 100 Thirty academic staff and postgraduate researchers from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Glasgow participated in this study. 2993 19_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200007 24.0226 35 1180 Topic characteristics examined here are topic complexity, topic familiarity, search type and prior topic search experience. 2992 19_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200007 25.7951 30 910 This paper presents an evaluation of the effects of search topic characteristics on cognitive and physical search moves within the interface of a thesaurus-enhanced information retrieval environment. 2982 19_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VJ87000003 15.0757 23 508 The authors investigated how linkage environments in a hypertext-based bibliographic retrieval system affect retrieval performance for novice and experienced searchers. 2988 19_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996UT16200003 11.8619 16 312 The authors investigated the affective response of 83 subjects to two versions of a hypertext-based bibliographic retrieval system. 2990 19_RESULT UT=A1996UT16200003 52.9822 29 767 The data were analyzed using factor analysis; two factors ( maneuverability and perceptions) were identified for the basic system and three factors ( maneuverability, usability, and novelty) were identified for the enhanced system. 2985 19_RESULT UT=A1996VJ87000003 26.0356 15 265 However, the enhanced system did provide better performance where title and abstract keywords provided the most direct access to relevant records. 2986 19_RESULT UT=A1996VJ87000003 20.855 13 195 The findings have implications for the design of bibliographic information retrieval systems using hypertext linkages. 2997 19_RESULT UT=000187580200007 15.5417 6 36 The results show that complex topics are associated with significantly more cognitive and physical moves. 2996 19_RESULT UT=000187580200007 9.45005 5 33 Each participant conducted three searches based on their research information needs. 3049 1_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100003 202.193 45 1619 After characterizing the citation linkage as indicators of reciprocal relationships between science and technology, patent citations in nano-science and technology are analyzed in terms of interfield and organizational knowledge-flows. 3060 1_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100009 197.476 42 1415 The result of the analysis provides evidence to support the view that the inventive capacity of a country is dependent upon the basic research which is carried out, especially in universities and public research centres located in the inventor 's country. 3034 1_CONCLUSION UT=000184618700003 177.046 38 1246 Moreover, in science intensive fields we find a positive relation between the science linkage intensity of these fields and the technological productivity of the respective countries involved. 3021 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400005 136.72 34 1111 Basic journals play an important role in patent citation as well as in addressing research of MNCs in thin-film technology. 3122 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400010 130.775 32 1016 In particular, one can distinguish prominent concepts among patent citations that either co-occur in both thin-film publications and patents or reach out to one of the two sides. 3043 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400008 132.693 32 995 However, the patent data had to be combined with an inventor survey in order to relate academic patents more to their Triple Helix environment. 3090 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400004 188.435 31 980 Intensive geographic citation flows between the regions are identified, pointing ( amongst others) to the strength of both the US and the European science bases as sources for technological activity and creativity around the world. 3044 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400008 164.15 30 880 The survey indicated that most patented academic inventions are connected to ( often publicly funded) scientific research by the inventors and tend to be utilized in large firms rather than in start-up companies founded by academic entrepreneurs. 3098 1_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100014 154.955 27 804 The paper concludes by discussing general benefits and limitations of this bibliometric approach for macro-level analysis of science bases in advanced industrialised countries like the Netherlands. 3083 1_CONCLUSION UT=000169909700009 83.6274 25 729 Another observation is that university-assigned patents seem to cite papers more frequently than other patents. 3035 1_CONCLUSION UT=000184618700003 163.56 26 704 These findings seem to suggest the relevancy of designing innovation policies, aimed at fostering interaction between knowledge generating actors and technology producers, in a field specific manner. 3072 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400003 154.269 23 608 The implications of innovation networks for a late-developing country like Turkey are reviewed in the contexts of catching-up and cross-regional collaboration between the Israeli and Turkish industries and academics. 3079 1_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100004 171.404 25 591 Nevertheless, exploring the main components of tacit knowledge in depth, and considering recent ICT-based applications, it is possible to foresee new opportunities for the creation and dissemination of knowledge through networks. 3110 1_CONCLUSION UT=000182710300003 128.914 23 568 It also shows that the methods of cluster and factor analysis hitherto used have only a limited value in differentiating clearly between schools of scientific research - the 'invisible colleges '. 3114 1_CONCLUSION UT=000180326100008 108.84 20 539 Finally, we use a quiver map for visualizing the elasticities and as a case study we illustrate our methodology on patents in the field of Biotechnology. 3027 1_CONCLUSION UT=000184989800005 98.7382 21 526 Finally, the establishment of a nation 's knowledge base is influenced by governmental research and development policies. 3097 1_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100014 160.94 18 383 We also find significant differences between industrial sectors as well as major contributions of large science-based multinational enterprises, such as Philips, in domestic science-technology linkages. 3068 1_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200004 115.385 17 344 Using this and other methods as operationalized modes of theorizing we reveal network dynamics particular to the Internet mailing list. 3104 1_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100006 90.4673 14 336 In addition, it may, in the long term, undermine the reputation of scientometrics as a science ih its own right. 3014 1_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700007 113.929 15 296 This finding provides empirical evidence that interdisciplinary methods have made a measurable and positive impact on the forestry literature. 3055 1_CONCLUSION UT=000166193400005 106.873 16 289 Information professionals can contribute much by managing systems which use vocabularies to enhance information retrieval for knowledge sharing. 3013 1_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700007 137.906 16 267 Articles that drew information from a diverse set of journals were cited with greater frequency than articles having smaller or more narrowly focused bibliographies. 3123 1_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400010 55.7013 11 247 Future research may address the question to what extent one can interpret directionality into this. 3067 1_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200004 85.2867 9 88 With respect to the latter, we measure for self-organized criticality by comparing the frequency and size of threaded messages. 3005 1_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500007 33.4809 4 35 The institutional composition of the clusters is presented. 3051 1_METHOD UT=000166193400005 464.068 91 5864 The factors are: balance between need and cost of knowledge acquisition; the extent to which knowledge originates in the external environment; internal knowledge processing; internal knowledge storage; use and deployment of knowledge within the organisation; and attention to human resources. 3081 1_METHOD UT=000169909700009 543.952 80 4368 We track patent citation relations at the sectoral-disciplinary, the organizational, and the combined industrial/ organizational levels, Then we investigate the geographic location and organizational affiliation of inventor/ authors, Our main finding is that there are only a small number of citations connecting nano-patents with nano-science papers, while nano-science and technology appear to be relatively well connected in comparison with other fields. 3024 1_METHOD UT=000184989800005 299 54 2879 In Korea, the science and engineering fields strongly reflect systems of knowledge production in the universities and demonstrate the dynamics of systems of innovation for knowledge production. 3063 1_METHOD UT=000088919200004 291.469 46 2308 We examine threaded email messages in a selection of Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies oriented Internet mailing lists to illustrate the internal dynamics involved in the electronic production of knowledge. 3017 1_METHOD UT=000186047400005 180.674 39 2052 In particular we explore different characteristics of knowledge production and knowledge utilization of these firms. 3058 1_METHOD UT=000089449100009 209.005 42 1890 We also identify the institutional affiliation of all the authors of the cited papers, which leads us to an analysis of knowledge spillovers between the main participants in the research network. 3008 1_METHOD UT=000085495700007 282.091 45 1841 This study used citation analysis and ordinary least squares regression to investigate the relationship between an article 's citation rate and its degree of interdisciplinarity in one area of environmental science; viz. 3057 1_METHOD UT=000089449100009 208.186 40 1543 We assess the scientific content of combinatorial chemistry and biology using citations in patents to scientific journals and compare this research platform with biotechnology. 3119 1_METHOD UT=000186047400010 218.68 39 1488 Applying a bottom-up approach, intellectual spaces at the micro-level are defined by tracing prominent concepts in publications, patents, and their citations of scientific literature. 3075 1_METHOD UT=000086849100004 335.416 40 1479 It summarises and develops the results of relevant international studies and surveys on computer-mediated communication; it identifies, on the one hand, the principal social settings and contexts in which email is used and, on the other, the characteristic features which determine specific communication models. 3087 1_METHOD UT=000186047400004 210.806 38 1450 This approach allows exploring the associative patterns between science creation ( as emerging from the scientific literature) and technology development ( as emerging from the patent literature). 3076 1_METHOD UT=000086849100004 220.122 36 1307 The analysis provides evidence of the various factors which determine the dynamics of electronic communication and which, more specifically, define the difference between business and scientific communication. 3052 1_METHOD UT=000166193400005 172.721 26 1221 Three cases demonstrate that the fundamental concepts and principles of knowledge management are similar for small and large organisations. 3117 1_METHOD UT=000186047400010 192.225 29 1014 In particular, this study aims to delineate intellectual spaces in thin-film technology in terms of science/ technology interaction. 3038 1_METHOD UT=000186047400008 198.844 31 970 This study explores ways in which patent-based metrics could be utilized in a Triple Helix context, and how hybrid indicators could be developed by combining patent with survey data. 3002 1_METHOD UT=000090059500007 226.827 26 917 International collaboration showed the most expressive impact over chances of citation but any form of collaboration seemed to have some effect, even those represented by single authors with double allegiance. 3064 1_METHOD UT=000088919200004 235.826 28 898 Of particular interest is the EuroCon-Knowflow mailing list which houses the electronic communication of the Self-Organization of the European Information Society ( SOEIS) research group. 3070 1_METHOD UT=000186047400003 181.407 24 872 This paper reviews the interaction of societal, organizational and cultural features that render innovation networks in Israel successful. 3023 1_METHOD UT=000184989800005 71.8819 17 838 However, the process by which knowledge is produced in the developing countries has not been fully explored or characterized. 3047 1_METHOD UT=000088919100003 107.071 23 838 Drawing on a variety of sources, different interpretations of patent citations are presented. 3086 1_METHOD UT=000186047400004 130.281 25 817 We operationalize the science-technology link by quantifying and modeling bibliographic references to the scientific literature as they occur in patents. 3040 1_METHOD UT=000186047400008 155.877 23 650 The paper develops a simplified model of the innovation process to benchmark the relevance of the indicators to the Triple Helix. 3118 1_METHOD UT=000186047400010 95.7397 21 625 The universe of thin-film patents can be viewed as the macro-level and starting point of our analysis. 3018 1_METHOD UT=000186047400005 115.32 21 624 The results indicate no correlation between intensity of research activity and patents produced by the MNCs. 3107 1_METHOD UT=000182710300003 132.189 22 576 This paper summarizes the present state of co-citation analysis and presents several methods of clustering references. 3001 1_METHOD UT=000090059500007 158.87 18 516 Occurrences of highly cited papers seemed haphazard but the presence of collaborative work consistently emerged as an important driving factor for good performance. 3094 1_METHOD UT=000089449100014 140.211 19 455 we examined the general validity and utility of these data as input for quantitative analyses of science-technology interactions. 3046 1_METHOD UT=000088919100003 140.08 13 402 It introduces into the subject-matter by discussing an empirical problem, the relationship of nano-publications and nano-patents as representations of nano-science and nano-technology. 3039 1_METHOD UT=000186047400008 164.916 17 337 More specifically, it aims to develop indicators that connect technological inventiveness of university researchers to both funding organizations and users, as well as to entrepreneurial activities by academics. 3101 1_METHOD UT=000089449100006 107.88 12 257 In the same period the use of bibliometric indicators for policy purposes increased. 3112 1_METHOD UT=000180326100008 133.41 13 233 The technique relies on the causal nature of this effect, and expresses the result in terms of partial and cross elasticities. 3031 1_METHOD UT=000184618700003 46.4964 9 212 A variance analysis ( ANOVA) is applied. 3106 1_METHOD UT=000182710300003 118.178 11 145 There is a considerable variety of methods and, at the same time, a lack of methodological evaluation. 3010 1_METHOD UT=000085495700007 123.196 10 135 Three types of interdisciplinarity were recognized-authorship, subject matter, and cited literature-and each was quantified using Brillouin 's diversity index. 3030 1_METHOD UT=000184618700003 91.7144 9 116 We use USPTO patent-data for eight European countries in ten technological domains. 3100 1_METHOD UT=000089449100006 47.9109 5 63 Several cases were studied, which confirmed his hypothesis. 3009 1_METHOD UT=000085495700007 13.232 1 1 , forestry. 3093 1_METHOD UT=000089449100014 13.232 1 1 First. 3029 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000184618700003 327.767 75 3865 The number of references in patents to scientific articles is considered as an approximation of the science intensity of a technology domain whereas a country 's technological performance is measured in terms of its technological productivity (i.e. number of patents per capita). 3045 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100003 178.815 56 2430 This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of patent citation analysis in general and its application to novel fields of science and technology in particular. 3084 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400004 188.403 52 2312 The interplay and cross-fertilization between science and technology, but also the specific role of science for technological development, have received ample attention in both the research and the policy communities. 3016 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400005 202.724 47 2163 The present study attempts to investigate these interactions by analyzing patent citations, publications and patent outputs of multinational corporations ( MNCs) in 'thin film ' technology. 3092 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100014 201.392 53 2152 This case study applies this approach through a series of analyses of citations to Dutch research papers listed on Dutch-invented and foreign patents granted in the US during the years 1987-1996. 3091 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100014 160.4 45 1935 Patent citations to the research literature offer a way for identifying and comparing contributions of scientific and technical knowledge to technological development. 3069 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400003 440.899 42 1754 Although the systemic changes towards innovation networking between university-industry and governmental actors have recently found a place on the international policy and literature agenda, networking between the organizations and people - for the national survival, production and growth - has been deeply rooted in the Israeli system even before the establishment of the Israeli State in1948. Internal and international constraints fostered the formation of personal links, as did institutional settings that promoted networking. 3061 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200004 260.895 43 1649 The paper addresses the potential of Internet mailing lists to enhance academic research with respect to Gibbons ' distinction between Mode I and Mode II knowledge production ( Gibbons et al. 3080 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000169909700009 91.119 39 1647 This paper explores the interrelationships between science and technology in the emerging area of nano-science and technology. 3028 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000184618700003 132.246 34 1514 We investigate the relationship between the science intensity of technology domains and country 's performance within these domains. 3056 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100009 169.397 34 1352 This article focuses on issues concerning science and technology relationships posed by the emergence of a new drug discovery method, namely, combinatorial chemistry and biology. 3073 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 172.102 38 1317 This paper explores how and to what extent the appearance and wide use of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICTs) may enhance scientific communication and knowledge. 3105 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000182710300003 156.426 34 1259 After 30 years of research, co-citation analysis has become the dominant method for the empirical study of the structures of scientific communication. 3115 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400010 68.9553 31 1248 The paper presents a methodology for studying the interactions between science and technology. 3116 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400010 76.9822 23 974 Our approach rests mostly on patent citation and co-word analysis. 3099 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100006 92.9314 23 891 In 1988 Le Pair postulated the existence of a citation gap for technological research. 3074 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 125.447 22 760 The first part analyses the general boundaries of scientific communication, focusing on the use of email. 3050 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000166193400005 112.513 24 728 This paper investigates the extent to which six factors drawn from the theory and practice of knowledge management can be applied in small organisations. 3000 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500007 108.872 21 619 Information on the 66 papers registered to this field in the ISI databases for this time interval were retrieved, edited and processed as to elicit patterns. 3007 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700007 92.9882 19 614 Yet relatively little is known about the processes and impacts of interdisciplinary approaches to environmental sciences. 3022 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000184989800005 95.2323 18 571 In recent years, the topic of knowledge production has been widely investigated in the advanced countries. 3015 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400005 94.7767 16 537 Firms operating in science-based technological fields reflect some of the complexities of the science-technology interaction. 3036 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400008 96.3951 19 506 This paper presents work directed at capturing the entrepreneurial and collaborative activity of university researchers. 3111 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000180326100008 156.808 19 448 We introduce a new technique for quantifying and monitoring the effect a given set of time series has on the evolution of a single time series. 2999 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500007 124.811 16 427 As a corollary of former studies, high performance in Brazilian Management Sciences during the period of 1981 to 1995 is put to scrutiny. 3006 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700007 99.44 16 416 Interdisciplinary research has been identified as a critical means of addressing some of our planet 's most urgent environmental problems. 3085 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400004 97.2281 14 332 It is in this context that the concepts of " absorptive capacity " and " knowledge spillovers " play an important role. 3037 1_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400008 142.506 17 314 The Triple Helix points to the emergence of the entrepreneurial university as well as to an increasing overlay of activities in universities, industry and government. 3096 1_RESULT UT=000089449100014 584.352 140 11207 The results of the various analyses reveal several important features of industrially relevant Dutch science: ( 1) the international scientific impact of research papers that are also highly cited by patents, ( 2) the marked rise in citations to Dutch papers on foreign-invented patents; ( 3) the large share of author-inventor self-citations in Dutch-invented patents; ( 4) the growing relevance of the life sciences, ( 5) an increase in the importance of scientific co-operation. 3113 1_RESULT UT=000180326100008 521.686 73 5098 As an application, we consider the case where the single time series consists of the number of patents filed over time, in a given category, and where the set of time series consists of the numbers of scientific articles published over time, for each one of a number of science domains. 3041 1_RESULT UT=000186047400008 300.101 66 4625 An analysis of Finnish academic patents illustrates that patent data can already provide useful indicators but, on its own, cannot provide information about how academic patents are interconnected with government or industry through funding or utilization links. 3088 1_RESULT UT=000186047400004 269.224 71 4365 In the current paper, we focus on an analysis of the geographic distribution of the science citation patterns in patents, singling out two ( different) fields of technological development, namely biotechnology and information technology. 3042 1_RESULT UT=000186047400008 225.326 61 3995 An exclusive analysis of patents can point to patent concentrations on certain universities, to inventors and assignees, or to potential gaps in translating applied science into industrial technology. 3020 1_RESULT UT=000186047400005 224.097 51 3313 The dispersion of journal sources for the majority of patent citations of scientific literature as well as for the majority of scientific outputs is narrow. 3078 1_RESULT UT=000086849100004 301.827 62 3264 The assumption that ICTs ought to enhance the acquisition, sharing and transmission of scientific knowledge is questioned by the distinction between explicit and tacit knowledge: ICTs ultimately appear to provide a strong drive only to processes of explicit/ coded knowledge handling. 3019 1_RESULT UT=000186047400005 225.838 54 3018 The relationship between scientific and technological knowledge generation as well as the linkage between science and technology appear to be firm-specific rather than dependent on a technological or industrial sector. 3048 1_RESULT UT=000088919100003 116.904 40 2637 Then, the nature of patent citations is further investigated by comparing them to citations in the scientific literature. 3089 1_RESULT UT=000186047400004 148.103 43 2360 In both fields, the science citation flows from the European, Japanese and US science bases into USPTO and EPO-patents are explored and modeled. 3025 1_RESULT UT=000184989800005 257.276 51 2304 Through using a case study including data for knowledge production, in the field of information and telecommunication, the following general knowledge production, via domestic and foreign collaboration. 3077 1_RESULT UT=000086849100004 189.984 38 2134 The second part of the paper explores the close relationship between communication and knowledge in the scientific sector and the role played by ICTs. 3095 1_RESULT UT=000089449100014 170.792 37 1884 The findings provide new empirical evidence in support of the general view that these citations reflect genuine links between science and technology. 3053 1_RESULT UT=000166193400005 186.285 37 1530 Differences include the value placed on systematic knowledge management practices such as formalised environmental scanning and computer-based knowledge sharing systems. 3054 1_RESULT UT=000166193400005 279.56 33 1168 Consultants, and library and information professionals, are advised to understand the organisation 's management and communication culture; emphasise simple and inexpensive systems integrated into everyday practice; and establish and monitor adherence to tools such as records management schedules. 3011 1_RESULT UT=000085495700007 114.693 23 1133 Data consisted of more than 750 articles published in the journal Forest Science during the 10-year period 1985-1994. 3066 1_RESULT UT=000088919200004 279.786 31 1110 The use of threaded messages as our hermeneutic units of analysis provides the basis for a reflection upon three key theoretical positions: Medium Theory, Actor-Network Theory, and Self-Organization Theory. 3004 1_RESULT UT=000090059500007 171.07 26 1064 Cluster analysis allowed the identification of patterns of performance, and groups of best performers showed higher levels of international collaboration. 3032 1_RESULT UT=000184618700003 144.596 26 1056 Country as an independent variable does not explain a significant portion of the observed variance in science intensity (p=0.25). 3026 1_RESULT UT=000184989800005 138.348 26 1019 Secondly, there has been an increasing trends towards the diversification of knowledge sources such as university-industry, and university-public research institutes. 3059 1_RESULT UT=000089449100009 138.221 23 958 Finally, we examine the relevance of localisation in the process of knowledge exchange with regard to EU countries and the US. 3003 1_RESULT UT=000090059500007 198.23 24 953 Simple addition of authors, nonetheless, had no effect, and thus collaboration involving authors of common institutional affiliation showed the performance of single authored papers. 3103 1_RESULT UT=000089449100006 106.176 20 902 This is not merely an injustice, it also leads to suboptimum use of available funds, to the detriment of science as a whole. 3082 1_RESULT UT=000169909700009 131.306 22 868 Further explorations suggest that nano-science and technology are still mostly separated spheres, even though there are overlaps, as an analysis of title words shows. 3102 1_RESULT UT=000089449100006 92.9264 19 817 Here we saw the citation gap causing a disadvantage for application-oriented research groups. 3071 1_RESULT UT=000186047400003 150.109 19 608 The research focuses on the impacts of the Israeli Magnet Program on the Israeli R&D growth and performance. 3109 1_RESULT UT=000182710300003 107.636 15 556 The evaluative study shows that the choice of methods has a strong impact on the results created. 3033 1_RESULT UT=000184618700003 108.251 17 541 Technology domain, however, explains a significant portion of the observed variance (p<0.001). 3120 1_RESULT UT=000186047400010 77.1924 13 495 In another step, co-word analysis is used to generate meso-level topics and sub-topics. 3012 1_RESULT UT=000085495700007 99.6748 14 489 The results indicate that borrowing was the most influential method of interdisciplinary information transfer. 3108 1_RESULT UT=000182710300003 83.964 11 297 The database used is a selection of2,114 documents in the field of organization studies from 1986-2000. 3065 1_RESULT UT=000088919200004 66.7074 9 249 The research focuses upon the discussion threads of mailing lists. 3121 1_RESULT UT=000186047400010 101.297 9 103 Overlapping structures and specificities that emerge are explored in the light of theoretical understanding of science-technology interactions. 3144 20_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200005 19.2181 10 100 A method for gathering and using children 's own search terms and the benefits of their utilization in developing more age-appropriate controlled vocabularies are discussed. 3151 20_CONCLUSION UT=A1997WE41500002 17.2963 9 81 Now that the initial COPAC service is in operation, further developments are taking place across several fronts and these are described briefly. 3134 20_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600003 13.4527 7 49 The article concludes with suggestions for improving Web interfaces and Web-user training programs. 3135 20_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600003 9.60906 5 25 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 3124 20_METHOD UT=000084325300011 100.171 25 582 This experiment searches an online library catalog employing author surnames, plus title words of books in citations of eight scholarly works whose authors selected the title words used as being recallable. 3128 20_METHOD UT=000172955600003 35.6019 14 188 The participants were divided into four groups according to cognitive style and online database search experience. 3129 20_METHOD UT=000172955600003 31.981 11 125 Each participant searched for information on a university Web site to complete two differing search tasks. 3148 20_METHOD UT=A1997WE41500002 37.1121 11 118 Deduplication and record consolidation are being carried out in the production of the COPAC database and the general procedures involved are described. 3141 20_METHOD UT=000233478200005 47.9747 11 115 Tools used to create representations for children 's resources, such as controlled vocabularies, need to be more age appropriate. 3137 20_METHOD UT=000184555700002 35.7535 9 113 The literature has focused on demonstrating that both approaches are needed, but very few authors address the need to integrate keyword into authority searching. 3130 20_METHOD UT=000172955600003 32.2843 10 106 The time spent and the number of nodes visited in retrieving information were used to measure users ' search performance. 3147 20_METHOD UT=A1997WE41500002 22.6287 8 76 Having multiple contributors to the database inevitably results in some record duplication. 3140 20_METHOD UT=000233478200005 19.0079 5 31 Representation of objects is key to retrieval. 3126 20_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600003 106.999 39 1415 This study investigates how cognitive style ( field dependencevs. field independence), online database search experience ( novicevs. experienced searchers), and task type ( known-itemvs. subject search tasks) influence users ' search behavior on the Web. 3136 20_OBJECTIVE UT=000184555700002 61.022 24 600 Subject access in the OPAC, as discussed in this article, is predicated on two different kinds of searching: subject ( authority, alphabetic, or controlled vocabulary searching) or keyword ( uncontrolled, free text, natural language vocabulary). 3145 20_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WE41500002 35.5732 18 351 COPAC is the new OPAC providing a unified interface to the consolidated database of the Consortium of University Research Libraries ( CURL). 3146 20_OBJECTIVE UT=A1997WE41500002 33.5698 18 345 This paper provides a brief overview of the background to CURL and the COPAC project, describing the main content of the COPAC database. 3139 20_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200005 28.8936 9 81 Representation and retrieval obstacles within a digital library designed for use by middle school children are presented. 3127 20_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600003 12.0451 5 59 Forty-eight undergraduate students participated in this study. 3138 20_RESULT UT=000184555700002 80.7584 57 2482 The article discusses this difference and compares, with a query on the term " garbage, " search results in two online catalogs, one that performs keyword searches through the authority file and one where only bibliographic records are included in keyword searches. 3143 20_RESULT UT=000233478200005 61.5778 42 1618 Children 's search terms and questions are a rich resource for learning more about their information seeking process, their question state, and their formulation of searches. 3132 20_RESULT UT=000172955600003 31.4103 42 1562 It was found that online search experience and cognitive style interacted and influenced search performance, as well as navigational style. 3133 20_RESULT UT=000172955600003 36.0716 28 996 Online search experience also interacted with task type to influence navigational style and the number of nodes visited. 3142 20_RESULT UT=000233478200005 52.3623 26 871 Development of age-appropriate controlled vocabularies requires us to learn more about the ways children interact with systems and form search strategies to represent their information needs. 3125 20_RESULT UT=000084325300011 52.9689 24 780 Searches comprising surname together with two recallable title words, or one if only one was available, yielded a single-screen miniature catalog ( minicat)99.0 % of the time. 3131 20_RESULT UT=000172955600003 27.9263 23 779 The choice of navigation tools was examined to determine users ' search and navigational style. 3150 20_RESULT UT=A1997WE41500002 21.1333 19 597 Each interface is discussed using example screens to illustrate the search process. 3149 20_RESULT UT=A1997WE41500002 32.8847 10 118 COPAC is accessible via a Text interface and a Web interface. 3176 21_CONCLUSION UT=000075374400006 105.545 41 1337 Concludes that with time, the focus of research is slowly shifting from internal collaboration to domestic and international collaboration, supported by increasing funding from government agencies in theoretical population genetics research. 3197 21_CONCLUSION UT=000231426600003 133.24 31 937 Scholars ' modes of access and their " working " and " implicit " assemblages of information represent what researchers actually do when gathering and working with research materials and therefore provide a useful framework for the collection and organization of access resources in research libraries. 3211 21_CONCLUSION UT=000169909700005 76.5049 31 882 However, the influence of international collaboration on the national citation impact varies considerably between the countries ( and within one individual country between fields). 3160 21_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100002 68.0757 27 752 International collaboration has, however, not the same influence on publication profiles and citation impact of each analysed countries. 3224 21_CONCLUSION UT=000078241300005 92.2204 29 708 Both MAs and SCs of all the journals showed nearly same average time per citation per article further confirming that the SCs do not enjoy the advantage of speedier citation. 3175 21_CONCLUSION UT=000075374400006 51.1319 21 583 Indicates the collaboration linkages among various countries in transnational collaborative research. 3181 21_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200005 98.2721 23 556 By a combination of multivariate data analysis techniques the relative positions of India 's partners in scientific collaboration have been mapped with respect to the fields of co-operation. 3191 21_CONCLUSION UT=000172846700011 84.7945 21 531 None of the existing explanatory approaches meets this: heterogeneity; the most salient: feature is a propensitiy to collaborate in fields where theoretical and applied research is combined. 3165 21_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300004 90.9963 19 433 Go-operation indices between authors and institutions are high and the principal areas in which research is published are Medicine, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Physics. 3212 21_CONCLUSION UT=000169909700005 29.958 10 208 In some cases there is, however, no citation advantage for one or even for both partners. 3187 21_CONCLUSION UT=000167664900001 70.2547 11 133 A new indicator, representing also the asymmetry of co-authorship links was used to reveal main " attractive " and " repulsive " centres of co-operation. 3226 21_CONCLUSION UT=000078241300005 37.3504 8 105 Hence, the practice of publishing SCs on a priority basis is perhaps not warranted. 3225 21_CONCLUSION UT=000078241300005 30.3858 7 94 The results show that the generally perceived feeling of SCs getting cited more frequently and faster does not appear to be valid. 3202 21_CONCLUSION UT=000168426400005 42.3963 7 69 The wider implications of the 'hyperauthorship ' phenomenon for scholarly publication are considered. 3179 21_METHOD UT=000088919200005 444.143 88 5999 However, there was no significant increase in IF of collaborative papers over time, whereas Indian papers in general showed a statistically significant, though small, increase in average impact from 1990 to1994. The bulk of Indian scientific co-operation was with the developed Western nations and Japan, but it was often the smaller countries with a few coauthored papers which showed higher average impact. 3171 21_METHOD UT=000075374400006 413.678 78 4995 The average productivity per author is observed to be larger in funded and collaborated authors subset and smaller in non-funded and non-collaborated authors subset, than the average productivity per author in the total authors subset in all the five block years studied. 3157 21_METHOD UT=000088919100002 282.838 64 3062 Besides the analysis of trends in publication and citation patterns and of national publication profiles, an attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the relation between international co-authorship and both research profile and citation impact in the Nordic countries. 3178 21_METHOD UT=000088919200005 304.768 56 2921 In this study, the extent of international collaboration in Indian science has bean estimated from SCI data in 1990 and1994. We find an increase in collaboration both in terms of output and the extent of the network and significantly higher impact ( IF) associated with internationally co-authored papers in several disciplines. 3217 21_METHOD UT=000078241300005 266.913 58 2827 The mean citations ( range) for SCs and MAs for the 1983 and 1990 papers respectively were as follows: Gene:14.13 ( 0-61) and38.79 ( 0-677),9.73 ( 0-93) and13.17 ( 0-44); Journal of Clinical Investigation ( JCI):49.77 ( 3-202) and27.52 ( 0-86),50.52 ( 0-254) and33.53 ( 0-151); Journal of Experimental Medicine ( JEM):39.80 ( 0-200) and49.20 ( 0-403),47.26 ( 0-258) and50.27 ( 0-173); and Journal of Biological Chemistry ( JBC):36.21 ( 0-380) and19.67 ( 0-53),37.19 ( 0-273) and26.84 ( 0-185). 3218 21_METHOD UT=000078241300005 205.36 46 2101 SCs of Journal of Cell Biology ( JCB) had a mean citation of25.84 per article with a range of 0-98, while the MAs had a mean citation of33.13 with the range 4-122 during 1983-87. 3184 21_METHOD UT=000167664900001 127.984 33 1710 in average, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 3169 21_METHOD UT=000075374400006 140.403 32 1599 Studies the impact of funding and collaboration on the productivity of authors over a period of time. 3189 21_METHOD UT=000172846700011 318.795 36 1474 In physics, the share of co-authored papers expands in the second half of the 19th century, in mathematics in the first decades of the 20th century, in logic in the second half of the 20th century. 3152 21_METHOD UT=000169032200003 249.843 34 1426 It is empirically shown that, even using the normal or total counting procedure, Lotka 's law breaks down when articles with a large,i.e., more than hundred, number of authors are included in the bibliography, The explanation of this phenomenon is that the conditions for an application of the basic success-breeds-success model are not fulfilled any more. 3154 21_METHOD UT=000172846700002 199.044 33 1196 Personal observations and reflections on scientific collaboration and its study, past, present,, and future, containing new material on motives for collaboration, and on some of its salient features. 3158 21_METHOD UT=000088919100002 170.993 33 1187 A coherent Scandinavian cluster has been found, and the Nordic countries have strong co-authorship links with highly developed countries in West Europe and North America. 3219 21_METHOD UT=000078241300005 91.5336 27 1117 The citation peak was seen about three years after publication for all the journals during both the periods. 3216 21_METHOD UT=000078241300005 103.682 27 1094 Some journals showed more citations for SCs while some showed more for MAs. 3163 21_METHOD UT=000165654300004 161.068 30 1083 Puerto Rican scientific production in the period studied was greater than in any other Caribbean country and the sixth largest in all of Latin America. 3205 21_METHOD UT=000169909700005 156.729 26 973 Four basic types can be distinguished in the relative specialisation of domestic and internationally co-authored publications of 50 most active countries in 1995/ 96 concerning the significance of the difference between the two profiles. 3193 21_METHOD UT=000231426600003 220.696 30 848 In the digital environment scholars are seeking and using information in new ways and generating new types of scholarly products, many of which are specialized resources for access to research information. 3162 21_METHOD UT=000165654300004 191.918 26 762 Scientific production was observed to nearly double over the period studied and found to be concentrated in the academic sector, primarily in the city of San Juan, specifically in the University of Puerto Rico 's Rio Piedras, Medical Sciences and Mayaguez campuses. 3199 21_METHOD UT=000168426400005 134.782 20 618 In the biomedical research community, multiple authorship has increased to such an extent that the trustworthiness of the scientific communication system has been called into question. 3170 21_METHOD UT=000075374400006 62.4175 12 592 Concludes that the authors who are more productive are generally found to be more collaborative and funded. 3228 21_METHOD UT=000168323400005 80.5873 17 586 The results were compared with data from two earlier studies of the same journals. 3206 21_METHOD UT=000169909700005 112.917 19 509 Co-publication maps reveal structural changes in international co-authorship links in the last decade. 3207 21_METHOD UT=000169909700005 103.507 18 425 Besides stable links and coherent clusters, new nodes and links have also been found. 3183 21_METHOD UT=000167664900001 28.0291 8 271 It was found that international co-authorship. 3200 21_METHOD UT=000168426400005 135.011 15 268 Documented abuses, such as honorific authorship, have serious implications in terms of the acknowledgment of authority, allocation of credit, and assigning of accountability. 3194 21_METHOD UT=000231426600003 95.0925 12 201 These practices have important implications for the collection and organization of digital access resources. 3161 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300004 274.09 74 3812 This paper analyses the research activity conducted by Puerto Rican scientists in science and technology in the period 1990 to1998. The Science Citation Index ( SCI) database was used to analyse scientific production by geographic area, type of institution, document typology, language coverage, visibility of publications, subjects addressed and collaboration between local and international authors and institutions. 3214 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000078241300005 114.536 40 1463 Citation analysis of Short Communications ( SCs) and Main Articles ( MAs) from 1983 and 1990 for 5 high impact biomedical journals was carried out for a five year period following publication. 3167 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000075374400006 81.9709 37 1423 Indicates that the number of funded and collaborated publications has not proportionally increased along with the growth of total research publications and authors with time, but however, there is a strong correlation between the two. 3168 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000075374400006 81.01 36 1339 Indicates the extent of multi-authored research publications in different countries, and studies the growth of multi-authored publications from 1956-60 to 1976-80. 3204 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000169909700005 116.321 38 1320 An attempt is made to find statistical evidence of symmetry and asymmetry in co-publication links, of the relation between international co-authorship and both national research profiles and citation impact. 3156 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100002 59.7647 32 1173 The development of publication activity and citation impact in Scandinavian countries is studied for the 1980-1997 period. 3166 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000075374400006 91.1948 30 1101 Analyses the growth of funded and collaborative research publications and authors as reflected in selected theoretical population genetics literature from 1956-60 to 1976-80. 3177 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200005 71.8894 25 893 Internationally co-authored publications may be regarded as an indicator of scientific cooperation between countries and is of interest in science policy. 3182 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000167664900001 69.2302 24 792 An attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the I elation between international coauthorship and citation impact. 3203 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000169909700005 81.677 21 640 The main objective of this study is the elaboration of national characteristics in international scientific co-authorship relations. 3198 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400005 112.184 23 613 Classical assumptions about the nature and ethical entailments of authorship ( the standard model) are being challenged by developments in scientific collaboration and multiple authorship. 3215 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000078241300005 45.8886 17 522 The mean citations cumulated for the five year period showed no consistent trend. 3213 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000078241300005 52.8948 18 509 This study aims to examine whether rapid communications exert more influence/ impact on subsequent research. 3227 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000168323400005 51.3253 12 342 Data Were gathered on acknowledgements in five leading information science journals for the years 1991-1999. 3188 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000172846700011 76.1505 14 286 Time-series of collaboration trends indicated through co, authorships are examined from 1800 to presence in mathematics, logic, and physics. 3192 21_OBJECTIVE UT=000231426600003 93.2079 13 174 In the cycle of scholarly communication, scholars play the role of both consumer and contributor of intellectual works within the stores of recorded knowledge. 3195 21_RESULT UT=000231426600003 275.661 45 1562 Drawing on a series of qualitative studies investigating the information work of scientists and humanities scholars, specific information seeking activities influenced by the Internet and two general modes of information access evident in research practice are identified in this article. 3159 21_RESULT UT=000088919100002 114.172 33 984 It was found that international co-authorship, in general, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 3210 21_RESULT UT=000169909700005 113.762 32 935 As expected, international co-authorship, on an average, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 3153 21_RESULT UT=000169032200003 168.195 32 924 Studying articles with many authors means dealing with items ( the articles) having multiple sources ( the authors), hence Egghe 's generalized success-breeds-success model, leading to not necessarily decreasing distributions, explains the observed irregularities. 3223 21_RESULT UT=000078241300005 143.501 31 907 An index of speed of citation per article showed no substantial differences between SCs and MAs with MAs showing an edge over SCs. 3220 21_RESULT UT=000078241300005 131.29 33 903 The mean cumulative citations showed a progressive increase over the five years for both types of papers, in all journals and for both the 5 year periods. 3222 21_RESULT UT=000078241300005 106.244 27 743 No significant differences were observed in the distribution of the cumulative 5 year citations between the SCs and MAs. 3186 21_RESULT UT=000167664900001 143.261 27 657 International co-authorship links in chemistry, as represented by the well-known Salton 's measure, displayed a characteristic pattern reflecting geopolitical, historical, linguistic,etc. relations among countries. 3185 21_RESULT UT=000167664900001 82.8568 22 563 No correlation has been found, however, between the strength of co-authorship links and the relative citation eminence of the resulting publications. 3221 21_RESULT UT=000078241300005 67.6779 21 520 The initial differences observed persisted even four years after the year of publication. 3229 21_RESULT UT=000168323400005 149.289 22 519 Analysis of the aggregate data ( 1971-1999) confirms the general impression that acknowledgement has become an institutionalised element of the scholarly communication process, reflecting the growing cognitive and structural complexity of contemporary research. 3164 21_RESULT UT=000165654300004 104.537 18 451 Papers are mainly published in highly visible journals and scientific articles are the vehicle most commonly used to reach the scientific community. 3201 21_RESULT UT=000168426400005 112.495 19 444 Within the biomedical world it has been proposed that authors be replaced by lists of contributors ( the radical model), whose specific inputs to a given study would be recorded unambiguously. 3172 21_RESULT UT=000075374400006 110.47 19 440 There is a systematic increase with time in the average productivity per author in the funded and collaborated authors subset. 3174 21_RESULT UT=000075374400006 75.5358 21 439 Highlights the research priorities of few important countries in collaborative research. 3196 21_RESULT UT=000231426600003 116.772 17 411 These conceptual modes of access are examined in relation to the digital access resources currently being developed by researchers in the humanities and neuroscience. 3209 21_RESULT UT=000169909700005 62.5245 16 347 Specific ( unidirectional) co-authorship affinity could also be detected in several countries. 3173 21_RESULT UT=000075374400006 65.2437 14 300 Studies the nature and type of collaborated research from 1956-60 to 1976-80, and the role of funding. 3180 21_RESULT UT=000088919200005 66.6309 15 299 Go-operation with South Asian countries, initially low, has doubled in four years. 3190 21_RESULT UT=000172846700011 88.061 12 187 Subdisciplines of mathematics, of physics, and areas of logic show large differences in their respective propensities to collaborate. 3155 21_RESULT UT=000172846700002 51.3891 10 173 Continuing methodological problems are singled out, together with suggestions for future research. 3208 21_RESULT UT=000169909700005 41.9942 10 168 Not all links between individual countries are symmetric. 3269 22_CONCLUSION UT=000227040500001 77.2447 16 256 Other possible explanations for the rapid growth of collaboration are offered, including the possibility that weak ties evidenced by geographically remote collaboration can promote new knowledge creation. 3257 22_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 53.1058 11 121 Studies in wave mechanics and modeling of waves are the most important areas of research in Ocean Technology. 3234 22_CONCLUSION UT=000227069800001 47.9747 11 114 Differences in collaborative patterns in terms of subjects are explained by different characteristics of the subjects themselves. 3256 22_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 37.7125 11 112 Co-citation maps of cited authors and cited journals throw light on the semantic structure of the field. 3255 22_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 28.3602 8 70 M Longuethiggins and CC Mei are the most cited authors in the field. 3263 22_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500006 33.4913 8 67 We find that the older the references, the more the network tends to change its structure towards a more exponential degree distribution. 3244 22_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 14.1801 4 23 Differences are illustrated with a real-life example. 3245 22_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 19.3112 4 16 Finally, it is shown that some of these anomalies can be avoided by using geometric instead of arithmetic averages. 3275 22_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400008 19.3112 4 16 No correlation between group size and productivity was found. 3231 22_METHOD UT=000227069800001 354.346 87 5841 Four different collaborative types, namely papers co-authored by the authors in the same institution ( SI), in different institution located in the same region ( SR), in different regions ( DR) of China, and in different countries or regions of the world ( DC) are discussed, The regional and subject distributions of co-authored papers as well as the general status of collaboration in science and technology in China are studied. 3272 22_METHOD UT=000088919400008 263.645 55 2818 Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/ one article to 180 authors/ 83 articles ( all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). 3271 22_METHOD UT=000088919400008 175.221 42 1900 By an author-gated retrieval from ISI 's database National Science Indicators on Diskette ( NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992-1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by3,486 authors, were obtained. 3238 22_METHOD UT=000084513300005 113.91 37 1784 These numbers are then brought together to obtain country scores, or department scores,etc. It turns out, as we will show in this article, that different scoring methods can yield totally different rankings. 3240 22_METHOD UT=000084513300005 180.334 40 1657 Indeed, we present examples in which country ( or author) c has a smaller relative score in the total counting system than in the fractional counting one, yet this smaller score has a higher importance than the larger one ( fractional counting). 3232 22_METHOD UT=000227069800001 47.4757 16 773 It is concluded that, for all four collaborative types, collaboration in science and technology has increased in China. 3259 22_METHOD UT=000229005500006 75.3703 20 678 We find that this network of clustered publications shows different statistical properties depending on the age of the references used for building the network. 3239 22_METHOD UT=000084513300005 94.1912 19 439 In addition to this, a relative increase according to one method can go hand in hand with a relative decrease according to another counting method. 3265 22_METHOD UT=000227040500001 63.2117 14 308 The cases examine international collaboration by detailing co-authorship links among researchers by field, evidenced at the level of the nation. 3260 22_METHOD UT=000229005500006 68.9022 14 293 A remarkable finding is that only the network based on all references within publications is characterized by a degree distribution with a power-law dependence. 3249 22_METHOD UT=000231798300005 42.3178 11 281 The cooperation linkages between engineers, organizations, countries and journals were mapped. 3266 22_METHOD UT=000227040500001 55.6385 12 227 Cases are offered based on possible drivers for collaboration: sharing ideas, cooperating around equipment, cooperating around resources, and exchanging data. 3250 22_METHOD UT=000231798300005 56.3255 9 83 The causal linkages between the productivity function and the socio-economic imperatives of the production units were studied. 3251 22_METHOD UT=000231798300005 34.8231 5 25 62 % output in this sector goes to USA & UK. 3230 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000227069800001 98.0429 31 901 Co-authorship patterns derived from 1997-2001 data in the CSTPC Database ( Chinese Science and Technology Papers and Citations Database) are analyzed to show the status of science and technology collaboration in China. 3270 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400008 84.5977 27 702 To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. 3247 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 75.6026 27 685 To understand the research dynamics, the articles appeared in Science Citation Index ( SCI) database under Ocean Engineering category in the year 2000 were analyzed to visualize the structure of the field. 3235 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 60.3697 22 462 One aim of science evaluation studies is to determine quantitatively the contribution of different players ( authors, departments, countries) to the whole system. 3258 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500006 67.4862 19 360 In this paper we report first results of our study on network characteristics of a reference-based, bibliographically coupled ( BC) publication network structure. 3246 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 41.5943 16 317 In this paper attempt has been made to study the engineering research scenario in ocean sector across the countries - globally. 3237 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 41.098 13 222 Taking articles as our basic data, we want to determine the exact relative contribution of each coauthor or each country. 3236 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 47.3531 12 158 This information is then used to study the evolution of the system, for instance to gauge the results of special national or international programs. 3264 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000227040500001 30.7368 9 107 Six case studies of international cooperation at the subfield level are presented and compared. 3248 22_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 37.1133 7 49 USA and UK are the major producers - 62 % of the total output contributed by them. 3273 22_RESULT UT=000088919400008 216.318 53 2339 Most of Norwegian microbiological research ( 73 % of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups ( with greater than or equal to 70 % of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile ( who were responsible for 95 % of the non-microbiological articles). 3267 22_RESULT UT=000227040500001 189.839 40 1411 Scientometric and network analysis of linkages are presented and discussed for each of the six cases: astrophysics, geophysics, mathematical logic, polymers, soil science, and virology, Visualizations of the cosine matrices within each field are compared for 1990 and2000. The research shows that international collaboration grew in all the fields at rates higher than the international average. 3253 22_RESULT UT=000231798300005 190.79 29 841 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA), USA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA), USA; National Institute of Oceanography ( NIO), India are the most productive institutions. 3274 22_RESULT UT=000088919400008 96.6971 23 689 The productivity ( articles per capita) showed only moderate ( Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about0.1 article per author per year. 3242 22_RESULT UT=000084513300005 83.8475 20 544 Consequently, a ranking between countries, universities, research groups or authors, based on one particular accrediting method does not contain an absolute truth about their relative importance. 3268 22_RESULT UT=000227040500001 89.7583 18 400 The possibility that rapid increases in international collaboration in science can be attributed in part to certain drivers related to access to resources or equipment sharing could not be upheld by the data. 3262 22_RESULT UT=000229005500006 64.1106 17 319 Changing the publication network as a function of reference age, allows " tuning through the episodic memory ' of the nodes of the network. 3254 22_RESULT UT=000231798300005 40.7588 9 227 GDP explains only 36 % of variance in productivity ( R-2 =0.36). 3261 22_RESULT UT=000229005500006 55.51 13 212 This structure, which is typical for scale-free networks, disappears when selecting references of a specific age for the clustering process. 3233 22_RESULT UT=000227069800001 80.2325 15 207 Different regions have different collaborative patterns corresponding to economic, technological and scientific development levels. 3241 22_RESULT UT=000084513300005 78.9476 12 144 Similar anomalies were constructed for total versus proportional counts and for total versus straight counts. 3252 22_RESULT UT=000231798300005 26.1873 6 82 They are also toppers in collaboration centrality list. 3243 22_RESULT UT=000084513300005 24.0972 6 68 Different counting methods should be used and compared. 3330 23_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 77.2707 45 1661 In the " citing " environment, the equivalents of this measure can be considered as a citation activity index which maps how the relevant journal environment is perceived by the collective of authors of a given journal. 3337 23_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600006 67.6395 42 1492 Maps showing interdisciplinarilty of journals in terms of betweenness centrality can be drawn using information about journal citation environments, which is available online. 3281 23_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300008 60.5027 37 1239 Journals of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have a better reception in the international scientific community than university journals. 3292 23_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600008 40.5849 32 1039 The references are primarily to general science journals and letters, and therefore not specific enough for the purpose of delineating a journal set. 3321 23_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300002 62.8656 27 841 Local citation impacts reflect a journal 's status and function better than ( global) impact factors. 3322 23_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300002 44.5873 25 817 We also found that authors in Chinese journals prefer international instead of domestic ones as sources for their citations. 3342 23_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500005 69.8952 23 662 The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period. 3331 23_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 50.9616 22 624 As a policy application, the mechanism of interdisciplinary developments among the sciences is elaborated for the case of nanotechnology journals. 3286 23_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600003 61.5843 13 244 The use of factor matrices quantified further the strength of the linkages among institutions and among countries, and validated the co-publishing networks shown graphically on the maps. 3304 23_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600002 61.9937 11 147 In this brief note, we explore and evaluate three arguments that could explain this phenomenon: coverage bias, language preference, and community formation. 3311 23_CONCLUSION UT=000231957200006 49.6441 9 114 Originality/ value - Outlines the importance of FSTs for the normalization of term variants. 3299 23_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400011 30.4645 7 89 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 3333 23_METHOD UT=000247578600006 281.136 125 9221 These measures are first analyzed for the entire set of7,379 journals included in the Journal Citation Reports of the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index 2004 ( Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA), and then also in relation to local citation environments that can be considered as proxies of specialties and disciplines. 3317 23_METHOD UT=000248080300002 197.335 75 5230 The vertical size of the nodes varies proportionally to a journal 's total citation share, while the horizontal size of the nodes is used to provide citation information after correction for the within-journal ( self-) citations. 3283 23_METHOD UT=000244509600003 155.605 63 4263 An extensive nanotechnology/ nanoscience-focused query was applied to the Science Citation Index/ Social Science Citation Index ( SCI/ SSCI) databases. 3318 23_METHOD UT=000248080300002 88.4504 51 3420 In the " citing " environment, the equivalent of the local citation performance can also be considered as a citation activity index. 3334 23_METHOD UT=000247578600006 184.837 47 2989 Betweenness centrality is shown to be an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of journals, but only in local citation environments and after normalization; otherwise, the influence of degree centrality ( size) overshadows the betweenness-centrality measure. 3339 23_METHOD UT=000088918500005 105.983 44 2626 The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI). 3277 23_METHOD UT=000246379300008 87.4251 41 2612 The results are compared with those for ( Chinese) journals included in the Science Citation Index ( SCI). 3327 23_METHOD UT=000246379200004 71.9109 27 1582 The user is thus able to analyze the citation environment in terms of links and graphs. 3278 23_METHOD UT=000246379300008 90.8952 27 1550 The frequency of journal-journal citation relations in the CSTPCD is an order of magnitude lower than in the SCI. 3289 23_METHOD UT=000244509600008 110.004 29 1532 This suggests a higher degree of codification in the field of nanotechnology: the field has become more focused in terms of citation practices. 3296 23_METHOD UT=000081191400011 307.862 37 1336 Author co-citation patterns are visualised through a number of author co-citation maps in attempts to reveal the structure of the hypertext, including an overall co-citation map of 367 authors and three periodical maps. 3313 23_METHOD UT=000250198400008 180.973 26 747 The set of the seven most productive countries ( USA, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada and Italy) in sleep research, and the geographical region distribution remained stable over the three decades. 3284 23_METHOD UT=000244509600003 183.778 26 744 The nanotechnology/ nanoscience research literature infrastructure ( prolific authors, key journals/ institutions/ countries, most cited authors/ journals/ documents) was obtained using bibliometrics. 3308 23_METHOD UT=000231957200006 147.743 20 570 Stemming algorithms, segmentation rules, association measures and clustering techniques are well evaluated non-linguistic methods, and experiments with these techniques show a wide variety of results. 3302 23_METHOD UT=000244509600002 116.896 19 466 While almost all published research articles in NST are in English, increasingly a larger share of NST publications is published in the Chinese language. 3288 23_METHOD UT=000244509600008 57.7253 13 419 In comparison with 2003, the core set has grown and the relevant set has decreased. 3340 23_METHOD UT=000088918500005 56.7644 13 360 The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. 3301 23_METHOD UT=000244509600002 89.9673 13 225 Previous bibliometric analyses have unmistakably demonstrated the remarkable growth of the global NST literature. 3295 23_METHOD UT=000081191400011 124.209 13 169 The unique spatial metaphor leads to a natural combination of search and navigation within the same semantic space in a 3-dimensional virtual world. 3307 23_METHOD UT=000231957200006 78.3816 9 123 The uniterm and multiterm variants can be considered equivalent units for the purposes of automatic indexing. 3326 23_METHOD UT=000246379200004 66.8818 7 49 net/ jcr04 as input files for the visualization program Pajek. 3325 23_METHOD UT=000246379200004 9.55454 1 1 leydesdorff. 3323 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 166.512 156 17378 Aggregated journal-journal citation networks based on the Journal Citation Reports 2004 of the Science Citation Index (5,968 journals) and the Social Science Citation Index (1,712 journals) are made accessible from the perspective of any of these journals. 3338 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500005 293.369 144 16319 A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval ( IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index ( SCI) and Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library gi Information Science area. 3287 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600008 97.486 78 8393 The Journal Citation Reports of the Science Citation Index 2004 were used to delineate a core set of nanotechnology journals and a nanotechnology-relevant set. 3276 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300008 238.645 87 8378 The journal structure in the China Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations Database ( CSTPCD) is analyzed from three perspectives: the database level, the specialty level, and the institutional level (i.e., university journalsvs. journals issued by the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 3316 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300002 117.093 73 7222 Local citation impact of journals is defined as the share of the total citations in a local citation environment, which is expressed as a ratio and can be visualized by the size of the nodes. 3315 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300002 125.368 72 6757 Based on the citation data of journals covered by the China Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations Database ( CSTPCD), we obtained aggregated journal-journal citation environments by applying routines developed specifically for this purpose. 3332 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600006 149.439 59 5759 In addition to science citation indicators of journals like impact and immediacy, social network analysis provides a set of centrality measures like degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. 3294 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400011 222.609 47 3202 Salient semantic structures and citation patterns are extracted from several collections of documents, including the ACM SIGCHI Conference Proceedings ( 1995-1997) and ACM Hypertext Conference Proceedings ( 1987-1998), using Latent Semantic Indexing and Pathfinder Network Scaling. 3305 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200006 146.412 28 739 Purpose - To propose a categorization of the different conflation procedures at the two basic approaches, non-linguistic and linguistic techniques, and to justify the application of normalization methods within the framework of linguistic techniques. 3306 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000231957200006 79.5075 17 702 Design/ methodology/ approach - Presents a range of term conflation methods, that can be used in information retrieval. 3293 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400011 75.4477 16 677 This paper describes the development and application of visualisation techniques for users to access and explore information in a digital library effectively and intuitively. 3312 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400008 53.3478 13 570 During the 1974-2004 period, the sleep literature had quadrupled ( 2384 publications in 1974, and 9721 in 2004) while overall scientific productivity had only doubled. 3282 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600003 83.4646 16 442 Text mining was used to extract technical intelligence from the open source global nanotechnology and nanoscience research literature. 3300 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600002 88.4432 16 380 Nanoscience and technology ( NST) is a young scientific and technological field that has generated great worldwide interest in the past two decades. 3324 23_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 52.1209 8 84 A vector-space model is used for normalization, and the results are brought online at http: / /www. 3314 23_RESULT UT=000250198400008 415.369 108 9529 On the other hand several indicators appeared in the sleep research literature during the 1990s: the increasing productivity of sleep researchers; the growing number of countries publishing on sleep; the continuous creation of sleep-focused journals; the scattering of sleep publication among increasingly more scientific journals; the turnover among the leading journals; and the emergence of new entities such as China, Turkey, and the European Union. 3279 23_RESULT UT=000246379300008 150.364 95 7551 Chinese journals, especially high-quality journals, prefer to cite international journals rather than domestic ones; however, Chinese journals do not get an equivalent reception from their international counterparts. 3319 23_RESULT UT=000248080300002 163.381 87 6831 Using the " citing " patterns as variables one is able to map how the relevant journal environments are perceived by the collective of authors of a journal, while the " cited " environment reflects the impact of journals in a local environment. 3328 23_RESULT UT=000246379200004 199.116 84 6246 Furthermore, the local impact of a journal is defined as its share of the total citations in the specific journal 's citation environments; the vertical size of the nodes is varied proportionally to this citation impact. 3291 23_RESULT UT=000244509600008 258.994 75 5559 National contributions to this core group of journals are evaluated for the years 2003, 2004, and2005. Additionally, the specific class of nanotechnology patents in the database of theU.S. Patent and Trade Office ( USPTO) is analyzed to determine if non-patent literature references can be used as a source for the delineation of the knowledge base in terms of scientific journals. 3320 23_RESULT UT=000248080300002 154.873 61 4333 In this study, we analyze citation impacts of three Chinese journals in mathematics and compare local citation impacts with impact factors. 3285 23_RESULT UT=000244509600003 394.915 65 3978 A novel addition was the use of institution and country auto-correlation maps to show co-publishing networks among institutions and among countries, and the use of institution-phrase and country-phrase cross-correlation maps to show institution networks and country networks based on use of common terminology ( proxy for common interests). 3290 23_RESULT UT=000244509600008 120.727 53 3901 Using the citing patterns among journals at the aggregate level, a core group of ten nanotechnology journals in the vector space can be delineated on the criterion of betweenness centrality. 3280 23_RESULT UT=000246379300008 72.3499 31 2131 The international visibility of Chinese journals is low, but varies among fields of science. 3335 23_RESULT UT=000247578600006 92.5056 23 1270 The indicator is applied to a variety of citation environments, including policy-relevant ones like biotechnology and nanotechnology. 3336 23_RESULT UT=000247578600006 77.8048 18 749 The values of the indicator remain sensitive to the delineations of the set because of the indicator 's local character. 3298 23_RESULT UT=000081191400011 114.481 21 715 This approach provides a means for transcending the boundaries of collections of documents and visualising more profound patterns in terms of semantic structures and co-citation networks. 3309 23_RESULT UT=000231957200006 122.86 21 611 Alternatively, the lemmatisation and the use of syntactic pattern-matching, through equivalence relations represented in finite-state transducers ( FST), are emerging methods for the recognition and standardization of terms. 3303 23_RESULT UT=000244509600002 71.0679 14 577 Perplexingly, Chinese is the only language - apart from English - that displays an ascendant trend in the NST literature. 3341 23_RESULT UT=000088918500005 104.155 15 370 The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. 3310 23_RESULT UT=000231957200006 95.1942 16 335 Findings - The survey attempts to point out the positive and negative effects of the linguistic approach and its potential as a term conflation method. 3297 23_RESULT UT=000081191400011 50.5031 9 314 These maps highlight predominant research areas in the field. 3329 23_RESULT UT=000246379200004 69.4367 10 248 The horizontal size of each node can be used to provide the same information after correction for within-journal (self-)citations. 3382 24_CONCLUSION UT=000227877600007 473.278 74 4283 The results also showed a strong negative correlation between the coordinates of the horizontal axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients reflecting the subject variation, and a less revealing positive correlation between the coordinates of the vertical axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients. 3376 24_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400012 269.014 76 3870 One of them is to compare our 'reverse ' citation data with 'regular ' patent citation data within the same classification system to see whether citations occur, irrespectively of their directionality, in the same fields of science and technology. 3482 24_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 214.599 64 3143 In the " citing " environment, the equivalents of this measure can be considered as a citation activity index which maps how the relevant journal environment is perceived by the collective of authors of a given journal. 3411 24_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100005 386.32 61 2893 The study, which primary aim is to improve the methodology of quantitative analysis in the so called " soft " sciences, will increase the interest among social scientists, scholars of the humanities and library and information science to use databases as analytical tools and to apply the modern text mining techniques for the extraction of knowledge from bibliographic data. 3489 24_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600006 188.174 54 2720 Maps showing interdisciplinarilty of journals in terms of betweenness centrality can be drawn using information about journal citation environments, which is available online. 3349 24_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500006 226.871 49 2350 publications, and a similar decline of citations starting in 1986/87. Further, the citation impact relative to the world, after a substantial drop 1985-93 probably representing the international embargo period, in 1994-96 reaches the same level as observed in 1985-89. 3356 24_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400004 279.892 47 2043 The conclusion is that SSCI, although biased towards Angle-American publications, actually makes room for valid bibliometric and scientometric analyses of research published by Scandinavian and other smaller countries with English as the second language in journals regarded international by ISI. 3441 24_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300002 119.223 42 1879 We also found that authors in Chinese journals prefer international instead of domestic ones as sources for their citations. 3453 24_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600008 125.932 38 1800 The references are primarily to general science journals and letters, and therefore not specific enough for the purpose of delineating a journal set. 3440 24_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300002 148.05 38 1756 Local citation impacts reflect a journal 's status and function better than ( global) impact factors. 3362 24_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300005 150.677 33 1438 Comparisons with ( the few) other surveys and with citation data do not suggest this to be a peculiarity of Danish social scientists, however. 3504 24_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 186.683 36 1426 Additional statistical tests should be applied to explore and model the relationship between initial, later and total citation counts and thus to create a general tool for policy application. 3422 24_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 118.445 32 1330 Co-citation maps of cited authors and cited journals throw light on the semantic structure of the field. 3469 24_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100005 205.13 37 1327 As such, the Mantel test and Procrustes analysis can be used as statistical validation tools in informetric studies and thus help choosing suitable proximity measures. 3483 24_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 133.835 29 1212 As a policy application, the mechanism of interdisciplinary developments among the sciences is elaborated for the case of nanotechnology journals. 3366 24_CONCLUSION UT=000225084700002 86.3239 28 1194 We warn against taking the analogy between citation analyses and link analyses too far. 3467 24_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100005 184.011 34 1189 In part two of the article, the authors introduce and demonstrate two related statistical matrix comparison techniques the Mantel test and Procrustes analysis, respectively. 3447 24_CONCLUSION UT=000244692200003 230.113 31 1086 With some minor variations in subject categories, countries favoured in international co-authorship reflect world shares in publishing and factors such as geographical proximity and political links. 3474 24_CONCLUSION UT=000248059900007 150.373 28 885 The results of the study can be extended to selfcitation networks of groups of authors and, generally also for other types of networks. 3391 24_CONCLUSION UT=000185851200006 140.302 25 842 I include notes on topics such as handling the diagonal in author cocitation matrices, lognormalizing data, and testing r for significance. 3377 24_CONCLUSION UT=000186047400012 53.6219 16 685 Another question is as to how one should interpret reverse citation linkages. 3503 24_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 164.312 23 665 This initial study should now be extended across a wider range fields to test the initial outcomes: earlier papers suggest the model holds in economics. 3350 24_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500006 171.033 23 638 Also, the study shows that there is a direct relation between academic position, research experience and productivity among South African Scientists in the four scientific disciplines. 3423 24_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 148.938 21 572 Studies in wave mechanics and modeling of waves are the most important areas of research in Ocean Technology. 3468 24_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100005 119.134 18 532 These techniques can compare and evaluate the degree of monotonicity between different proximity measures or their ordination results. 3404 24_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500010 76.882 13 486 The center of gravity of the world system of science may be changing accordingly. 3390 24_CONCLUSION UT=000185851200006 83.5928 16 473 Accordingly, I argue that qualitative information revealing why authors are cocited is more important than the cautions proposed in the AJ&R critique. 3421 24_CONCLUSION UT=000231798300005 80.7161 16 468 M Longuethiggins and CC Mei are the most cited authors in the field. 3397 24_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800012 73.5189 12 436 The algorithm is explained and used on the data set, which was made the subject of this discussion. 3433 24_CONCLUSION UT=000233478200002 91.28 11 416 The contexts of application lead to correlation among the components. 3513 24_CONCLUSION UT=000247139300009 92.7274 11 215 Pilot results for a sample of researchers show a surprising degree of interdisciplinarity. 3502 24_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 53.3303 7 119 Nonetheless, it seems reasonable to conclude that leading indicators of research excellence could be developed. 3485 24_METHOD UT=000247578600006 682.58 169 16255 These measures are first analyzed for the entire set of7,379 journals included in the Journal Citation Reports of the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index 2004 ( Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA), and then also in relation to local citation environments that can be considered as proxies of specialties and disciplines. 3352 24_METHOD UT=000088919400004 708.885 152 14353 It investigates the results and meaningfulness of applying the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI, ISI, USA) to publication and citation studies of nine selected Social Science research areas in Scandinavia by analysing the international visibility, the research profiles, and relative citation impact. 3436 24_METHOD UT=000248080300002 434.492 103 9334 The vertical size of the nodes varies proportionally to a journal 's total citation share, while the horizontal size of the nodes is used to provide citation information after correction for the within-journal ( self-) citations. 3346 24_METHOD UT=000088918500006 594.764 92 7378 The general purpose is two-fold: 1) to observe the publication and citation trends during 1981-96, a period which covers significant policy changes in the country, in particular the end of apartheid 1994; within this context 2) to investigate the patterns used by scientists 1992-96 from these different institutions in publishing the results of their research in the form of conference papers or (inter)national journals. 3494 24_METHOD UT=000229005500007 370.23 72 6367 Here, I describe the outcomes of a preliminary study to explore these citation relationships, drawing on the UK National Citation Report held by Evidence Ltd under licence from Thomson ISI for OST policy use. 3437 24_METHOD UT=000248080300002 214.675 58 5516 In the " citing " environment, the equivalent of the local citation performance can also be considered as a citation activity index. 3506 24_METHOD UT=000230086700006 669.353 77 5342 Total counting ( full credit to a country when at least one of the authors is from this country) and Fractional Counting ( a country receives a fraction of full credit for a publication equal to the fraction of authors from this country) Of publications give widely different results. 3353 24_METHOD UT=000088919400004 529.533 67 5196 The study demonstrates that the areas Economics, Political Science, Sociology & Anthropology, Social Policy, Language & Linguistics, and, for Denmark and Finland, Information & Library Science as well as, for Sweden, Management studies, are well anchored internationally with a visibility in line with common S&T domains. 3486 24_METHOD UT=000247578600006 373.763 64 5134 Betweenness centrality is shown to be an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of journals, but only in local citation environments and after normalization; otherwise, the influence of degree centrality ( size) overshadows the betweenness-centrality measure. 3430 24_METHOD UT=000233478200002 448.207 70 4874 The main structure is the intellectual organization of the journals in journal groups ( as in the international SCI), but the university-based journals provide an institutional layer that orients this structure towards practical ends (e.g., agriculture). 3496 24_METHOD UT=000229005500007 295.965 55 4205 I show that there is a statistically highly significant correlation between initial ( years 1-2) and later ( years 3-10) citations in six research categories across the life and physical sciences. 3379 24_METHOD UT=000227877600007 474.438 62 4101 A cluster-enhanced two-dimensional map was created, showing a noticeable subject variation along the horizontal axis depicting four clusters of journals differentiated into mainstream urban studies, regional science and urban economics, transportation, and real estate finance. 3462 24_METHOD UT=000249135100005 438.11 58 3120 Two different matrix generation approaches, in all probability, will lead to different proximity rankings of objects, which further lead to different ordination and clustering results for the same set of objects. 3450 24_METHOD UT=000244509600008 233.073 43 2871 This suggests a higher degree of codification in the field of nanotechnology: the field has become more focused in terms of citation practices. 3495 24_METHOD UT=000229005500007 138.959 34 2794 Annual citation counts typically peak at around the third year after publication. 3380 24_METHOD UT=000227877600007 281.331 48 2723 The cluster of the mainstream urban studies journals revealed a higher degree of interdisciplinarity than other clusters. 3479 24_METHOD UT=000246379200004 161.076 34 2690 The user is thus able to analyze the citation environment in terms of links and graphs. 3455 24_METHOD UT=000251377600002 243.06 33 2528 We present the complete scientogram of the world for the Year2002. It integrates the natural sciences, the social sciences, and arts and humanities. 3371 24_METHOD UT=000186047400012 163.505 37 2520 We analysed the citation links by scientific fields and technological sectors. 3497 24_METHOD UT=000229005500007 131.578 29 2361 The relationship holds over a wide range of initial citation counts. 3461 24_METHOD UT=000249135100005 348.683 42 1943 The approach to matrix generation is demonstrated for the same data set,i.e., how data is represented and transformed in a matrix, evidently determines the behavior of proximity measures. 3444 24_METHOD UT=000244692200003 429.841 41 1734 Articles that are a product of Chinese international collaboration account for almost 20 % of the Chinese sample as a whole, a similar proportion to levels of international collaboration within the sample overall. 3471 24_METHOD UT=000248059900007 338.863 36 1728 Contrary to much previous literature on self-citations, we will show that author 's self-citation patterns reveal important information on the development and emergence of new research topics over time. 3358 24_METHOD UT=000181362300005 169.345 30 1642 A set of common scientific journals is often assumed to be instrumental in the formation of these hierarchies. 3415 24_METHOD UT=000231798300005 157.845 25 1603 The cooperation linkages between engineers, organizations, countries and journals were mapped. 3429 24_METHOD UT=000233478200002 145.097 25 1563 Using factor-analytical and graph-analytical techniques, the authors show that the journal relations are dually structured. 3386 24_METHOD UT=000185851200006 320.478 36 1376 By entering their own rs into multidimensional scaling and clustering routines, I show that, despite rs fluctuations, clusters based on it are much the same for the combined groups as for the separate groups. 3407 24_METHOD UT=000088919100005 333.254 33 1281 The approach is novel in that through the application of quantitative (i.e., bibliometric) techniques it tries to reduce subjectivity in domain analysis and in the mapping of the developments and segmentation in special topical areas. 3443 24_METHOD UT=000244692200003 206.718 26 1259 A slightly higher proportion of articles with at least one Chinese author was observed as compared to previous studies. 3387 24_METHOD UT=000185851200006 334.982 35 1254 The combined groups when mapped appear as polarized clumps of points in two-dimensional space, confirming that differences between the groups have become much more important than differences within the groups-an accurate portrayal of what has happened to the data. 3401 24_METHOD UT=000229005500010 273.884 32 1243 Evaluation of the data from this perspective along the time axis leads to completely different and hitherto overlooked conclusions: a new dynamic can be revealed which points to a group of emerging nations. 3345 24_METHOD UT=000088918500006 321.532 28 1148 Scientists were selected from the ten universities of the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal, which vary considerably, with respect to standards of education, quantity of publications, development and overall progress. 3463 24_METHOD UT=000249135100005 176.072 22 1095 Further, a resemblance in the composition of formulas indicates whether two proximity measures may produce similar ordination and clustering results. 3364 24_METHOD UT=000225084700002 265.188 26 1064 We develop a consistent and detailed link typology and terminology and make explicit the distinction among different Web node levels when using the proposed conceptual framework. 3460 24_METHOD UT=000249135100005 171.954 22 908 The two important issues discussed here are matrix generation and the composition of proximity measures. 3408 24_METHOD UT=000088919100005 194.589 23 850 The analysis used the technique of co-ordinated online searches in a cluster of international bibliographic databases in DIALOG. 3385 24_METHOD UT=000185851200006 247.099 26 789 However, AJ&R neither cluster nor map their data to demonstrate how fluctuations in rs will mislead the analyst, and the problem they pose is remote from both theory and practice in traditional ACA. 3370 24_METHOD UT=000186047400012 118.398 16 778 Almost30,000 US patents were cited by scientific research papers. 3449 24_METHOD UT=000244509600008 118.264 16 728 In comparison with 2003, the core set has grown and the relevant set has decreased. 3372 24_METHOD UT=000186047400012 146.216 17 551 Chemistry-related subfields tended to cite patents more than other scientific area. 3400 24_METHOD UT=000229005500010 149.756 18 531 KING 's ( 2004) 'The scientific impact of nations ' has provided the data for this comparison. 3509 24_METHOD UT=000247139300009 182.487 18 372 Both draw upon Web of Knowledge Subject Categories ( SCs) as key units of analysis. 3417 24_METHOD UT=000231798300005 100.534 9 347 62 % output in this sector goes to USA & UK. 3510 24_METHOD UT=000247139300009 154.356 15 332 We have assembled two Substantial Web of Knowledge samples from which to determine how closely individual SCs relate to each other. 3472 24_METHOD UT=000248059900007 93.8053 10 319 More specifically, we will discuss self-citations as a means to detect scientists ' field mobility. 3425 24_METHOD UT=000249135100015 114.282 12 252 In this communication, it is argued that there is nothing wrong with the widely adopted practice of normalizing cocitation data. 3394 24_METHOD UT=000228634800012 97.5654 10 187 However, one has the option of applying a logarithmic transformation in correlation analysis. 3416 24_METHOD UT=000231798300005 141.753 11 140 The causal linkages between the productivity function and the socio-economic imperatives of the production units were studied. 3393 24_METHOD UT=000228634800012 102.474 8 113 Unlike the Pearson correlation, the cosine is insensitive to the number of zeros. 3359 24_METHOD UT=000181362300005 120.522 9 104 However, the character of the hierarchies, how monolithic/ pluralistic they are and the functions of this differentiation have been discussed and caused controversy. 3478 24_METHOD UT=000246379200004 109.286 7 49 net/ jcr04 as input files for the visualization program Pajek. 3477 24_METHOD UT=000246379200004 15.6123 1 1 leydesdorff. 3475 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 469.93 194 22521 Aggregated journal-journal citation networks based on the Journal Citation Reports 2004 of the Science Citation Index (5,968 journals) and the Social Science Citation Index (1,712 journals) are made accessible from the perspective of any of these journals. 3427 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200002 432.831 141 15487 Methods developed for mapping the journal structure contained in aggregated journal-journal citations in the Science Citation Index ( SCI; Thomson ISI, 2002) are applied to the Chinese Science Citation Database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3448 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600008 252.4 96 10884 The Journal Citation Reports of the Science Citation Index 2004 were used to delineate a core set of nanotechnology journals and a nanotechnology-relevant set. 3435 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300002 304.342 94 10350 Local citation impact of journals is defined as the share of the total citations in a local citation environment, which is expressed as a ratio and can be visualized by the size of the nodes. 3378 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000227877600007 441.739 105 9658 This paper studied the intellectual structure of urban studies through a co-citation analysis of its thirty-eight representative journals from 1992 to2002. Relevant journal co-citation data were retrieved from Social SciSearch, and were subjected to cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and factor analysis. 3434 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300002 310.933 83 8899 Based on the citation data of journals covered by the China Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations Database ( CSTPCD), we obtained aggregated journal-journal citation environments by applying routines developed specifically for this purpose. 3369 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400012 414.762 96 8863 Our analysis is based on papers recorded in the 1996-2000 annual volumes of the CD-Edition of Science Citation Index ( SCI) of the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) and patent data provided by the US Patent and Trademark Office. 3484 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600006 359.777 89 8734 In addition to science citation indicators of journals like impact and immediacy, social network analysis provides a set of centrality measures like degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. 3442 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000244692200003 397.173 89 7551 This paper examines patterns of Chinese authorship, focusing particularly on international co-authorship, in a sample of37,526 articles from Elsevier journals published in2004. Trends relating to potential influences such as subject, journal impact factor and article type are explored. 3493 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 550.46 89 7441 Initial (e.g. 12 months from publication) citation counts might be useful as a forward indicator of the long-term (e.g. 10 years from publication) quality of research publications, but - although there is literature on citation-time functions - no study to evaluate this specifically has been carried out by Thomson ISI or any other analysts. 3368 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400012 308.598 75 7271 Unlike most contributions to this area we do not trace citations of scientific literature in patents but explore citations of patents in scientific literature. 3413 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 296.265 84 7265 To understand the research dynamics, the articles appeared in Science Citation Index ( SCI) database under Ocean Engineering category in the year 2000 were analyzed to visualize the structure of the field. 3383 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000185851200006 521.311 86 5740 In their article " Requirements for a cocitation similarity measure, with special reference to Pearson 's correlation coefficient, " Ahlgren, Jarneving, and Rousseau fault traditional author cocitation analysis ( ACA) for using Pearson 's r as a measure of similarity between authors because it fails two tests of stability of measurement. 3505 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000230086700006 355.282 59 4605 For all rankings Of Countries research output based on number of publications or citations compared with population, GDP, R&D and public R&D expenses, and other national characteristics the counting method is decisive. 3454 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000251377600002 404.974 66 4474 This study proposes a new methodology that allows for the generation of scientograms of major scientific domains, constructed on the basis of cocitation of Institute of Scientific Information categories, and pruned using PathfinderNetwork, with a layout determined by algorithms of the spring-embedder type ( Kamada-Kawai), then corroborated structurally by factor analysis. 3490 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 224.014 51 3215 The present paper addresses the objective of developing forward indicators of research performance using bibliometric information on the UK science base. 3457 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100005 252.852 54 3171 The present two-part article introduces matrix comparison as a formal means of evaluation in informetric studies such as cocitation analysis. 3363 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000225084700002 202.852 45 2967 In this article, we define webometrics within the framework of informetric studies and bibliometrics, as belonging to library and information science, and as associated with cybermetrics as a generic subfield. 3392 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800012 264.453 47 2917 The use of Pearson 's correlation coefficient in Author Cocitation Analysis was compared with Salton 's cosine measure in a number of recent contributions. 3424 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100015 283.765 45 2519 In a recent article in JASIST,L. Leydesdorff andL. Vaughan ( 2006) asserted that raw cocitation data should be analyzed directly, without first applying a normalization such as the Pearson correlation. 3428 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000233478200002 103.006 25 2517 This database covered 991 journals in 2001, of which only 37 originally had English titles; only 31 of which were covered by the SCI. 3470 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000248059900007 234.883 42 2336 This paper introduces a new approach to detecting scientists ' field mobility by focusing on an author 's self-citation network, and the co-authorships and keywords in self-citing articles. 3398 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500010 159.345 33 2323 Institutions and their aggregates are not the right units of analysis for developing a science policy with cognitive goals in view. 3343 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500006 227.311 37 2152 The paper is a bibliometric study of the publication patterns and impact of South African scientists 1981-96, with special emphasis on the period 1992-96. 3405 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100005 178.013 38 1999 The article is reporting the results of the first part of an extensive informetric analysis of the Welfare topic, carried out in 1998-1999. 3367 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000186047400012 108.761 29 1976 This paper reports on a new approach to study the linkage between science and technology. 3406 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100005 269.487 34 1690 The aim was to analyse the structure of the literature of international Welfare research, to provide a detailed picture of its basic theoretical and empirical concepts and the mutual relations existing between these concepts. 3491 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 185.433 35 1590 Most research indicators rely primarily on historical time series relating to inputs to, activity within and outputs from the research system. 3458 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100005 225.427 33 1471 In this first part, the motivation behind introducing matrix comparison to informetric studies, as well as two important issues influencing such comparisons, are introduced and discussed. 3384 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000185851200006 255.065 31 1314 The instabilities arise when rs are recalculated after a first coherent group of authors has been augmented by a second coherent group with whom the first has little or no cocitation. 3357 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300005 89.7055 18 1301 The existence of hierarchies based on reputation in modern science is indisputable. 3412 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 133.302 26 1249 In this paper attempt has been made to study the engineering research scenario in ocean sector across the countries - globally. 3459 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100005 175.044 21 869 The motivation is spurred by the recent debate on choice of proximity measures and their potential influence upon clustering and ordination results. 3492 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 170.269 24 860 Policy makers wish to be able to monitor changing research profiles in a more timely fashion, the better to determine where new investment is having the greatest effect. 3351 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400004 40.1992 12 633 The article covers the period 1989-1998. 3508 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000247139300009 63.0738 13 489 We offer two metrics that together help gauge how interdisciplinary a body of research is. 3344 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500006 137.673 13 473 The subject fields surveyed are Physics; Chemistry, Plant and Animal Sciences; and Biochemistry/ Microbiology. 3414 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000231798300005 114.798 12 389 USA and UK are the major producers - 62 % of the total output contributed by them. 3399 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500010 90.329 8 185 Institutions, however, can be compared in terms of their performance with reference to their previous stages. 3476 24_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 106.116 10 174 A vector-space model is used for normalization, and the results are brought online at http: / /www. 3480 24_RESULT UT=000246379200004 436.922 99 6238 Furthermore, the local impact of a journal is defined as its share of the total citations in the specific journal 's citation environments; the vertical size of the nodes is varied proportionally to this citation impact. 3438 24_RESULT UT=000248080300002 401.381 79 5209 Using the " citing " patterns as variables one is able to map how the relevant journal environments are perceived by the collective of authors of a journal, while the " cited " environment reflects the impact of journals in a local environment. 3452 24_RESULT UT=000244509600008 592.649 82 4908 National contributions to this core group of journals are evaluated for the years 2003, 2004, and2005. Additionally, the specific class of nanotechnology patents in the database of theU.S. Patent and Trade Office ( USPTO) is analyzed to determine if non-patent literature references can be used as a source for the delineation of the knowledge base in terms of scientific journals. 3439 24_RESULT UT=000248080300002 343.409 74 4595 In this study, we analyze citation impacts of three Chinese journals in mathematics and compare local citation impacts with impact factors. 3451 24_RESULT UT=000244509600008 280.126 49 2786 Using the citing patterns among journals at the aggregate level, a core group of ten nanotechnology journals in the vector space can be delineated on the criterion of betweenness centrality. 3432 24_RESULT UT=000233478200002 297.622 45 2078 The Chinese Science Citation Database thus exhibits the characteristics of " Mode 2 " or transdisciplinary science in the production of scientific knowledge more than its Western counterpart does. 3498 24_RESULT UT=000229005500007 337.614 47 1993 Papers that attract more than a definable but field dependent threshold of citations in the initial period after publication are usually among the top 1 % ( the most highly cited papers) for their field and year. 3360 24_RESULT UT=000181362300005 271.612 42 1844 The article brings together results from a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, concerning their assessments of the most influential researchers and most important journals. 3410 24_RESULT UT=000088919100005 434.541 46 1811 By measuring trends and developments in the number of publications, term occurrences, similarity between the subject terms and formation of clusters among the subject segments the analysis provides a comprehensive review of such a complex research field as the Welfare State is. 3381 24_RESULT UT=000227877600007 258.525 34 1578 The four-factor solution, though not a perfect match for the cluster solution, demonstrated the interrelationships among the overlapping journals loaded high on different factors. 3446 24_RESULT UT=000244692200003 335.981 42 1523 Where China is involved in international collaboration, it is often a proactive participant: 49 % of articles that are a result of Chinese international collaboration have a Chinese corresponding author. 3347 24_RESULT UT=000088918500006 200.086 34 1414 The study collected two sets of data through a scientometric analysis of Science Citation Index and a questionnaire. 3419 24_RESULT UT=000231798300005 415.147 36 1384 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA), USA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA), USA; National Institute of Oceanography ( NIO), India are the most productive institutions. 3487 24_RESULT UT=000247578600006 182.548 27 1362 The indicator is applied to a variety of citation environments, including policy-relevant ones like biotechnology and nanotechnology. 3354 24_RESULT UT=000088919400004 120.824 25 1254 The journal article world share of the region is increasing rapidly. 3431 24_RESULT UT=000233478200002 147.603 26 1250 This mechanism of integration is further distinguished from the role of general science journals. 3403 24_RESULT UT=000229005500010 168.723 25 1107 In addition to publications, their citation rates keep pace with the exponential growth patterns, albeit with a delay. 3355 24_RESULT UT=000088919400004 147.248 25 1038 Other small European countries, like the Netherlands, are even more substantially represented as regards citation analyses. 3374 24_RESULT UT=000186047400012 239.724 29 1031 Further analyses included a country-ranking based on inventor-addresses of the cited patents, a more detailed inspection of the ten most cited patents, and an analysis of class-field transfers. 3501 24_RESULT UT=000229005500007 116.929 24 1002 The citation profiles of individual articles may be quite different. 3466 24_RESULT UT=000249135100005 270.305 30 966 Consequently, the authors recommend the use of empirical matrix comparison techniques for individual studies to investigate the degree of resemblance between proximity measures or their ordination results. 3388 24_RESULT UT=000185851200006 301.674 31 911 Moreover, r produces clusters and maps very like those based on other coefficients that AJ&R mention as possible replacements, such as a cosine similarity measure or a chi square dissimilarity measure. 3499 24_RESULT UT=000229005500007 116.993 17 850 Some papers may take off slowly but can later join the high impact group. 3464 24_RESULT UT=000249135100005 267.526 29 780 However, as shown in the case of the angular correlation and cosine measures, a small deviation in otherwise similar formulas can lead to different rankings depending on the contour of the data matrix transformed. 3488 24_RESULT UT=000247578600006 168.42 17 592 The values of the indicator remain sensitive to the delineations of the set because of the indicator 's local character. 3512 24_RESULT UT=000247139300009 212.13 21 541 " Specialization " considers the spread of SCs in which the body of research (e.g., the work of a given author in a specified time period) is published. 3402 24_RESULT UT=000229005500010 117.56 15 539 These nations do not increase their contributions marginally, but their national science systems grow endogenously. 3465 24_RESULT UT=000249135100005 161.686 19 483 Eventually, the behavior of proximity measures, that is whether they produce similar rankings of objects, is more or less data-specific. 3365 24_RESULT UT=000225084700002 176.536 18 469 As a consequence, we propose a novel diagram notation to fully appreciate and investigate link structures between Web nodes in webometric analyses. 3348 24_RESULT UT=000088918500006 185.518 17 450 With the exception of Physics, the results demonstrate a decreasing South African world share, in particular for Plant & Animal Sc. 3500 24_RESULT UT=000229005500007 118.078 14 406 It is important to recognise that the statistical relationship is applicable to groups of publications. 3445 24_RESULT UT=000244692200003 134.371 13 378 Chinese international co-authorship is most common in the Earth & Environmental Sciences. 3511 24_RESULT UT=000247139300009 118.9 15 347 " Integration " measures the extent to which a research article cites diverse SCs. 3481 24_RESULT UT=000246379200004 139.477 13 341 The horizontal size of each node can be used to provide the same information after correction for within-journal (self-)citations. 3507 24_RESULT UT=000230086700006 152.835 17 329 Counting methods must be stated, rankings based on different counting methods cannot be compared, and Fractional Counting is to be preferred. 3473 24_RESULT UT=000248059900007 163.949 14 300 We introduce a network based definition of field mobility, using the Optimal Percolation Method ( Lambiotte & Ausloos, 2005; 2006). 3373 24_RESULT UT=000186047400012 126.797 11 299 Among technological sectors, chemical clearly dominates followed by drugs and medical patents as the most frequently cited categories. 3396 24_RESULT UT=000228634800012 141.938 13 299 Using this methodology, one can cluster a document set in a precise way and express the differences in terms of bits of information. 3456 24_RESULT UT=000251377600002 166.345 14 299 Its basic structure and the essential relationships therein are revealed, allowing us to simultaneously analyze the macrostructure, microstructure, and marrow of worldwide scientific output. 3361 24_RESULT UT=000181362300005 133.41 13 270 The rankings indicate a pluralistic picture and only a moderate degree of consensus among researchers. 3375 24_RESULT UT=000186047400012 84.2133 10 233 The paper concludes with the suggestions for future research. 3426 24_RESULT UT=000249135100015 182.993 13 187 One of the arguments put forward by Leydesdorff and Vaughan turns out to depend crucially on incorrect multidimensional scaling maps that are due to an error in the PROXSCAL program in SPSS. 3418 24_RESULT UT=000231798300005 79.4805 7 161 They are also toppers in collaboration centrality list. 3420 24_RESULT UT=000231798300005 82.0074 7 124 GDP explains only 36 % of variance in productivity ( R-2 =0.36). 3395 24_RESULT UT=000228634800012 96.831 8 74 Information calculus is based on both the logarithmic transformation and provides a non-parametric statistics. 3389 24_RESULT UT=000185851200006 49.5806 4 43 Thus, r performs well enough for the purposes of ACA. 3409 24_RESULT UT=000088919100005 64.4042 5 41 The identified 13 sub-topics have been in detail analysed, in three time intervals. 3522 25_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200005 51.6775 24 551 Since this precision (i.e., 58 %) is similar to the mean precision of manually identified title terms averaged across different subjects, we conclude that the discovery of title-like terms using classifiers is a promising approach. 3531 25_CONCLUSION UT=000186610800002 38.7261 19 356 In this article we experiment with two different learning techniques: one based on naive Bayesian classification, and the other one based on multiclass support vector machines, and test the resulting framework on a corpus of social surveys. 3537 25_CONCLUSION UT=000227957700003 29.2045 16 259 The results we obtain allow us to determine the relative hardness of these subsets, thus establishing an indirect means for comparing TC systems that have, or will be, tested on these different subsets. 3532 25_CONCLUSION UT=000186610800002 13.5765 12 171 The results we have obtained significantly outperform the results achieved by previous automated survey coding approaches. 3523 25_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200005 10.3612 4 16 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 3517 25_METHOD UT=000227764200005 75.9116 32 952 By training the classifier to observe the behavior of title terms in a balanced manner using25,000 titles in Reuters articles, other terms with similar behavior would also be discovered. 3518 25_METHOD UT=000227764200005 69.6657 30 922 Based on 5000 unseen titles, the recall of title terms was 83 %, similar to the manual identification of title terms. 3535 25_METHOD UT=000227957700003 120.113 30 876 However, the benefits that this has brought about have somehow been limited by the fact that different researchers have " carved " different subsets out of this collection and tested their systems on one of these subsets only; systems that have been tested on different Reuters-21578 subsets are thus not readily comparable. 3526 25_METHOD UT=000186610800002 98.4929 25 603 Survey coding has several applications, especially in the social sciences, ranging from the simple classification of respondents to the extraction of statistics on political opinions, health and lifestyle habits, customer satisfaction, brand fidelity, and patient satisfaction. 3534 25_METHOD UT=000227957700003 58.1382 18 330 The Reuters-21578 test collection, together with its earlier variants, has been such a standard benchmark for the text categorization ( TC) task throughout the last 10 years. 3527 25_METHOD UT=000186610800002 40.8419 14 212 Survey coding is a difficult task, because the code that should be attributed to a respondent based on the answer she has given is a matter of subjective judgment, and thus requires expertise. 3516 25_METHOD UT=000227764200005 23.0617 7 99 This behavior is characterized by a set of distributional and linguistic features. 3528 25_METHOD UT=000186610800002 7.21016 4 40 It is thus unsurprising that this task has traditionally been performed manually, by trained coders. 3533 25_OBJECTIVE UT=000227957700003 53.8933 28 742 The existence, public availability, and widespread acceptance of a standard benchmark for a given information retrieval ( IR) task are beneficial to research on this task, because they allow different researchers to experimentally compare their own systems by comparing the results they have obtained on this benchmark. 3524 25_OBJECTIVE UT=000186610800002 45.8468 24 545 Survey coding is the task of assigning a symbolic code from a predefined set of such codes to the answer given in response to an open-ended question in a questionnaire ( aka survey). 3515 25_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200005 21.9724 22 436 The premise of discovering title-like terms is that title terms and title-like terms should behave similarly in the document. 3514 25_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200005 20.5077 14 244 This paper examines the feasibility of discovering " title-like " terms using a decision tree classifier from the document. 3525 25_OBJECTIVE UT=000186610800002 12.173 11 194 This task is usually carried out to group respondents according to a predefined scheme based on their answers. 3530 25_RESULT UT=000186610800002 112.413 45 1892 We take a radically new stand, and formulate the problem of automated survey coding as a text categorization problem, that is, as the problem of learning, by means of supervised machine learning techniques, a model of the association between answers and codes from a training set of precoded answers, and applying the resulting model to the classification of new answers. 3521 25_RESULT UT=000227764200005 34.0281 36 1117 If a rating of2.5 is used to determine whether a term is judged to be a " title-like " term, then the mean precision is increased to 58 %, or the headline/ title is expanded with twice the average number of terms. 3519 25_RESULT UT=000227764200005 28.251 27 794 The precision of finding title terms is low (i.e., 32 %) because some non-title but title-like terms should have been identified as well. 3520 25_RESULT UT=000227764200005 24.2197 22 607 Seven subjects were asked to rate, on a scale of between I and 5, whether the identified term is a topical/ thematic/ title term. 3529 25_RESULT UT=000186610800002 32.9249 14 320 Some attempts have been made at automating this task, most of them based on detecting the similarity between the answer and textual descriptions of the meanings of the candidate codes. 3536 25_RESULT UT=000227957700003 32.104 10 100 In this article, we present a systematic, comparative experimental study of the three subsets of Reuters-21578 that have been most popular among TC researchers. 3605 26_CONCLUSION UT=000229628500005 192.901 43 1574 Along national lines, a likely explanation for the difference is that countries with better research performances make more general use of the Web; and, with respect to international peer interlinking, countries that share more scholarly communication tend to interlink more with each other. 3621 26_CONCLUSION UT=000225799300007 152.457 39 1264 Two alternatives for a general impact factor are proposed, depending on whether different publication years are seen as a whole, and hence treating each one of them differently, or by operating with citation periods of identical length but allowing each publication period different starting points. 3606 26_CONCLUSION UT=000229628500005 120.111 35 1125 Along disciplinary lines, it seems that departments from disciplines which are more willing to distribute their research outputs tend to make more general use of the Web, and also interlink more with their national and international peers. 3572 26_CONCLUSION UT=000229628500007 114.262 30 823 Based on some theoretical hypotheses, it is shown that there exists theoretically an approximate inverse linear relation between the field ( or discipline) average publication delay and the journal impact factor. 3616 26_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800003 98.4097 28 751 The proposed index is simple and enables the ISI impact factors to be used with equality, especially when evaluating the quality of research work in different subject fields. 3568 26_CONCLUSION UT=000179904000003 96.8099 21 463 Scholars and publishers should be particularly aware that richer content on a journal 's Web site tends to generate links and thus the traffic to the site. 3567 26_CONCLUSION UT=000179904000003 61.7369 16 389 Comparisons between the two fields also show disciplinary differences in Web site characteristics. 3590 26_CONCLUSION UT=000174407200007 55.491 16 385 The studies have revealed methodological flaws of the ISI journal impact factors. 3610 26_CONCLUSION UT=000181925300002 124.918 18 324 Based upon an analysis of changes between models, it is suggested that range models measure essentially the same quantity as their predecessors but are less susceptible to spurious causes of multiple links and are therefore more robust. 3541 26_CONCLUSION UT=000228452400002 82.3158 15 306 Finally it is demonstrated that the periodical publishing process is a strong inertia system and it is found that reducing the quantity of deposited contributions can shorten the publication delay. 3597 26_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500006 59.0125 13 297 tracking individual academics ' output over time, and comparing different disciplines for their interdisciplinarity. 3548 26_CONCLUSION UT=000232418400007 69.9046 11 177 The results indicate that foreign collaboration does contribute a lot to the improvement of the mainstream connectivity and international visibility. 3554 26_CONCLUSION UT=000231426600011 53.8107 10 176 Finally, we provide some management suggestions for research groups to improve their knowledge creation efficiency. 3578 26_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100013 38.4362 8 157 Its success is largely due to a general acceptance by the: scientists. 3584 26_CONCLUSION UT=000232418400004 24.0226 4 40 Chemistry was shown to be the most improved subject category. 3560 26_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600009 30.749 4 16 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 3581 26_METHOD UT=000232418400004 327.004 71 3882 The IFPA index, based on a normalization of differences in impact factors, rankings, and number of journal titles in different subject categories, was found to be simple and could be used with equality for accurate assessment of the quality of research work in different subject categories. 3618 26_METHOD UT=000225799300007 194.995 67 3609 The journal impact factor, as published by ISI ( Philadelphia, PA), is the best-known example of a formulation of impact of journals ( considered as a set of articles) but many others have been defined in the literature. 3564 26_METHOD UT=000179904000003 295.607 59 3105 The specific questions addressed are whether site age and site content are inducers of links to a journal 's Web site as measured by the ratio of link counts to Journal Impact Factors, two variables previously discovered to be related. 3545 26_METHOD UT=000232418400007 427.467 58 2953 The composition of publications grouped by collaboration patterns are:1.58 % non-collaborative papers,42.43 % local papers,34.37 % domestic papers and21.62 % international papers on average during the studied period. 3619 26_METHOD UT=000225799300007 184.918 57 2948 Impact factors have varying publication and citation periods and the chosen length of these periods enables,e.g., a distinction between synchronous and diachronous impact factors. 3612 26_METHOD UT=000228634800003 173.887 52 2324 However, when making comparisons between subject fields, the work of individual scientists and their research institutions as reflected in their articles ' ISI impact factors can become meaningless. 3557 26_METHOD UT=000231332600009 225.625 48 2268 Results indicate that, although social network metrics and ISI IF rankings deviate moderately for citation-based journal networks, they differ considerably for journal networks derived from download data. 3570 26_METHOD UT=000229628500007 150.908 38 1810 Using the model, we make simulative investigations of disturbed citation distributions and impact factors according to different average publication delays. 3613 26_METHOD UT=000228634800003 98.1439 39 1789 This inequality will remain as long as ISI impact factors are employed as an instrument to assess the quality of international research. 3587 26_METHOD UT=000174407200007 121.043 37 1699 For each study the appropriateness of the use of journal impact indicators produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) is evaluated. 3593 26_METHOD UT=000090059500006 138.097 36 1593 The footprint demonstrates the Relationship Factors of publications in a number of related disciplines, as defined by ISI 's Journal Citation Reports. 3556 26_METHOD UT=000231332600009 55.6412 31 1558 The resulting journal impact rankings were compared to the ISI IF. 3601 26_METHOD UT=000229628500005 196.127 28 935 The aim of this paper is to identify whether and how link patterns differ along country and disciplinary lines between similar disciplines and similar countries. 3539 26_METHOD UT=000228452400002 134.753 19 498 Using the variable separation approach, which is used generally to solve the partial differential equation, the recurrence computing formula of the publication probability function is deduced. 3586 26_METHOD UT=000174407200007 71.818 16 428 An outline is given of the research questions addressed in these studies and their policy context. 3608 26_METHOD UT=000181925300002 59.4923 15 414 All three give results that correlate significantly with the research productivity of the target institution. 3551 26_METHOD UT=000231426600011 99.4103 18 405 The budget of the projects and size of the research groups are inputs of the projects. 3580 26_METHOD UT=000232418400004 115.662 16 404 The results suggested that the PN and PC indicators cannot be used for comparison between fields or countries because of the strong field-dependence. 3574 26_METHOD UT=000089449100013 66.7325 14 324 The output-financing scheme is presented and its role in the university 's research policy is explained. 3544 26_METHOD UT=000232418400007 57.9044 11 315 A large proportion of publications have been authored by more than 3 scientists. 3550 26_METHOD UT=000231426600011 46.3343 13 305 The knowledge efficiency of research groups is then empirically studied. 3600 26_METHOD UT=000229628500005 104.022 14 259 Departments are typically subject-oriented, and departmental interlinking may therefore illustrate interesting disciplinary linking patterns, perhaps relating to informal scholarly communication. 3563 26_METHOD UT=000179904000003 72.176 11 233 An empirical approach is used: collecting data and testing for significant patterns. 3594 26_METHOD UT=000090059500006 80.224 10 153 The technique has been used to compare both individual academics acid each national group as a whole. 3575 26_METHOD UT=000089449100013 24.6053 4 131 It is shown how this works in practice. 3602 26_METHOD UT=000229628500005 76.8491 8 70 Physics, Chemistry and Biology departments in Australia, Canada and the UK have been chosen. 3579 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400004 359.328 99 6232 The research performance of Thai researchers in various subject categories was evaluated using a new mathematical index entitled " Impact Factor Point Average " ( IFPA), by considering the number of published papers in journals listed in the Science Citation Index ( SCI) database held by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) for the years 1998-2002, and the results compared with the direct publication number ( PN) and publication credit ( PC) methods. 3561 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000179904000003 230.123 58 2738 Web links have been studied by information scientists for at least six years but it is only in the past two that clear evidence has emerged to show that counts of links to scholarly Web spaces ( universities and departments) can correlate significantly with research measures, giving some credence to their use for the investigation of scholarly communication. 3611 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800003 146.039 45 2401 The journal impact factors, published by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI; Philadelphia, PA), are widely known and are used to evaluate overall journal quality and the quality of the papers published therein. 3555 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600009 183.042 44 2036 We generated networks of journal relationships from citation and download data, and determined journal impact rankings from these networks using a set of social network centrality metrics. 3585 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000174407200007 143.31 41 2029 This paper discusses development and application of journal impact indicators in a number of bibliometric studies commissioned by Dutch organizations and institutions, and conducted in our institute during the past five years. 3538 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000228452400002 192.022 41 1669 According to the discrete model of periodical publication process, recurrence formulae of parameters of the process are gained and the initial conditions of control process parameters from one steady state to another are deduced. 3543 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400007 112.128 33 1576 A total of 6538 publications in Molecular Biology from China during 1999-2003, as indicated by data collected from database of the Science Citation Index Expanded - Web Edition, have been analyzed. 3617 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000225799300007 151.542 34 1438 In this paper we address the various formulations of impact of articles, usually groups of articles as gauged by citations that these articles receive over a certain period of time. 3569 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000229628500007 227.524 38 1437 Based on the convolution formula of the disturbed aging distribution ( EGGHE & ROUSSEAU, 2000) and the transfer function model of the publishing delay process, we establish the transfer function model of the disturbed citing process. 3562 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000179904000003 79.4191 33 1427 This paper reports on a study to investigate the factors that influence the creation of links to journal Web sites. 3607 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000181925300002 122.516 31 1203 Three new metrics are introduced that measure the range of use of a university Web site by its peers through different heuristics for counting links targeted at its pages. 3599 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000229628500005 104.482 29 1064 Universities are multidisciplinary by nature and various disciplines may employ the Web differently, thus patterns identified at the university level may hide subject differences. 3591 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 87.8245 23 988 A novel method of displaying the publication and citation characteristics of outputs of researchers using a graphical " footprint " has been developed. 3592 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 112.887 26 964 Its first application has been to compare the publication and citation characteristics of a small group of top UK, and US academic chemical engineers. 3549 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000231426600011 100.01 21 672 To study the knowledge creation process, we introduce a conceptual framework that captures the major goals and features of research organizations. 3573 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100013 65.6951 16 599 LUC 's research council stimulates research by allocating a part of its funds based on results. 3542 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400007 88.6747 17 561 As science has become much complex and sophisticated, greater attention is paid to scientific collaboration within recent bibliometric studies. 3598 26_OBJECTIVE UT=000229628500005 58.6422 16 481 Although many link patterns have been identified at the university level, departmental interlinking has been relatively ignored. 3552 26_RESULT UT=000231426600011 229.192 75 3864 To make the assessment more reasonable, two-dimensional indicators, including a domestic impact factor and an international impact factor, are jointly used to evaluate the research outputs for Chinese research groups through a Data Envelopment Analysis approach with preferences. 3571 26_RESULT UT=000229628500007 236.26 62 2994 These simulative results show that the bigger increment the average publication delays in a scientific field, the larger shift backwards of the citation distribution curves and the more fall the impact factors of journals in the field. 3614 26_RESULT UT=000228634800003 186.737 53 2577 Here we propose a new mathematical index entitled Impact Factor Point Average ( IFPA) for assessment of the quality of individual research work in different subject fields. 3559 26_RESULT UT=000231332600009 157.439 53 2420 These results furthermore raise questions regarding the validity of the ISI IF as the sole assessment of journal impact, and suggest the possibility of devising impact metrics based on usage information in general. 3615 26_RESULT UT=000228634800003 144.096 47 2096 The index is established based on a normalization of differences in impact factors, rankings, and number of journal titles in different subject fields. 3588 26_RESULT UT=000174407200007 134.78 39 1638 Alternative journal impact measures were developed which are shown to be more appropriate in the particular research and policy contexts than the ISI measures. 3553 26_RESULT UT=000231426600011 164.589 33 1403 Through comparisons of groups with the highest and lowest efficiency, we discover the critical factors influencing productivity and efficiency of these research groups based on the proposed framework. 3558 26_RESULT UT=000231332600009 81.7571 34 1393 We believe the results represent a unique aspect of general journal impact that is not captured by the ISI IF. 3540 26_RESULT UT=000228452400002 225.883 32 1147 First the publication delay increasing process caused by the accepted contribution flux increase is simulated, and then the publication delay decreasing processes under four different control means are simulated too. 3566 26_RESULT UT=000179904000003 145.12 31 1114 The results show that both site age and site content are significant factors for the disciplines studied: library and information science, and law. 3620 26_RESULT UT=000225799300007 45.8 23 1067 It is shown how an impact factor for the general case can be defined. 3583 26_RESULT UT=000232418400004 176.09 31 1048 All evaluation methods indicated that Clinical Medicine was ranked first in terms of the research performance of Thai scholars listed in the SCI database, but exhibited the lowest improvement of performance. 3577 26_RESULT UT=000089449100013 170.538 31 1045 This scheme together with a full-scale scientometric study forms two important aspects ( short term versus medium term) of the university 's research evaluation exercise. 3582 26_RESULT UT=000232418400004 76.7187 24 860 The results of research performance were found to be dependent on the method used for the evaluations. 3609 26_RESULT UT=000181925300002 154.29 28 830 The directory range model, which is based upon summing the number of distinct directories targeted by each other university, produces the most promising results of any link metric yet. 3547 26_RESULT UT=000232418400007 86.4042 21 763 Finally, the differences between the impact of wholly indigenous papers and internationally collaborative papers have been compared. 3576 26_RESULT UT=000089449100013 96.7985 20 645 An important aspect is that not only articles in JCR-covered journals are included but also other publications. 3546 26_RESULT UT=000232418400007 124.293 20 605 The countries with which China has collaborative links and their frequencies are all itemized to indicate the intensity of international collaboration in the field of Molecular Biology. 3603 26_RESULT UT=000229628500005 161.483 23 569 In order to get a holistic picture of departments Web use profiles and link patterns, five different perspectives are identified and compared for each set of departments. 3595 26_RESULT UT=000090059500006 93.6769 16 451 The results clearly show that US academic chemical engineers are far more interdisciplinary in their output than their UK counterparts. 3565 26_RESULT UT=000179904000003 126.273 16 389 A new methodology for data collection is also introduced that uses the Internet Archive to obtain an earliest known creation date for Web sites. 3604 26_RESULT UT=000229628500005 88.6635 14 274 Differences in link patterns are identified along both national and disciplinary lines, and are found to reflect offline phenomena. 3596 26_RESULT UT=000090059500006 75.8219 10 176 The technique has a number of potential applications, including tracking changes in a discipline over time. 3589 26_RESULT UT=000174407200007 38.7243 5 93 These measures were considered to be highly useful by the users. 3635 27_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 36.1353 15 225 This initial study should now be extended across a wider range fields to test the initial outcomes: earlier papers suggest the model holds in economics. 3640 27_CONCLUSION UT=000228999100001 48.156 15 225 Comparisons to several non-controversial scientific literatures suggest that these findings may be common to other controversial scientific literatures. 3636 27_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 38.1388 15 222 Additional statistical tests should be applied to explore and model the relationship between initial, later and total citation counts and thus to create a general tool for policy application. 3646 27_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500005 30.511 12 144 com/ iipopescu) of their achievements has been attempted and the results related to the strengths and weaknesses of the present science policy of the country. 3652 27_CONCLUSION UT=000234603700006 20.8798 9 80 The results show a quite complex situation at the meso-level, therefore we suggest the usage of both indicators, including and excluding self-citations. 3634 27_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500007 12.0451 5 29 Nonetheless, it seems reasonable to conclude that leading indicators of research excellence could be developed. 3638 27_METHOD UT=000228999100001 134.2 50 2096 Publication ( P) frequency is used to measure publication " shape " or pattern and output, citations per publication ( CPP) for impact, author self-citations ( SC) and uncited publications ( UP) for their effect on P and CPP. 3626 27_METHOD UT=000229005500007 74.112 31 893 Here, I describe the outcomes of a preliminary study to explore these citation relationships, drawing on the UK National Citation Report held by Evidence Ltd under licence from Thomson ISI for OST policy use. 3648 27_METHOD UT=000234603700006 66.3261 28 818 These regularities are related to the ageing, to the relation between self-citations and foreign citations, to the interdependence of self-citations with other bibliometric indicators and to the influence of co-authorship on self-citation behaviour. 3649 27_METHOD UT=000234603700006 79.052 26 761 Although both national and subject specific peculiarities influence the share of self-citations at the macro level, the authors came to the conclusion that - at this level of aggregation - there is practically no need for excluding self-citations. 3628 27_METHOD UT=000229005500007 52.7401 23 530 I show that there is a statistically highly significant correlation between initial ( years 1-2) and later ( years 3-10) citations in six research categories across the life and physical sciences. 3627 27_METHOD UT=000229005500007 28.9044 17 508 Annual citation counts typically peak at around the third year after publication. 3629 27_METHOD UT=000229005500007 24.6832 14 318 The relationship holds over a wide range of initial citation counts. 3643 27_METHOD UT=000229005500005 52.8025 12 155 com/ trials) an attempt is made to analyze the apparent present successes of Iranian scientists on the international science market. 3642 27_METHOD UT=000229005500005 4.8278 1 1 isiproducts. 3625 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 116.815 55 2483 Initial (e.g. 12 months from publication) citation counts might be useful as a forward indicator of the long-term (e.g. 10 years from publication) quality of research publications, but - although there is literature on citation-time functions - no study to evaluate this specifically has been carried out by Thomson ISI or any other analysts. 3637 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000228999100001 62.6705 33 1207 This study examines the bibliometrics of the controversial scientific literature of Polywater research, focusing on publication types ( books, journal publications, conference proceedings, and technical reports). 3623 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 33.1571 24 660 Most research indicators rely primarily on historical time series relating to inputs to, activity within and outputs from the research system. 3641 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500005 61.1329 22 562 Following a brief historical account of the initial difficulties of introducing modern sciences, especially the Western art of independent scientific inquiry, into Iran, using data obtained from the ISI ( http: / /access. 3622 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 39.4032 21 560 The present paper addresses the objective of developing forward indicators of research performance using bibliometric information on the UK science base. 3624 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500007 38.5449 16 333 Policy makers wish to be able to monitor changing research profiles in a more timely fashion, the better to determine where new investment is having the greatest effect. 3647 27_OBJECTIVE UT=000234603700006 32.4463 11 187 In earlier studies by the authors, basic regularities of author self-citations have been analysed. 3644 27_RESULT UT=000229005500005 94.7129 25 610 Using the corresponding ISI data of the publications ( 1990-2003) of 24 selected young chemistryPh.D. graduates and present faculty members at various internal academia, a quantitative and qualitative assessment ( www. 3630 27_RESULT UT=000229005500007 84.1474 26 607 Papers that attract more than a definable but field dependent threshold of citations in the initial period after publication are usually among the top 1 % ( the most highly cited papers) for their field and year. 3639 27_RESULT UT=000228999100001 63.5997 25 567 Findings show an epidemic publication pattern, journal publications with the highest P, books with the highest CPP, and insignificant SC and UP. 3650 27_RESULT UT=000234603700006 100.777 23 527 The aim of the present study is to answer the question in how far the influence of author self-citations on bibliometric meso-indicators deviates from that at the macro level, and to what extent national reference standards can be used in bibliometric meso analyses. 3651 27_RESULT UT=000234603700006 66.0726 19 335 In order to study the situation at the institutional level, a selection of twelve European universities representing different countries and different research profiles have been made. 3632 27_RESULT UT=000229005500007 27.1237 11 176 It is important to recognise that the statistical relationship is applicable to groups of publications. 3631 27_RESULT UT=000229005500007 22.9258 9 149 Some papers may take off slowly but can later join the high impact group. 3633 27_RESULT UT=000229005500007 25.4913 9 128 The citation profiles of individual articles may be quite different. 3645 27_RESULT UT=000229005500005 4.8278 1 1 geocities. 3668 28_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VB20800004 24.9836 13 169 Under development at Louisiana State University, it is software for the automated selection of journals for cancellation and remote access through document delivery. 3673 28_CONCLUSION UT=A1996WM77700006 22.1008 13 163 If a combination of methods is used, the weaknesses of each method can be offset by the strengths of the others, and a truer picture of overall use can then be obtained. 3661 28_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VB20800003 10.57 7 55 Periodicals had a higher percentage of use than did monographic series. 3660 28_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VB20800003 5.76544 3 9 Approximately half of all titles were used at least once. 3665 28_METHOD UT=A1996VB20800004 113.22 38 1405 The major findings are ( 1) that scientific value does not play a role in the pricing of scientific journals and ( 2) that little relationship consequently exists between scientific value and the prices charged libraries for scientific journal. 3670 28_METHOD UT=A1996WM77700006 58.3109 37 1191 Most studies are of journal collections in academic libraries; however, the principles of conducting use studies are generally applicable to other materials and other types of libraries. 3655 28_METHOD UT=A1996VB20800003 65.8808 30 848 At the Physical Sciences Library of the Pennsylvania State University 's University Park Campus, a year-long reshelving study of the review publications collection was undertaken to determine usage of the titles. 3671 28_METHOD UT=A1996WM77700006 33.3747 18 443 Use studies can be conducted in a wide variety of ways, and they can measure different aspects of the use of a collection. 3664 28_METHOD UT=A1996VB20800004 24.2852 11 219 Methodological problems arise from the skewed distributions customary in library research. 3656 28_METHOD UT=A1996VB20800003 34.0791 9 81 This need was fueled by a lack of shelf space, storage considerations, and the threat of serials cancellations. 3657 28_METHOD UT=A1996VB20800003 6.27766 4 68 Three hundred review titles were examined. 3663 28_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VB20800004 67.133 32 979 A numerical index constructed from a survey of Louisiana State University chemistry faculty and total citations taken from the Science Citation Index Journal Citation Reports were utilized as measures of scientific value. 3662 28_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VB20800004 35.0669 23 560 In this paper, the author analyzes the skewed distributions of price and scientific value that constitute the structure of the library market for scientific journals, using chemistry as a test ease. 3669 28_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996WM77700006 19.8112 9 95 Librarians have conducted hundreds of studies exploring various aspects of collection use in libraries. 3653 28_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VB20800003 19.8112 9 77 Review publications contain articles that give overviews or state-of-the-art reports on specific topics. 3654 28_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VB20800003 9.45005 5 29 Although some review titles are published more frequently, many appear only once a year. 3658 28_RESULT UT=A1996VB20800003 22.4015 10 98 The best data were found in classes QC, QD, and QH-QP ( monographic series only). 3659 28_RESULT UT=A1996VB20800003 17.2209 8 66 The other classes had few titles or low use tallies. 3666 28_RESULT UT=A1996VB20800004 15.5417 6 36 Libraries have the opportunity to implement a massive restructuring of their serials collections. 3672 28_RESULT UT=A1996WM77700006 12.9515 5 25 Each method has ifs own particular strengths and weaknesses. 3667 28_RESULT UT=A1996VB20800004 10.3612 4 16 A software package named the Serials Evaluator is described. 3683 29_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500004 132.062 29 790 Here, the difference between the so-called average and global aging distributions is the main factor, Our main result is that growth can influence aging but that it does not cause aging, A short overview of some classical articles on this topic is given, Results of these earlier works are placed in the framework set up in this article. 3718 29_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900006 84.3451 20 371 Although different countries laid emphasis on publication in different disciplines, the overall tendency was toward greater uniformity in publication patterns with time. 3695 29_CONCLUSION UT=000168598000002 68.8034 14 211 Our exploratory factor analysis, however, leads us to question the consistency of MEDLINE 's indexing procedures and also the rationale for MEDLINE 's choice of descriptors. 3677 29_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100002 50.1861 11 157 This article shows how ideas and techniques studied and developed in informetrics and scientometrics can successfully be applied in other fields of science, and vice versa. 3709 29_CONCLUSION UT=000086511800009 44.7628 11 134 Also, whereas it used to be difficult to make intra- and interdisciplinary comparisons, this is now possible without having to consult the different sections of the JCR. 3717 29_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900006 42.2939 9 92 The time scale that best fitted the data was not a linear but an elastic scale. 3696 29_CONCLUSION UT=000168598000002 31.6901 7 46 Databases have biases of their own, some of which are not independent of expert opinion. 3710 29_CONCLUSION UT=000086511800009 26.3882 6 41 We construct this guide each year using indicators published in the JCR by the ISI. 3697 29_CONCLUSION UT=000168598000002 15.7844 4 19 User-friendliness should not make us forget that outputs depend on how the databases are constructed and structured. 3708 29_CONCLUSION UT=000086511800009 21.2076 4 16 It immediately reveals the scientific subject category where the journal is best positioned. 3714 29_METHOD UT=000169392900006 127.57 25 620 We noted whether the patterns moved toward or away from the center with time; ( 2) individual annual output patterns were introduced-as supplementary variables into an existing global overview covering the whole time-span [ CFA map of ( countries x disciplines)]. 3713 29_METHOD UT=000169392900006 110.78 24 544 Three types of approach are described: ( 1) the chi(2) distances of the publication output patterns from the center of gravity of the multidimensional system-which represents an average world pattern-were calculated for each country and for each year. 3678 29_METHOD UT=000088918500008 126.714 23 492 The paper is introducing an economic method ( interindustry relations analysis) into studies of autopoietic systems and shows its application to scientometrics, which can also be regarded as the analysis of autopoietic systems. 3703 29_METHOD UT=000086511800009 83.4824 19 323 We used the JCR data from 1996 to determine these groups, firstly for all subject categories combined ( all 4779 journals) and then for each of the 183 ISI subject categories. 3688 29_METHOD UT=000168598000002 79.2474 15 224 Thus, observed trends might not always reflect true publication trends in clinical medicine but quirks in MEDLINE indexing of PTs. 3702 29_METHOD UT=000086511800009 57.1666 15 219 Thus, the group designated as extreme contains the journals with high impact factors which are deemed to be prestigious by the scientific community. 3701 29_METHOD UT=000086511800009 31.279 12 173 These groups position the journal in relation to its competitors. 3704 29_METHOD UT=000086511800009 30.8507 11 147 We then substituted the indicator value for each journal by the name of the group in which it was classified. 3690 29_METHOD UT=000168598000002 46.3525 10 133 The time-trend for Reviews of Reported Cases differed substantially from that of other publication types. 3687 29_METHOD UT=000168598000002 56.5637 10 126 The analysis showed that, although the " internal clock " of the database was broadly consistent, there were periods of erratic activity. 3689 29_METHOD UT=000168598000002 59.639 10 105 There may be, for instance, different limits for retrospective tagging of entries relating to different PTs. 3681 29_METHOD UT=000088865500004 65.7896 10 100 It is shown how to correct an observed citation distribution for growth, once the growth distribution is known. 3675 29_METHOD UT=000089449100002 59.2107 9 81 This interesting fact is explained by arguing that some aspects of percolation can he interpreted as a model for the success-breeds-success or cumulative advantage phenomenon. 3698 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000086511800009 151.242 38 1286 The Science Citation Index, Journal Citation Reports ( JCR), published by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) and designed to rank, evaluate, categorize and compare journals, is used in a wide scientific context as a tool for evaluating researchers and research work, through the use of just one of its indicators, the impact factor. 3711 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900006 110.248 30 790 This study is a follow-up to a published Correspondence Factorial Analysis ( CFA) of a dataset of over 6 million bibliometric entries ( Dore et al, JASIS, 47(8),588-602,1996), which compared the publication output patterns of 48 countries in 18 disciplines over a 12-year period ( 1981-1992). 3686 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000002 67.0009 23 543 We counted the number of entries corresponding to 10 PTs indexed in MEDLINE ( 1963-1998) and drew up a matrix of [ 10 PTs x 36 years] which we analysed by correspondence factor analysis ( CFA). 3699 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000086511800009 60.3991 21 454 With the aim of obtaining an overall and synthetic perspective of impact factor values, we studied the frequency distributions of this indicator using the box-plot method. 3700 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000086511800009 65.0172 17 353 Using this method we divided the journals listed in the JCR into five groups ( low, lower central, upper central, high and extreme). 3712 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900006 46.3999 14 254 It analyzes by methods suitable for investigating short time series how these output patterns evolved over the 12-year span. 3685 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000002 49.8221 14 237 We analysed the time-trends of " publication types " ( PTs) relating to clinical medicine in the most frequently searched medical database, MEDLINE. 3674 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100002 63.5015 13 177 It is shown how Bradford curves,i.e. cumulative rank-frequency functions, as used in informetrics, can describe the fragment size distribution of percolation models. 3684 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000002 47.3531 12 173 The aim of this study was to draw attention to the possible existence of " quirks " in bibliographic databases and to discuss their implications. 3680 29_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500004 36.16 9 122 The notions aging, obsolescence, impact, growth, utilization, and their relations are studied. 3707 29_RESULT UT=000086511800009 104.937 26 582 It provides a comprehensive and synthetic view of two of the most used sections of the JCR, It makes it possible to make more accurate and complete judgements on and through the journals, and avoids an oversimplified view of the complex reality of the world of journals. 3692 29_RESULT UT=000168598000002 117.895 25 575 The main factorial map revealed how the advent of the Randomised Controlled Trial ( RCT) and the accumulation of a critical mass of literature may have increased the rate of publication of research syntheses ( meta-analyses, practice guidelines...). 3694 29_RESULT UT=000168598000002 98.4929 23 499 Medical journal editors have largely contributed to this situation and thus helped to foster the birth and development of a new paradigm, " evidence based medicine " which assumes that expert opinion is biased and therefore relies heavily - virtually exclusively on critical analysis of the peer-reviewed literature. 3715 29_RESULT UT=000169392900006 93.3595 18 311 We observed how these patterns moved about within the map year by year; ( 3) the matrix ( disciplines x time) was analyzed by CFA to derive time trends for each country. 3693 29_RESULT UT=000168598000002 67.7591 14 227 The RCT is now the " gold standard " in clinical investigation and is often a key component of formal " systematic reviews " of the literature. 3682 29_RESULT UT=000088865500004 68.1684 12 158 The relation of this correction procedure with the calculation of impact measures is explained, More interestingly, we have shown how the influence of growth on aging can be studied over a complete period as a whole. 3705 29_RESULT UT=000086511800009 24.559 8 114 The journal group may differ from one subject category to another. 3706 29_RESULT UT=000086511800009 18.3843 7 104 In this article, we present a guide for evaluating journals constructed as described above. 3716 29_RESULT UT=000169392900006 31.6119 8 101 CFA revealed the " inner clocks " governing publication trends. 3679 29_RESULT UT=000088918500008 43.2233 7 49 The merit of the application is discussed, and the outline of the proof of a related theorem is suggested in the appendix. 3676 29_RESULT UT=000089449100002 37.0486 6 36 We claim, moreover, that the percolation model can be used as a model to study ( generalised) bibliographies. 3691 29_RESULT UT=000168598000002 37.0486 6 36 Despite the quirks, quite rational explanations could be provided for the strongest correlations among PTs. 3776 2_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100009 393.434 78 4231 We conclude that the Web provides access to a new and different type of citation information, one that may therefore enable us to measure different aspects of research, and the research process in particular; but to obtain good information, the different types should be separated. 3803 2_CONCLUSION UT=000251368500001 508.909 75 4215 We found the average relationship between h index and scientific age for soil science: h =0.7t. The h index for soil science is smaller than other major science disciplines but norms for h need to be established. 3872 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300014 403.861 68 3294 The top-ranking British information scientist, Peter Willett, has an h-index of31. However, it was found that Eugene Garfield, the founder of modern citation studies, has an even higher h-index of36. These results support other studies suggesting that the 17-index is a useful tool in the armory of bibliometrics. 3842 2_CONCLUSION UT=000248943100005 264.673 49 2372 Both these aspects are highly pragmatic considerations for information retrieval, the evaluation of research, and the design of policies for the use of scientific databases in scientific promotion. 3753 2_CONCLUSION UT=000257920900013 424.675 48 2237 Nonlinear regression on h=T-1/ alpha gives an estimation of alpha, which can then be used to estimate the h-index of the entire database ( Web of Science [ WoS] and Scopus): h=S-1/ alpha, where S is the total number of documents in the database. 3888 2_CONCLUSION UT=000250198400003 544.693 47 2152 While the statistical analyses establish that overall, favorable evaluations by the reviewers correspond with favorable decisions by the Board ( and vice versa), the ordering of the scale values yielded by the estimation of the RC association model also shows that internal reviewers ' recommendations have a greater influence on the Board 's decisions than recommendations by external reviewers. 3799 2_CONCLUSION UT=000245453300008 242.053 46 2142 The proposed set of indexes accurately summarizes both the success and evolution of scientists ' careers in Spain, and it may be useful in the evaluation of other not well established national scientific research systems. 3814 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300005 263.087 49 2112 Conducting citation analysis on research inputs ( data file use and survey products) provides a tangible assessment of the value accrued from large-scale ( and expensive) national surveys. 3876 2_CONCLUSION UT=000258582600014 241.16 43 2007 As such, it tries to combine in a dynamic way older information about the source (e.g., a scientist or research institute that is evaluated) with recent information. 3821 2_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300006 219.584 46 2006 The new citation indices are able to disclose trendsetters in scientific research, as well as researchers that constantly shape their field with their influential work, no matter how old they are. 3896 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500011 245.748 47 2005 Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic. 3781 2_CONCLUSION UT=000248943100007 219.518 39 1536 An attempt is made to fit a recent theoretical model relating the h-index with two traditional scientometric indicators: the number of publications and the mean citation rate. 3837 2_CONCLUSION UT=000243471400010 430.383 39 1432 The fact that, in these examples, the size of each class is inversely related to the importance of the journals in this class is proved in a general mathematical context in which we have an arbitrary number of classes and where the threshold values of n in each class are defined according to the natural law of Weber-Fechner. 3769 2_CONCLUSION UT=000257920900006 243.556 34 1400 In a concrete example ( the publication citation list of the present author), we make explicit calculations of these fractional h- and g-indexes and show that they are not very different from the unweighted ones. 3917 2_CONCLUSION UT=000258582600013 132.645 31 1297 select the " best " scientific work with the highest impact on chemical research. 3856 2_CONCLUSION UT=000257168200006 161.666 32 1285 DCI can be used to calculate research performance on the basis of the h-core of a scholar or any other publication data set. 3908 2_CONCLUSION UT=000252161000010 155.526 31 1238 The citation impact of non-ISI journals will be demonstrated using Science and Public Policy as the example. 3855 2_CONCLUSION UT=000257168200006 85.9463 28 1137 Further, it allows weighting of the citations by the citation weight of the citing publication. 3785 2_CONCLUSION UT=000260472100005 94.2607 26 1108 Current research suggests that these indexes do not substitute each other but that they are complementary. 3813 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300005 142.262 26 1000 As far as I am aware, however, little use has been made of citation tracking to assess the long-term value of such surveys. 3822 2_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300006 221.337 28 933 We exhibit the effectiveness and the benefits of the new indices to unfold the full potential of the h-index, with extensive experimental results obtained from the DBLP, a widely known on-line digital library. 3857 2_CONCLUSION UT=000257168200006 140.728 24 904 Finally, it supports comparing research performance to the average performance in the domain and across domains as well. 3733 2_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600016 103.055 15 631 We also introduce corrections and complements as well as single-number alternatives to the h index. 3742 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246379400012 142.451 17 580 Among several results we show ( fora., a, T fixed) that h is a concavely increasing function of time, asymptotically bounded by T1-alpha. 3747 2_CONCLUSION UT=000260472100010 151.153 18 562 The institutional h-index balances " quantity " and " quality ", and can be used as part of a panel of bibliometric indicators to aid the peer-review process. 3725 2_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100015 216.91 20 494 The WoS data took about 100 hours of collecting and processing time, Scopus consumed 200 hours, and GS a grueling3,000 hours. 3827 2_CONCLUSION UT=000249149900007 137.578 17 469 The correctness of the indexes used for evaluating journal papers of individuals should be investigated also on the individual level. 3764 2_CONCLUSION UT=000256839600011 83.8189 14 465 We demonstrate the methods on a number of informetric topics, among them the h-index. 3916 2_CONCLUSION UT=000258582600013 103.094 13 386 All in all, the results of this study confirm that peer review at AC-IE is able to. 3760 2_CONCLUSION UT=000240477000010 105.773 12 350 This yields a better distinction between and order of the scientists from the point of view of visibility. 3868 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246379800002 126.625 13 309 In this way, this article contributes to the study of cores, a central issue in applied informetrics. 3923 2_CONCLUSION UT=000261392000010 124.286 13 301 It is shown that excluding so-called non-WoS source articles may have a significant influence on the R- and, especially, the g-index. 3907 2_CONCLUSION UT=000252161000010 53.7786 9 223 An " externally cited impact factor " can be calculated for these journals. 3883 2_CONCLUSION UT=000246654600004 68.1842 9 216 It will be of use in the development of digital libraries. 3832 2_CONCLUSION UT=000248943100002 49.9106 6 121 This work should be viewed as complementary to that of LIANG ( 2006). 3790 2_CONCLUSION UT=000254813200019 69.3578 8 64 ( c) 2007 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 3795 2_CONCLUSION UT=000245605100019 69.3578 8 64 ( c) 2006 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 3863 2_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100018 39.6961 3 9 See Burrell, 1991, 2005; Rousseau, 2007). 3727 2_METHOD UT=000232418400010 1028.69 183 20213 Hirsch ( 2005) has proposed the h-index as a single-number criterion to evaluate the scientific output of a researcher ( Ball, 2005): A scientist has index h if h of his/ her N-p papers have at least h citations each, and the other ( N-p - h) papers have fewer than h citations each. 3893 2_METHOD UT=000246678500011 614.295 150 16544 Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/ URL citations, indicating that the Web/ URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. 3825 2_METHOD UT=000249149900007 526.315 132 12998 Some simple methods - using the number of citations and journal papers, and the number of citations obtained by the most frequently cited papers - are suggested and tested to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of such indexes. 3731 2_METHOD UT=000247578600016 747.124 125 11939 The claim that the h index in a single number provides a good representation of the scientific lifetime achievement of a scientist as well as the ( supposed) simple calculation of the h index using common literature databases lead to the danger of improper use of the index. 3756 2_METHOD UT=000240477000010 536.954 122 11740 If this set is ranked in decreasing order of the number of citations that they received, the g-index is the ( unique) largest number such that the top g articles received ( together) at least g(2) citations. 3892 2_METHOD UT=000246678500011 585.279 110 11659 For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific ( formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/ URL citations. 3797 2_METHOD UT=000245453300008 740.326 120 11273 A series of derivative indexes that take into account: i) the overall low scientific production in Spain before the ' 80s; ii) differences among areas due to size ( overall number of citations for publications in a given area); and iii) the number of authors, are suggested. 3721 2_METHOD UT=000250741100015 646.822 116 11109 Using citations to the work of 25 library and information science ( LIS) faculty members as a case study, the authors examine the effects of using Scopus and Google Scholar ( GS) on the citation counts and rankings of scholars as measured by WoS. 3792 2_METHOD UT=000245605100019 758.998 120 10220 Each database is evaluated with reference to a set of 155 core articles selected in advance-the most important studies of later-life migration published from 1990 to2000. Of the eight databases, Google Scholar indexes the greatest number of core articles ( 93 %) and provides the most uniform publisher and date coverage. 3834 2_METHOD UT=000243471400010 536.075 103 9187 The basis of these calculations are the formulae for the cumulative n(th) citation distribution, being the cumulative distribution of times at which articles receive their n(th) ( n =1,2,3,...) citation. 3885 2_METHOD UT=000250198400003 1340.72 89 7263 In the present study we analyze1,954 applications to the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds (B.I.F.) for doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships, which theB.I.F. evaluates in three stages ( first stage: evaluation by an external reviewer; second stage: evaluation by an internal reviewer ( staff member); third stage: final decision by theB.I.F. Board of Trustees). 3913 2_METHOD UT=000258582600013 575.524 87 7224 As reference standards, ( a) mean citation counts for the journal set provided by, Thomson Reuters corresponding to the field " chemistry " and ( b) specific reference standards that refer to the subject areas of Chemical Abstracts were used. 3766 2_METHOD UT=000257920900006 528.264 77 6939 There are two ways to do this: One counts the citations to these papers in a fractional way or one counts the ranks of the papers in a fractional way as credit for an author. 3726 2_METHOD UT=000251368500005 560.434 72 6362 We propose a simple way to put in a common scale the h values of researchers working in different scientific ISI fields, so that the foreseeable misuse of this index for inter-areas F comparison might be prevented, or at least, alleviated. 3757 2_METHOD UT=000240477000010 746.288 80 6295 We prove the unique existence of g for any set of articles and we have that g 3h. The general Lotkaian theory of the g-index is presented and we show that g = ( alpha-1/alpha-2)T-alpha-1/ alpha(1/ alpha) where alpha > 2 is the Lotkaian exponent and where T denotes the total number of sources. 3911 2_METHOD UT=000258582600013 403.724 75 6207 The results of negative binomial-regression models show that holding all other model variables constant, being accepted by AC-IE increases the expected number of citations by up to 50 %. 3912 2_METHOD UT=000258582600013 379.121 70 5907 A comparison of average citation counts ( with 95 % confidence intervals) of accepted and rejected ( but published elsewhere) Communications with international scientific reference standards was undertaken. 3772 2_METHOD UT=000249135100009 359.529 61 5051 We sought evidence based upon a sample of1,577 Web citations of the URLs or titles of research articles in 64 open-access journals from biology, physics, chemistry, and computing. 3739 2_METHOD UT=000246379400012 477.702 59 4971 We show that h = ( (1-a(1))Talpha-1)(1/ alpha) where a is the aging rate, alpha is the exponent of Lotka 's law of the system, and T is the total number of articles in the group. 3904 2_METHOD UT=000252161000010 254.92 58 4800 The match between the citation index and institutional profiles varies among institutional units and nations. 3874 2_METHOD UT=000258582600014 174.701 48 4530 This indicator depends on the size of the h-core, the number of citations. 3801 2_METHOD UT=000251368500001 291.728 48 4329 This note discusses the use of the h index as a scientific output measure in soil science. 3808 2_METHOD UT=000246379300005 410.456 55 4270 Shifts in electronic publishing and the emergence of new tools for citation analysis are changing the discovery process for published and unpublished work based on inputs to the research process. 3738 2_METHOD UT=000246379400012 198.68 41 3806 We use the earlier established cumulative n(th) citation distribution. 3849 2_METHOD UT=000257168200006 154.842 40 3612 2007) incorporates aging but divides the received citation counts by the raw age of the publication. 3793 2_METHOD UT=000245605100019 379.618 49 3234 It covers 27 % more core articles than the second-ranked database ( SSCI) and2.4 times as many as the lowest-ranked database ( GEOBASE). 3807 2_METHOD UT=000246379300005 350.16 46 3070 This article shows that articles using NPHS data files and products have been used by a diverse and global network of scholars, practitioners, methodologists, and policy makers. 3817 2_METHOD UT=000248080300006 389.414 42 2967 The evaluation of the scientific work of a scientist and the estimation of the quality of a journal or conference has long attracted significant interest, due to the benefits by obtaining an unbiased and fair criterion. 3773 2_METHOD UT=000249135100009 384.277 48 2919 Only 25 % represented intellectual impact, from references of Web documents ( 23 %) and other informal scholarly sources ( 2 %). 3870 2_METHOD UT=000246379300014 397.381 40 2734 The majority of those evaluated currently hold senior positions in UK information science and librarianship departments; however, a small number of staff in other departments and retired ' ' founding fathers ' ' were analyzed as well. 3898 2_METHOD UT=000248247400014 313.508 42 2721 This robustness, and the ease with which h-indices can be verified, support the use of a Hirschtype index over alternatives such as the journal impact factor. 3778 2_METHOD UT=000248943100007 314.606 41 2586 As main source of data Thomson Scientific 's Essential Science Indicators ( ESI) database was used. 3879 2_METHOD UT=000246654600004 347.633 37 2530 Findings - An extension of the FOAF vocabulary is considered as the ability to describe a publication record such as this paper in terms of scholar contributions and participations. 3767 2_METHOD UT=000257920900006 536.246 46 2392 In both cases, we define the fractional h- and g-indexes, and we present inequalities ( both upper and lower bounds) between these fractional h- and g-indexes and their corresponding unweighted values ( also involving, of course, the coauthorship distribution). 3734 2_METHOD UT=000246373000004 556.739 44 2357 There exists a quantitative relationship, which can be expressed asG=kF(lgP)N, where G is per capita GDP, F gross expenditure on R&D as % of GDP, P patent applications, N Internet users per10,000 inhabitants, and k a constant ranging from0.4 to1.2 in most countries. 3730 2_METHOD UT=000247578600016 162.376 31 2326 The new index has attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. 3865 2_METHOD UT=000246379800002 535.91 43 2306 TOP-curves, defined as a kind of mirror image of TIP-curves used in poverty studies, are shown to possess the properties necessary for adequate empirical ranking of various data arrays, based on the properties of the highest performers (i.e., the core). 3835 2_METHOD UT=000243471400010 228.938 28 2183 These formulae ( proved in previous papers) are extended to allow for different aging rates of the papers. 3840 2_METHOD UT=000248943100005 431.169 39 2165 The analysis of the coverage of a product of this nature should be done in relation to an accepted model, the optimal choice being Ulrich 's Directory, considered the international point of reference for the most comprehensive information on journals published throughout the world. 3839 2_METHOD UT=000248943100005 346.681 38 2153 The variables taken into account were subject distribution, geographical distribution, distribution by publishers and the language of publication. 3920 2_METHOD UT=000261392000010 321.166 36 2106 In the theoretical part, we recall the definition of theAR(2)-index and show that an alternative definition, the so- calledAR(1)(2), does not have the properties expected for this type of index. 3788 2_METHOD UT=000254813200019 194.675 30 1876 It is shown that in a continuous setting the new index enjoys many good properties. 3886 2_METHOD UT=000250198400003 491.18 36 1869 Using the RC association model, we show - in accordance with the results of HARGENS & HERTING ( 2006) - that a single latent dimension is sufficient to account for the association between ( internal and external) reviewers ' recommendations and the fellowship award decision by the Board. 3824 2_METHOD UT=000249149900007 272.282 31 1837 The h-index method introduced by Hirsch was found applicable for evaluating publications of senior scientists with similar publishing features, only. 3783 2_METHOD UT=000260472100005 331.087 33 1805 Our results show that these indicators clearly differentiate low producers and top scientists, but do not discriminate between selective scientists and big producers. 3762 2_METHOD UT=000256839600011 186.008 28 1778 We discuss methodological issues related to the computation of h-index of topics ( denoted h-b index by BANKS [ 2006]). 3860 2_METHOD UT=000250741100018 361.104 34 1458 Here the author shows that Egghe 's construction rather than " including the standard case, " as claimed by Rousseau, actually leads to the Leimkuhler curve of the dual function, in the sense of Egghe. 3866 2_METHOD UT=000246379800002 235.503 27 1428 TOP-curves and essential TOP-curves, also introduced in this article, simultaneously represent the incidence, intensity, and inequality among the top. 3809 2_METHOD UT=000246379300005 455.261 33 1412 Evidence of use of large surveys throughout the knowledge transfer process can be critical in assessing grant and operating funding levels for research units, and in influencing design, methodology, and access channels in planning major surveys. 3829 2_METHOD UT=000248943100002 240.65 29 1381 Since an individual author 's h-index will be time-dependent, we propose instead the h- rate which, according to theory, is ( almost) constant. 3830 2_METHOD UT=000248943100002 294.917 32 1357 We re-analyse a previously published data set ( LIANG, 2006) which, although not of the precise form to properly test our model, reveals that in many cases we do not have a constant h- rate. 3919 2_METHOD UT=000261392000010 184.352 24 1171 The article consists of two parts: a theoretical part and a practical illustration. 3749 2_METHOD UT=000257920900013 277.914 24 1139 In order to generate pure random sets of documents, we used N-grams ( N variable) to measure this influence: strings of zeros, truncated at the end. 3745 2_METHOD UT=000260472100010 245.076 27 1041 Traditional bibliometric indicators and the institutional h-index similarly ranked the programs, except for the Average Impact Factor. 3744 2_METHOD UT=000260472100010 201.284 22 882 We analyzed the performance of the institutional h-index in the case of Brazilian Psychiatry Post-graduation Programs. 3903 2_METHOD UT=000252161000010 206.481 22 794 Institutional units of analysis and persons may move between fields or span different specialties. 3750 2_METHOD UT=000257920900013 98.3758 11 769 The used databases are WoS and Scopus. 3754 2_METHOD UT=000248247400015 261.675 22 761 Contrary to Burrells statements, Egghes theory of continuous concentration does include the construction of a standard Lorenz curve. 3787 2_METHOD UT=000254813200019 145.005 15 542 This weighted h-index, denoted ash., is presented in a continuous setting and in a discrete one. 3889 2_METHOD UT=000243471400012 193.465 15 518 It is suggested that h-indices themselves may form the basis of a series of h-indices at successively higher levels of aggregation. 3859 2_METHOD UT=000250741100018 230.059 19 481 Rousseau ( 2007) asserts confusion on our part and a failure to grasp Egghe 's construction, even though we simply reported what Egghe stated. 3850 2_METHOD UT=000257168200006 132.578 12 458 Consequently, the decay of a publication is very steep and insensitive to disciplinary differences. 3818 2_METHOD UT=000248080300006 111.3 9 416 Although it appears to be simple, defining a quality metric is not an easy task. 3779 2_METHOD UT=000248943100007 156.309 13 365 EU countries have strong positions in each field but none of them can successfully compete with the USA. 3902 2_METHOD UT=000252161000010 95.3765 9 252 Furthermore, the delineation of fields and among specialties is fuzzy. 3880 2_METHOD UT=000246654600004 79.6475 7 241 In order to achieve that, the FOAF vocabulary is extended. 3847 2_METHOD UT=000257168200006 52.3721 6 161 However, these indicators have no conception of aging. 3722 2_METHOD UT=000250741100015 54.5708 5 131 Overall, more than10,000 citing and purportedly citing documents were examined. 3848 2_METHOD UT=000257168200006 71.7106 4 16 The AR-index ( Jin et al. 3891 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500011 1042.05 179 20818 We use a new data gathering method, " Web/ URL citation, " Web/ URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines ( biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of1,650 articles from 108 open access ( OA) journals published in2001. A Web/ URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. 3736 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379400012 625.213 164 17085 When there are a group of articles and the present time is fixed we can determine the unique number h being the number of articles that received h or more citations while the other articles received a number of citations which is not larger thanh. In this article, the time dependence of the h-index is determined. 3761 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000256839600011 608.287 120 11685 In this paper we examine the applicability of the concept of h-index to topics, where a topic has index h, if there are h publications that received at least h citations and the rest of the publications on the topic received at most h citations. 3719 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100015 414.001 94 8279 The Institute for Scientific Information 's ( ISI, now Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, PA) citation databases have been used for decades as a starting point and often as the only tools for locating citations and/ or conducting citation analyses. 3806 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 412.692 94 7243 Peer-reviewed articles from research using numeric data files and documentation from the Canadian National Population Health Survey ( NPHS) were searched in ISI 's Web of Science and in Scopus for articles citing the original research. 3765 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257920900006 243.148 75 5997 This article studies the h-index ( Hirsch index) and the g-index of authors, in case one counts authorship of the cited articles in a fractional way. 3910 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000258582600013 372.889 72 5793 We investigated the journal peer-review process at Angewandte Chemie International Edition ( AC-IE), one of the prime chemistry journals worldwide, and conducted a citation analysis for Communications that were accepted by the journal ( n = 878) or rejected but published elsewhere ( n = 959). 3791 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000245605100019 535.008 73 5778 This paper evaluates the content of Google Scholar and seven other databases ( Academic Search Elite, AgeLine, ArticleFirst, GEOBASE, POPLINE, Social Sciences Abstracts, and Social Sciences Citation Index) within the multidisciplinary subject area of later-life migration. 3770 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 235.86 64 5431 Although the analysis of citations in the scholarly literature is now an established and relatively well understood part of information science, not enough is known about citations that can be found on the Web. 3755 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000240477000010 205.023 64 5374 The g-index is introduced as an improvement of the h-index of Hirsch to measure the global citation performance of a set of articles. 3833 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000243471400010 438.454 67 5239 This article calculates probabilities for the occurrence of different types of papers such as genius papers, basic papers, ordinary papers or insignificant papers. 3786 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000254813200019 124.915 47 4249 An h-type index is proposed which depends on the obtained citations of articles belonging to the h-core. 3720 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100015 256.105 55 4230 The ISI databases ( or Web of Science ( WoS]), however, may no longer be sufficient because new databases and tools that allow citation searching are now available. 3897 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248247400014 328.697 57 4119 The h-index ( Hirsch, 2005) is robust, remaining relatively unaffected by errors in the long tails of the citations-rank distribution, such as typographic errors that shortchange frequently cited articles and create bogus additional records. 3796 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000245453300008 225.185 54 3551 The applicability of Hirsch 's h index ( Hirsch, 2005) for evaluating scientific research in Spain has been investigated. 3884 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400003 306.708 49 3505 In a recently published article, HARGENS & FIERTING ( 2006) apply the row-column ( RC) association model to peer review to analyze the association between two referees ' recommendations and an editor 's decision at two scholarly journals. 3782 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000260472100005 433.146 59 3237 The ability of g-index and h-index to discriminate between different types of scientists ( low producers, big producers, selective scientists and top scientists) is analysed in the area of Natural Resources at the Spanish CSIC ( WoS, 1994-2004). 3729 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600016 260.176 52 3226 Jorge Hirsch ( 2005a, 2005b) recently proposed the h index to quantify the research output of individual scientists. 3845 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257168200006 256.36 56 3226 A simple and popular one among the indicators is the h-index, the Hirsch index ( Hirsch 2005), which is an indicator for lifetime achievement of a scholar. 3901 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000252161000010 191.744 42 3080 The assumption that citation and publication practices are homogenous within specialties and fields of science is invalid. 3805 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 204.258 45 3047 The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of these national data sets on research using bibliometric measures. 3900 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000252161000010 217.88 50 3007 Aging of publications, percentage of self-citations, and impact vary from journal to journal within fields of science. 3748 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257920900013 135.526 36 2998 The article studies the influence of the query formulation of a topic on its h-Index. 3777 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248943100007 356.035 53 2878 The authors present ranked lists of worlds countries - with main focus on EU countries ( together with newly acceeded and candidate countries) - by their h-index on various science fields. 3828 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248943100002 234.068 45 2745 Hirsch 's h- index gives a single number that in some sense summarizes an author 's research output and its impact. 3858 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100018 267.745 40 2637 In a recent article ( Burrell, 2006), the author pointed out that the version of Lorenz concentration theory presented by Egghe ( 2005a, 2005b) does not conform to the classical statistical/ econometric approach. 3843 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257168200006 201.695 40 1940 Research evaluation is increasingly popular and important among research funding bodies and science policy makers. 3909 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000258582600013 277.084 37 1828 All journals that use peer review have to deal with the following question: Does the peer review system fulfill its declared objective to select the " best " scientific work? 3844 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257168200006 208.031 35 1780 Various indicators have been proposed to evaluate the standing of individual scientists, institutions, journals, or countries. 3877 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246654600004 310.838 39 1764 Purpose - The purpose of this research is to address the need for a definition of metadata descriptors for use in enhancing the accuracy of bibliometric instruments of scholarly evaluation, such as the impact factor. 3869 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300014 154.595 32 1723 The recently developed h-index has been applied to the literature produced by senior British-based academics in librarianship and information science. 3771 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 155.936 25 1455 In particular, are there new Web types, and if so, are these trivial or potentially useful for studying or evaluating research communication? 3737 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379400012 166.333 27 1387 This is important to describe the expected career evolution of a scientist 's work or of a journal 's production in a fixed year. 3846 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000257168200006 92.5103 21 1205 Several other indicators have been proposed to complement or balance the h-index. 3800 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000251368500001 104.22 26 1187 Soil science is a relatively young and specialised field of science. 3804 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 160.228 17 1046 Large national social surveys are expensive to conduct and to process into usable data files. 3815 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300006 115.334 21 887 What is the value of a scientist and its impact upon the scientific thinking? 3816 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300006 64.7809 14 864 How can we measure the prestige of a journal or a conference? 3823 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000249149900007 132.667 17 757 Scientometrics cannot offer a simple consistent method for measuring the scientific eminence of individuals. 3838 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000248943100005 152.927 17 707 Our aim is to compare the coverage of the Scopus database with that of Ulrich, to determine just how homogenous it is in the academic world. 3743 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000260472100010 139.648 16 499 A fair assessment of merit is needed for better resource allocation in the scientific community. 3864 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379800002 150.005 13 382 Several characteristics of classical Lorenz curves make them unsuitable for the study of a group of top-performers. 3878 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000246654600004 217.561 17 353 Design/ methodology/ approach - A semantic vocabulary - COAP - is constructed, deployed on top of the Resource Description Framework ( RDF), by extending the Friend-of-a-Friend ( FOAF) schema. 3873 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000258582600014 63.1695 8 239 A time-dependent h-type indicator is proposed. 3918 2_OBJECTIVE UT=000261392000010 86.9441 6 36 Hirsch-type indices are studied with special attention to theAR(2)-index introduced by Jin. 3836 2_RESULT UT=000243471400010 671.803 92 5763 These new results are then used to define different importance classes of papers according to the different values of n, in function of timet. Examples are given in case of a classification into four parts: genius papers, basic papers, ordinary papers and ( almost) insignificant papers. 3894 2_RESULT UT=000246678500011 548.86 86 5247 Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. 3802 2_RESULT UT=000251368500001 550.788 81 4978 We explore the governing factors of h index in soil science: the number of soil scientists, the number of papers published, the average number of citations, and the age of the scientist. 3784 2_RESULT UT=000260472100005 520.356 81 4347 However, g-index is more sensitive than h-index in the assessment of selective scientists, since this type of scientist shows in average a higher g-index/ h-index ratio and a better position in g-index rankings than in the h-index ones. 3852 2_RESULT UT=000257168200006 279.998 63 3228 Finally, all indicators treat citations as equally material when one might reasonably think that a citation from a heavily cited publication should weigh more than a citation froma non-cited or little-cited publication. 3751 2_RESULT UT=000257920900013 542.334 56 2919 The formula h =T-1/ alpha, proved in Egghe and Rousseau ( 2006) where T is the number of retrieved documents and a is Lotka 's exponent, is confirmed being a concavely increasing function ofT. We also give a formula for the relation between h and N the length of the N-gram: h = D10(-N/ alpha). 3820 2_RESULT UT=000248080300006 336.131 46 2221 In this article we demonstrate several inefficiencies of this index and develop a pair of generalizations and effective variants of it to deal with scientist ranking and publication forum ranking. 3759 2_RESULT UT=000240477000010 254.622 47 2189 It is shown that the g-index inherits all the good properties of the h-index and, in addition, better takes into account the citation scores of the top articles. 3775 2_RESULT UT=000249135100009 349.779 46 2156 Additional analyses revealed significant disciplinary differences in the types of Google unique Web/ URL citations as well as some characteristics of scientific open-access publishing on the Web. 3723 2_RESULT UT=000250741100015 364.349 45 2038 Results show that Scopus significantly alters the relative ranking of those scholars that appear in the middle of the rankings and that GS stands out in its coverage of conference proceedings as well as international, non-English language journals. 3794 2_RESULT UT=000245605100019 287.654 40 2005 At the same time, a substantial proportion of the citations provided by Google Scholar are incomplete ( 32 %) or presented without abstracts ( 33 %). 3895 2_RESULT UT=000246678500011 241.861 39 1930 We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. 3853 2_RESULT UT=000257168200006 259.809 43 1923 We propose a new indicator, the Discounted Cumulated Impact ( DCI) index, which devalues old citations in a smooth way. 3810 2_RESULT UT=000246379300005 335.369 43 1889 The project has gathered citations from the peer-reviewed article stage of knowledge transfer, providing valuable evidence on the use of the data files and methodologies of the survey and of limitations of the survey. 3819 2_RESULT UT=000248080300006 311.496 40 1835 To overcome the disadvantages of the present metrics used for ranking scientists and journals,J.E. Hirsch proposed a pioneering metric, the now famous h-index. 3882 2_RESULT UT=000246654600004 285.303 37 1780 Originality/ value - The paper discusses how metadata descriptors can contribute to the improvement of already established scholar evaluation instruments such as the impact factor. 3728 2_RESULT UT=000232418400010 337.646 38 1585 In a study on committee peer review ( Bornmann & Daniel, 2005) we found that on average the h-index for successful applicants for post-doctoral research fellowships was consistently higher than for non-successful applicants. 3763 2_RESULT UT=000256839600011 304.08 40 1580 Data collection for computing the h-b index is much more complex than computing the index for authors, research groups and/ or journals, and has several limitations. 3871 2_RESULT UT=000246379300014 278.281 31 1555 The analysis was carried out using the Web of Science ( Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, PA) for the years from 1992 to October 2005, and included both second authored papers and self-citations. 3746 2_RESULT UT=000260472100010 213.042 35 1460 The institutional h-index correlated strongly with the majority of the traditional bibliometric indicators, which did not occur with the Average Impact Factor. 3906 2_RESULT UT=000252161000010 320.98 37 1427 Non-institute of Scientific Information ( ISI) journals are increasingly cornered into " transdisciplinary " Mode-2 functions with the exception of specialist journals publishing in languages other than English. 3774 2_RESULT UT=000249135100009 242.306 31 1352 Many of the Web/ URL citations were created for general or subject-specific navigation ( 45 %) or for self-publicity ( 22 %). 3854 2_RESULT UT=000257168200006 139.014 28 1322 It rewards an author for receiving new citations even if the publication is old. 3914 2_RESULT UT=000258582600013 307.116 34 1274 When compared to reference standards, the mean impact on chemical research is for the most part far above average riot only for accepted Communications but also for rejected ( but published elsewhere) Communications. 3826 2_RESULT UT=000249149900007 257.168 32 1216 The results indicate that calculating scientometric indexes for individuals, self-citations should be excluded and the effect of the different bibliometric features of the field should be taken into account. 3732 2_RESULT UT=000247578600016 206.247 29 1208 We describe the advantages and disadvantages of the h index and summarize the studies on the convergent validity of this index. 3740 2_RESULT UT=000246379400012 249.802 27 1104 For t = +infinity we refind the steady state ( static) formula h = T-1/ alpha which we proved in a previous article. 3915 2_RESULT UT=000258582600013 207.98 28 999 However, average and below-average scientific impact is to be expected significantly less frequently for accepted Communications than for rejected Communications. 3724 2_RESULT UT=000250741100015 230.186 25 822 The use of Scopus and GS, in addition to WoS, helps reveal a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the scholarly impact of authors. 3758 2_RESULT UT=000240477000010 146.384 20 802 We then present the g-index of the ( still active) Price medallists for their complete careers up to 1972 and compare it with the h-index. 3841 2_RESULT UT=000248943100005 223.588 24 785 The results described here allow us to draw a profile of Scopus in terms of its coverage by areas - geographic and thematic - and the significance of peer-review in its publications. 3899 2_RESULT UT=000248247400014 110.982 21 782 These merits of the h-index apply both to individuals and to journals. 3811 2_RESULT UT=000246379300005 229.657 23 706 Further work can be done to expand the scope of material cited and analyze the data to understand how the longitudinal aspect of the survey contributes to the value of the research output. 3875 2_RESULT UT=000258582600014 92.8161 17 676 received, and recent change in the value of the h-index. 3921 2_RESULT UT=000261392000010 192.136 20 666 A practical example shows the existence of some of these mathematical properties and illustrates the difference between different h-type indices. 3735 2_RESULT UT=000246373000004 81.6891 11 642 The mechanism of the relationship is explained in the paper. 3861 2_RESULT UT=000250741100018 323.751 25 608 ( Note that here we distinguish between the Lorenz curve, a convex form arising from ranking from smallest to largest, and the Leimkuhler curve, a concave form arising from ranking from largest to smallest. 3780 2_RESULT UT=000248943100007 229.152 20 591 The modest position of the newly accessed and candidate countries illustrate the importance of supportive economic and political background in order to achieve scientific success. 3881 2_RESULT UT=000246654600004 241.408 22 555 Practical implications - The application of this semantic vocabulary could be used as a way of enhancing the accuracy of source data for bibliometric evaluation instruments. 3867 2_RESULT UT=000246379800002 177.446 18 494 It is shown that TOP-dominance partial order, introduced in this article, is stronger than Lorenz dominance order. 3922 2_RESULT UT=000261392000010 50.3447 12 485 Clearly the h-index itself is the most robust of all. 3851 2_RESULT UT=000257168200006 95.424 12 425 In addition, we believe that a publication becomes outdated only when it is no longer cited, not because of its age. 3887 2_RESULT UT=000250198400003 165.406 15 371 This result indicates that the latent dimension underlying reviewers ' recommendations and the Board 's decisions reflects the merit of an application being evaluated. 3798 2_RESULT UT=000245453300008 102.154 10 310 Their applicability has been tested for two different areas in the Biological Sciences. 3812 2_RESULT UT=000246379300005 138.998 12 308 Building a case for continued funding of national, longitudinal surveys is a challenge. 3741 2_RESULT UT=000246379400012 89.2522 9 242 Functional properties of the above formula are proven. 3752 2_RESULT UT=000257920900013 73.9978 7 213 where D is a constant, a convexly decreasing function, which is found in our experiments. 3831 2_RESULT UT=000248943100002 114.988 10 194 On the other hand this then suggests ways in which deeper scientometric investigations could be carried out. 3890 2_RESULT UT=000243471400012 116.059 8 137 The concept of successive h-indices may usefully contribute to develop a coherent frame for multi-level assessments. 3768 2_RESULT UT=000257920900006 56.2661 5 127 Wherever applicable, examples and counterexamples are provided. 3789 2_RESULT UT=000254813200019 79.5087 6 74 In the discrete setting some small deviations from the ideal may occur. 3905 2_RESULT UT=000252161000010 63.0529 4 16 The respective matches may heavily affect the representation of the units. 3862 2_RESULT UT=000250741100018 31.5264 2 4 The two presentations are equivalent. 3985 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100005 545.108 59 2603 The study, which primary aim is to improve the methodology of quantitative analysis in the so called " soft " sciences, will increase the interest among social scientists, scholars of the humanities and library and information science to use databases as analytical tools and to apply the modern text mining techniques for the extraction of knowledge from bibliographic data. 4013 30_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 592.238 51 2367 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 4034 30_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600004 489.727 47 1805 Examples where this framework applies are: impact factors, including web impact factors, Bradford-Lotka type bibliographies, first-citation studies, word use, diffusion factors, elections and even bestsellers lists. 4092 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 392.104 46 1723 The findings in this study indicate that even though European journals formed a periphery in relation to the American journals in terms of clearly asymmetrical exchange relations, it was the European journals that seemed to be more comprehensive in scope. 4070 30_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 466.045 45 1717 Consequently, the social and the cognitive dimensions of the STS field are not independent as no serious STS scholar would argue - but also not identical, as radical constructivists claim, but are strongly interacting Further analysis may reveal the leading dynamics, that is answering the question whether the 'social ' follows the 'cognitive ', the other way around, or whether the dynamics has the pattern of 'co-evolution '. 4138 30_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800002 375.687 45 1649 Lotkaian informetric systems are self-similar fractals, a fact revealed by Mandelbrot ( 1977) in relation to nature, but is also true for random texts, which exemplify a very special type of informetric system. 4137 30_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800002 337.818 36 1257 This argument makes it possible to interpret the information production process as a self-similar fractal and show the relation between Lotka 's exponent and the ( self-similar) fractal dimension of the system. 4169 30_CONCLUSION UT=000228999100005 301.875 35 1026 Formulae of such different growth rates are presented using Lotkaian informetrics and new and existing data sets are presented and interpreted in terms of the used linear 3-dimensional model. 4130 30_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400009 324.998 30 927 The contention is on the one hand that Bookstein 's development lacks a rigorous mathematical basis, and on the other, that, in general, informetric processes are adequately described within a standard probabilistic framework with stochastic modelling offering the more productive approach. 4151 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100014 247.775 28 840 The paper concludes by discussing general benefits and limitations of this bibliometric approach for macro-level analysis of science bases in advanced industrialised countries like the Netherlands. 3974 30_CONCLUSION UT=000232418400003 265.524 29 837 In this connection we present formulae describing the share of items of highly productive sources as a function of the parameters of the system (e.g. the size of the system). 4085 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100002 273.763 30 802 They also economize by frequent use of perfunctory citations, which require relatively little context, and infrequent use of negative citations, which require contexts more laborious to set. 4155 30_CONCLUSION UT=000086511800008 264.682 26 789 We then highlight some characteristics of the ISI document type category " Proceedings " followed by an analysis of publishers and average number of " Proceedings " pages. 4106 30_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200001 341.617 28 786 In the light of a ten countries ' benchmark, time series of these indicators for the nineties show a considerable impact of the German unification with a recent trend towards an adaptation of publication behaviour in East Germany towards the Western patterns. 3927 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100002 198.746 25 739 This article shows how ideas and techniques studied and developed in informetrics and scientometrics can successfully be applied in other fields of science, and vice versa. 4006 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400010 136.227 19 620 Bradford analyses can be useful tools in developing information systems. 3978 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100016 221.504 24 592 The paper finds that there are large differences between firms in terms of the density of their 'ego-network ', and the amount of knowledge spillovers to the Dutch economy that they generate. 4022 30_CONCLUSION UT=000171745700019 183.171 21 575 A listing of the top journals in the three fields are given, as well as a list of the major reviews and bibliographies that have been published over the years. 3961 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 202.795 23 565 Here gamma is the fraction of the papers that eventually get cited, t(1) is the time of the first citation, a is the aging rate and a is Lotka 's exponent. 4074 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167255500001 200.404 22 535 The article closes with some reflections on explanations of regularities in informetrics, based on statistical, probabilistic or informetric results, or on a combination thereof. 3951 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200006 145.656 20 529 The article ends with some examples related to the language use in some sociological journals. 4163 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167664900007 170.822 19 523 While the contribution of these sub-disciplines in Scientometrics was still well-balanced in 1980, papers dealing with case studies and methodology became dominant by1997. 4058 30_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600003 148.21 20 495 The paper also presents methods to determine the rates c and g from practical data and examples are given. 4150 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100014 253.724 21 446 We also find significant differences between industrial sectors as well as major contributions of large science-based multinational enterprises, such as Philips, in domestic science-technology linkages. 4027 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167284400001 201.527 18 437 The web thus affords bibliometricians rich opportunities to apply and adapt their techniques to new contexts and content: the age of 'bibliometric spectroscopy ' [ 2] is dawning. 4084 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100002 304.938 21 431 The shape of the core-and-scatter distribution of names in identities can be explained by the principle of least effort, Citers economize on effort by frequently reciting only a relatively small core of names in their identities. 4042 30_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800001 142.832 17 394 This is important to know in applying theoretical results ( from the continuous model), derived from practical data. 4021 30_CONCLUSION UT=000171745700019 188.729 18 374 The size of the overall literature of these fields is determined and the growth and stabilisation of both the dissertation and non-dissertation literature are shown. 4069 30_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 156.896 16 335 At the same time, this differentiation differs in some respects from the cognitive differentiation pattern. 4162 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167664900007 131.137 14 324 The findings suggest, that the field is in fact heterogeneous, and each sub-discipline has its own characteristics. 3973 30_CONCLUSION UT=000232418400003 158.839 15 316 All these results are not only valid in the papers-citations relationships but in any informetric source-item relationship. 3962 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 119.358 13 300 The combination of a and alpha in one formula is, to the best of our knowledge, new. 3992 30_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400012 133.956 13 286 Finally, they can be used to map the intellectual and social networks evident in citations to and from authors and in co-authorships. 3999 30_CONCLUSION UT=000228115800003 76.1169 10 264 Its transdisciplinary reception is measured through a diffusion analysis. 3932 30_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300008 102.207 11 255 Moreover, from the Bradford-Zipfs plot, 25 core journals in semiconductor were identified and analyzed. 4093 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 114.944 11 203 The tendency during the investigated period indicated differentiation in terms of segmentation rather than specialization. 3963 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 80.0853 9 185 The model hence provides estimates for these two important parameters. 4114 30_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100006 96.0324 10 184 Furthermore, CMC use is positively associated with scientific productivity and collaboration. 3942 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 95.4587 8 157 The fractal nature of the Internet is highlighted and a modest attempt to measure it is given. 4124 30_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 62.747 8 156 Differences are illustrated with a real-life example. 4099 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400006 100.345 8 112 When reading the maps and tabulating the links it could be concluded that the two departmental networks were structured differently by sex and seniority. 4048 30_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400008 73.2342 7 85 No correlation between group size and productivity was found. 4035 30_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600004 80.8002 8 64 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 4059 30_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600003 80.8002 8 64 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 3941 30_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 35.1862 3 57 Lastly, aspects of complexity are discussed. 3950 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200006 104.903 7 49 It is further investigated if openness partial orders can lead to measures for relative own-language preference. 4125 30_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300005 65.1586 5 46 Finally, it is shown that some of these anomalies can be avoided by using geometric instead of arithmetic averages. 4143 30_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100007 50.1724 4 40 Predictions for the 1999 indicator values are also provided. 4079 30_METHOD UT=000167098100002 1173.13 130 11482 The study explains how to retrieve citation identities from the Institute for Scientific Information 's files on Dialog and how to deal with idiosyncrasies of these files, As the author 's oeuvre grows, the identity takes the form of a core-and-scatter distribution that may be divided into authors cited only once ( unicitations) and authors cited at least twice ( recitations), The latter group, especially those recited most frequently, are interpretable as symbols of a citer 's main substantive concerns, As illustrated by the top recitees of eight information scientists, identities are intelligible, individualized, and wide-ranging, They are ego-centered without being egotistical. 4165 30_METHOD UT=000228999100005 929.178 121 10133 Examples: references in publications grow with a rate that is different ( usually higher) from the growth rate of the publications themselves; article growth rates are different from journal growth rates and so on. 4108 30_METHOD UT=000090059500008 706.068 103 8832 Selected growth models are applied to the cumulated growth of publications and authors in theoretical population genetics from 1907 to1980. The criteria are studied on which growth models are to be selected for their possible application in the growth of literature. 4045 30_METHOD UT=000088919400008 801.152 97 7796 Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/ one article to 180 authors/ 83 articles ( all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). 4039 30_METHOD UT=000228634800001 940 107 7771 The continuous Lotka power function describes the density of sources with item densityj. The discrete Lotka function one obtains from data, obtained empirically; the continuous Lotka function is the one needed when one wants to apply Lotkaian informetrics,i.e., to determine properties that can be derived from the ( continuous) model. 4166 30_METHOD UT=000228999100005 715.099 94 7563 In this paper we interpret this phenomenon of " disproportionate growth "; in terms of Naranan 's growth model and in terms of the self-similar fractal dimension of such an information system, which follows from Naranan 's growth model. 4044 30_METHOD UT=000088919400008 671.191 87 6191 By an author-gated retrieval from ISI 's database National Science Indicators on Diskette ( NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992-1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by3,486 authors, were obtained. 4016 30_METHOD UT=000171745700019 858.068 91 5959 The terms bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informetrics refer to component fields related to the study of the dynamics of disciplines as reflected in the production of their literature, Areas of study range from charting changes in the output of a scholarly field through time and across countries, to the library collection problem of maintaining control of the output, and to the low publication productivity of most researchers. 4075 30_METHOD UT=000169032200003 638.174 78 5663 It is empirically shown that, even using the normal or total counting procedure, Lotka 's law breaks down when articles with a large,i.e., more than hundred, number of authors are included in the bibliography, The explanation of this phenomenon is that the conditions for an application of the basic success-breeds-success model are not fulfilled any more. 4081 30_METHOD UT=000167098100002 652.358 65 5352 Citing styles in identities differ: " scientific-paper style " authors recite heavily, adding to core; " bibliographic-essay style " authors are heavy on unicitations, adding to scatter; " literature-review style " authors do both at once. 4054 30_METHOD UT=000231332600003 634.405 79 5189 General properties of such Lorenz curves are studied and special results are obtained in case the citation age curve and publication growth curve are exponential functions. 4095 30_METHOD UT=000088919400006 465.39 70 4370 Papers from two departments at two different universities, but within the same field of research, were analyzed in terms of co-authorship, direct and indirect citations among the authors. 4088 30_METHOD UT=000088919400003 460.726 64 3683 In this study of the network among management journals, the focus is on forms of differentiation,i.e., the relationship between stratification and specialization in a network of journals. 4120 30_METHOD UT=000084513300005 620.128 55 3661 Indeed, we present examples in which country ( or author) c has a smaller relative score in the total counting system than in the fractional counting one, yet this smaller score has a higher importance than the larger one ( fractional counting). 4055 30_METHOD UT=000231332600003 487.641 44 3325 If g is the growth rate and c is the aging rate we show that 9 deter-mines the impact Lorenz curve and also we show that any two situations give rise to two non-intersecting ( except in ( 0, 0) and ( 1, 1)) Lorenz curves. 4050 30_METHOD UT=000168598000006 379.179 54 3306 Articles are most frequently cited when they deal with empirical, ahistorical research focusing on populations in the developed world, when they are prominently placed in a journal issue, when they are written in English and when they appear in core demography journals. 4002 30_METHOD UT=000088919400010 418.247 58 3289 Bradford 's law is in the study applied on five databases in the topic " Information retrieval and seeking " in order to compare the size and titles of the core journals. 4153 30_METHOD UT=000086511800008 399.937 56 3135 The present study deals with the development of different document types published in journals related to Physics and recorded in the Science Citation Index. 4118 30_METHOD UT=000084513300005 418.168 50 3046 These numbers are then brought together to obtain country scores, or department scores,etc. It turns out, as we will show in this article, that different scoring methods can yield totally different rankings. 4089 30_METHOD UT=000088919400003 337.446 47 2826 The question asked in this study is whether the different position of American and European journals corresponds with different levels of specialization. 4038 30_METHOD UT=000228634800001 519.293 43 2708 As in econometrics, informetrics theory requires functions of a continuous variable j, replacing the discrete variablen. Now j represents item densities instead of number of items. 4133 30_METHOD UT=000228634800002 316.024 48 2700 They are shown to characterize functions with the scale-free property ( also called self-similarity property) as well as functions with the product property. 3929 30_METHOD UT=000165654300008 266.531 37 2526 The present study investigated the growth of semiconductor literature based on the database of INSPEC. 3955 30_METHOD UT=000088919200003 284.613 42 2513 For the distribution of the total number of received citations we use a classical Lotka function. 3996 30_METHOD UT=000228115800003 433.497 49 2467 Design/ methodology/ approach - Analysis of article content, qualitative evaluation of its subsequent impact, citation analysis, and diffusion analysis. 4104 30_METHOD UT=000169631200001 453.128 43 2322 However, these comparisons may reveal a significant negative language bias for non-English-speaking countries, or other selection biases, which can be illustrated by the relation between research budgets of scientific institutions and SCI publications. 3981 30_METHOD UT=000088919100005 462.162 42 2057 The approach is novel in that through the application of quantitative (i.e., bibliometric) techniques it tries to reduce subjectivity in domain analysis and in the mapping of the developments and segmentation in special topical areas. 4127 30_METHOD UT=000171050400009 475.263 42 1907 In a series of often-quoted papers ( Bookstein, 1977, 1990a, 1990b, 1997), he has sought to demonstrate that " Lotka-type " laws have a unique resilience to various forms of reporting, which leads inevitably and naturally to their observance in empirical informetric data collected under a wide variety of circumstances. 4024 30_METHOD UT=000167284400001 248.672 32 1795 Science Citation Index has since established itself as the gold standard for scientific information retrieval. 4134 30_METHOD UT=000228634800002 275.077 37 1776 Power laws have other desirable properties that are not shared by exponential laws, as we indicate in this paper. 4064 30_METHOD UT=000169631200007 267.148 32 1751 Can STS scholars and STS research groups be classified in terms of the sub-fields? 3930 30_METHOD UT=000165654300008 325.215 33 1568 Well-established bibliometric techniques, such as Bradford-Zipfs plot and Lotka 's law have been employed to further explore the characteristics of semiconductor literature. 3937 30_METHOD UT=000167187300005 384.441 36 1534 The third topic deals with scientometric aspects: can the clickable buttons ( hyper-links) in Web pages replace the role of classical references in scientific papers? 4128 30_METHOD UT=000171050400009 325.207 31 1506 A general statement of his position was featured in the recent JASIST Special Topic Issue on Information Science at the Millennium ( Bookstein, 2001). 4009 30_METHOD UT=000087756900004 403.296 35 1490 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 4111 30_METHOD UT=000165569100006 358.315 36 1460 Based on surveys from 333 scientists, we find that CMC use is central to both professional and research-related aspects of scientific work, and that this use differs by field. 4101 30_METHOD UT=000088918600006 349.323 31 1355 Hypotheses are presented on their difference and distance and are verified for data from the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, the oldest statistical society in the world. 3936 30_METHOD UT=000167187300005 309.579 32 1276 The second topic is the Internet version of the informetric laws: are the same types of classical distributions valid or not? 4003 30_METHOD UT=000088919400010 196.972 25 1195 These databases give different views of the same interdisciplinary topic. 4072 30_METHOD UT=000167255500001 403.516 29 1188 The cloud of points, found by Wallace, is explained in this sense that the points are scattered over the area in first quadrant, limited by a curve of the form y = E/ x(2) +1, where E is a constant. 3945 30_METHOD UT=000089368200006 285.035 25 1184 Any function used to measure relative own-language preference or openness of one language with respect to another one should at least respect the corresponding partial orders. 3968 30_METHOD UT=000232418400003 127.206 22 1183 Next we define exactly the possible property under study. 4010 30_METHOD UT=000087756900004 267.336 25 1124 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 3925 30_METHOD UT=000089449100002 228.997 21 1104 This interesting fact is explained by arguing that some aspects of percolation can he interpreted as a model for the success-breeds-success or cumulative advantage phenomenon. 4063 30_METHOD UT=000169631200007 243.85 26 1026 In this paper I address the question to what extent this differentiation is also reflected in the social structure of the STS field. 4140 30_METHOD UT=000089449100007 269.492 24 925 The prediction of systemness ( based on the Markov property of the distribution) can be tested against the predictions of trend lines for individual nations. 4096 30_METHOD UT=000088919400006 131.534 19 922 Considerable overlap was found between the co-authorship and the citation based networks. 3982 30_METHOD UT=000088919100005 239.724 23 862 The analysis used the technique of co-ordinated online searches in a cluster of international bibliographic databases in DIALOG. 4025 30_METHOD UT=000167284400001 150.528 19 821 It has also become the database of choice for citation analysts and evaluative bibliometricians worldwide. 3995 30_METHOD UT=000228115800003 147.711 17 780 319-343, 1969), as part of a series marking the Journal of Documentation 's 60th anniversary. 4112 30_METHOD UT=000165569100006 235.537 21 762 We find that e-mail use focuses on coordination activities, and its biggest effect is helping to integrate scientists into professional networks. 3957 30_METHOD UT=000088919200003 120.501 14 754 The model is then tested by applying nonlinear regression techniques. 4147 30_METHOD UT=000089449100014 235.03 21 746 we examined the general validity and utility of these data as input for quantitative analyses of science-technology interactions. 4065 30_METHOD UT=000169631200007 173.035 17 643 Or do researchers and institutes carry an integrative role in the STS field? 4030 30_METHOD UT=000231332600004 253.374 18 627 The ratio of the sum of all magnitudes of item-sets, and the number of elements in the source collection is called the conglomerate ratio. 4141 30_METHOD UT=000089449100007 117.337 11 613 The publication performance of the EU can also be compared to that of the USA and Japan. 4018 30_METHOD UT=000171745700019 136.966 14 595 The origins and historical survey of the development of each of these terms are presented. 3987 30_METHOD UT=000167097900010 106.695 13 593 Yet the measurements made in Scientometric research is steeped in ambiguity. 4119 30_METHOD UT=000084513300005 288.003 21 575 In addition to this, a relative increase according to one method can go hand in hand with a relative decrease according to another counting method. 3976 30_METHOD UT=000089449100016 242.154 18 476 More specifically, it asks how the structure of the knowledge flows network matters for diffusion of technological knowledge in the Dutch economy. 4158 30_METHOD UT=000167664900007 87.9939 10 452 ( 3) Is bibliometrics a heterogeneous field. 4017 30_METHOD UT=000171745700019 98.9286 10 435 These terms are used to describe similar and overlapping methodologies. 3935 30_METHOD UT=000167187300005 122.948 13 433 First of all, there is the increasing problem of data gathering in the Internet. 4080 30_METHOD UT=000167098100002 224.908 14 346 They are often affected by social ties between citers and citees, but the universal motivator seems to be the perceived relevance of the citees ' works. 3990 30_METHOD UT=000170653400012 170.066 12 329 Nicknamed CAMEOs, the profiles can be used for retrieval of documents by human searchers or computerized agents. 3956 30_METHOD UT=000088919200003 109.572 9 273 The combination of these two tools yield new first-citation distributions. 3947 30_METHOD UT=000089368200006 141.486 12 249 Depending on the use one wants to make of these measures other requirements become necessary. 3946 30_METHOD UT=000089368200006 100.734 8 168 This is a minimum requirement for such measures. 3967 30_METHOD UT=000232418400003 78.0261 7 160 We show that there are two, non-equivalent possible definitions. 3969 30_METHOD UT=000232418400003 78.0261 7 160 This leads us again to two possible, non-equivalent formulations. 4031 30_METHOD UT=000231332600004 104.196 7 128 It is a kind of average, generalizing the notion of an impact factor. 4146 30_METHOD UT=000089449100014 30.5637 3 45 First. 4159 30_METHOD UT=000167664900007 62.6974 4 45 the sub-disciplines of which have their own characteristics? 3943 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200006 2272.12 216 35628 Relative own-language preference depends on two parameters: the publication share of the language, and the self-citing rate, Openness of language L with respect to language J depends on three parameters: the publication share of language L, the publication share of language J, and the citation share of language J among all citations given by languageL. It is shown that the relative own-language preference end the openness of one language with respect to another one, can be represented by a partial order. 4053 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600003 1117.29 156 18053 Using publication scores ( in function of time) as the weights and citation scores ( in function of time) as the dependent variables, we can construct an " impact Lorenz curve " in which one can read the value of any fractional impact factor,i.e. an impact factor measured at the time that a certain fraction of the citations is obtained or measured at the time a certain fraction of the publications is obtained. 4049 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000006 762.512 135 11722 In this paper we examine, by means of a citation analysis, which factors influence the impact of articles published in demography journals between 1990 and1992. Several quantifiable characteristics of the articles ( characteristics with respect to authors, visibility, content and journals) are strongly related to their subsequent impact in the social sciences. 3964 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400003 642.332 130 11590 The research in this paper is based on the paper ofD.W. Aksnes &G. Sivertsen: The effect of highly cited papers on national citation indicators, Scientometrics 59 ( 2) ( 2004), 213-224, where one states that " the few highly cited papers account for the highest share of the citations in the smallest fields ". 3952 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 579.01 97 8530 The first-citation distribution,i.e. the cumulative distribution of the time period between publication of an article and the time it receives its first citation, has never bean modelled by using well-known informetric distributions. 4100 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918600006 561.659 89 8203 This paper analyses communications between statistical methodology and applied statistics in terms of the similarity and dissimilarity in their authorship and citation patterns, and further the communication distance between them in terms of mutual citation and the time lag therein. 4103 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200001 401.386 79 7073 Many international comparisons of the publication performance at the macro level are based on direct counts of citation frequencies in the Science Citation Index. 4071 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167255500001 575.977 76 5937 A problem, raised by Wallace ( JASIS, 37, 136-145, 1986), on the relation between the journal 's median citation age and its number of articles is studied, Leaving open the problem as such, we give a statistical explanation of this relationship, when replacing " median " by " mean " in Wallace 's problem. 4145 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100014 369.225 66 4973 This case study applies this approach through a series of analyses of citations to Dutch research papers listed on Dutch-invented and foreign patents granted in the US during the years 1987-1996. 4156 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167664900007 458.791 77 4645 The development of the field of bibliometric and scientometric research is analysed by quantitative methods to answer the following questions: ( 1) Is bibliometrics evolving from a soft science field towards rather hard ( social) sciences ( Schubert-Maczelka hypothesis)? 4023 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167284400001 275.791 59 4518 The idea of a unified citation index to the literature of science was first outlined by Eugene Garfield [ I] in 1955 in the journal Science. 4077 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100002 297.167 53 4220 This study explores the tendency of authors to recite themselves and others in multiple works over time, using the insights gained to build citation theory. 4078 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100002 203.798 51 3698 The set of all authors whom an author cites is defined as that author 's citation identity. 4144 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100014 299.692 51 3640 Patent citations to the research literature offer a way for identifying and comparing contributions of scientific and technical knowledge to technological development. 4000 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400010 480.386 68 3562 The aim of the study is to study empirical use of Bradford 's law for decisions concerning information systems in problem based fields, were journals from different disciplines cover relevant information. 4043 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400008 399.996 58 3498 To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. 4007 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 397.832 56 3200 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 3944 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200006 374.239 31 3068 This partial order can be represented by a polygonal line ( for the relative own-language preference) or a three-dimensional solid ( for openness), somewhat in the same spirit as the Lorenz curve for concentration and evenness. 3989 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400012 258.236 43 2964 This article describes ways of automatically generating 15 kinds of personal profiles of authors from bibliographic data on their publications in databases. 4139 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100007 283.807 34 2943 Using percentage performance shares of individual member states, the European Union can be assessed as if it were a network publication system. 4060 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 514.281 51 2806 The differentiation of scientific fields into sub-fields can be studied on the level of the 'scientific content ' of the sub-field, that is on the level of the products, as well as on the level of the 'social structures ' of the sub-field, that is on the lever of the producers of the content. 4115 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 328.316 54 2760 One aim of science evaluation studies is to determine quantitatively the contribution of different players ( authors, departments, countries) to the whole system. 4107 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500008 235.05 43 2755 Different approaches are introduced for studying the growth of scientific knowledge, as reflected through publications and authors. 4014 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700019 370.245 46 2456 Since VassilyV. Nalimov coined the term 'scientometrics ' in the 1960s, this term has grown in popularity and is used to describe the study of science: growth, structure, interrelationships and productivity. 3993 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800003 340.323 41 2351 Purpose - Aims to review Fairthorne 's classic article " Empirical hyperbolic distributions ( Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot) for bibliometric description and prediction " ( journal of Documentation, Vol. 4157 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167664900007 233.774 39 2339 ( 2) Can bibliometrics be characterised as a social science field with stable characteristics ( Wouters-Leydesdorff hypothesis)? 3980 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100005 402.498 45 2227 The aim was to analyse the structure of the literature of international Welfare research, to provide a detailed picture of its basic theoretical and empirical concepts and the mutual relations existing between these concepts. 3933 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 267.794 36 2174 This paper poses more problems than it solves: it investigates the new ( virtual) world of the Internet and the challenges that it offers for informetric analysis. 3966 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400003 217.425 35 2155 We first define exactly what we mean by " size of a field " (i.e. when is a field " smaller " or " larger " than another one). 3924 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100002 320.789 37 2132 It is shown how Bradford curves,i.e. cumulative rank-frequency functions, as used in informetrics, can describe the fragment size distribution of percolation models. 4052 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600003 298.714 36 2119 This paper introduces weighted Lorenz curves of a continuous variable, extending the discrete theory as well as the non-weighted continuous model. 3975 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100016 216.735 27 2009 This paper investigates the impact of large multinational firms on the Dutch technology infrastructure. 4036 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800001 275.25 36 1954 The discrete Lotka power function describes the number of sources (e.g., authors) with n = 1, 2, 3.... 4110 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100006 290.277 35 1931 This article summarizes the preliminary findings from a recent study of scientists in four disciplines with regard to computer-mediated communication ( CMC) use and effects. 4037 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800001 126.529 22 1910 items (e.g., publications). 4062 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 348.674 40 1895 This will be illustrated using the case of integration and differentiation in Science and Technology Studies ( STS), Elsewhere, using relations between documents, I showed how STS is characterized by strong differentiation tendencies. 4164 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228999100005 321.534 39 1835 We study new and existing data sets which show that growth rates of sources usually are different from growth rates of items. 4117 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 208.645 28 1668 Taking articles as our basic data, we want to determine the exact relative contribution of each coauthor or each country. 3979 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100005 222.796 31 1640 The article is reporting the results of the first part of an extensive informetric analysis of the Welfare topic, carried out in 1998-1999. 4001 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400010 228.269 33 1502 Results of comparison of the cores in different fields can be used as a base for tailoring an information system. 4086 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 203.609 30 1361 Two key features of science are its rapid growth and its continuous differentiation. 3934 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 91.7638 19 1216 The paper studies five different aspects. 4094 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400006 179.632 26 1152 The mapping of author networks at academic departments is the focus of this study. 4087 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 173.691 24 1147 The establishment of new journals can be seen as an expression of both growth and differentiation. 4152 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000086511800008 241.503 25 1125 The introduction of bibliometric indicators to compare the scientific performance of countries soon raised questions about what document types should be counted for comparison. 4008 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 247.494 26 1105 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 4061 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 282.629 26 1022 By comparing the behavior of the constructs with the behavior of the constructors, we are able to demonstrate the analytical distinction between a cognitive and a social approach in an empirical way. 4028 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600004 153.519 21 985 We introduce conglomerates as a general framework for informetric ( and other) research. 4132 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800002 131.472 21 974 In this article some unique properties of power laws are proven. 3953 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 59.9524 13 954 An attempt to this is given in this paper. 4116 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300005 211.579 22 884 This information is then used to study the evolution of the system, for instance to gauge the results of special national or international programs. 4131 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800002 228.319 24 844 Power laws as defined in 1926 byA. Lotka are increasing in importance because they have been found valid in varied social networks including the Internet. 4126 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400009 249.035 23 721 Abe Bookstein has long been a persuasive advocate of the central role of the classical Lotka-Bradford-Zipf " laws " in bibliometrics and, subsequently, scientometrics and informetrics. 3965 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400003 165.391 17 554 This, at first sight, evident property is examined in the theoretical models that exist in the literature. 3954 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 123.626 13 524 For the diachronous aping distribution we use a simple decreasing exponential model. 4015 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700019 125.491 14 485 Scientometrics is related to and has overlapping interests with bibliometrics and informetrics. 4029 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600004 274.36 19 407 A conglomerate consists of two collections: a finite source collection and a pool, and two mappings: a source-item map and a magnitude map. 3928 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300008 110.095 10 271 Semiconductor is the key element for information industry. 3986 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000167097900010 79.6251 7 195 The essence of Scientometrics is precise measurement. 3994 30_OBJECTIVE UT=000228115800003 16.7637 1 1 25, pp. 4149 30_RESULT UT=000089449100014 1055.1 112 7671 The results of the various analyses reveal several important features of industrially relevant Dutch science: ( 1) the international scientific impact of research papers that are also highly cited by patents, ( 2) the marked rise in citations to Dutch papers on foreign-invented patents; ( 3) the large share of author-inventor self-citations in Dutch-invented patents; ( 4) the growing relevance of the life sciences, ( 5) an increase in the importance of scientific co-operation. 4046 30_RESULT UT=000088919400008 726.701 78 4780 Most of Norwegian microbiological research ( 73 % of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups ( with greater than or equal to 70 % of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile ( who were responsible for 95 % of the non-microbiological articles). 4161 30_RESULT UT=000167664900007 661.355 63 3530 The Price Index per paper, the percentage of references to serials, the mean references age, and the mean reference rate are calculated based on all articles and their respective references in Scientometrics in 1980, 1989, and1997. The articles are classified in six categories. 4076 30_RESULT UT=000169032200003 407.201 62 3104 Studying articles with many authors means dealing with items ( the articles) having multiple sources ( the authors), hence Egghe 's generalized success-breeds-success model, leading to not necessarily decreasing distributions, explains the observed irregularities. 3984 30_RESULT UT=000088919100005 553.239 64 3092 By measuring trends and developments in the number of publications, term occurrences, similarity between the subject terms and formation of clusters among the subject segments the analysis provides a comprehensive review of such a complex research field as the Welfare State is. 4109 30_RESULT UT=000090059500008 441.361 63 2901 It is concluded that the power model is observed to be the only model among the models studied which best explains the cumulative growth of publication and author counts in the theoretical population genetics. 4026 30_RESULT UT=000167284400001 554.187 56 2757 As scientific publication moves to the web, and novel approaches to scholarly communication and peer review establish themselves, new methods of citation and link analysis will emerge to capture often liminal expressions of peer esteem, influence and approbation. 4105 30_RESULT UT=000169631200001 440.845 49 2417 Against this background, a two-dimensional representation, specifying for the international alignment of the national publications and the journal-standardized citation impact, proves to be a more appropriate indicator base to assess the citation performance of countries such as Germany. 4168 30_RESULT UT=000228999100005 488.683 56 2358 We show that the " simple " 2-dimensional informetrics models of source-item relations are not able to explain this but we also show that linear 3-dimensional informetrics (i.e. adding a new source set) is capable to model disproportionate growth. 3931 30_RESULT UT=000165654300008 363.545 49 2277 Quantitative results on the literature growth, form of publication, research treatment, publishing country and language, author productivity and affiliate are reported. 4047 30_RESULT UT=000088919400008 329.118 45 2256 The productivity ( articles per capita) showed only moderate ( Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about0.1 article per author per year. 4122 30_RESULT UT=000084513300005 305.336 36 1756 Consequently, a ranking between countries, universities, research groups or authors, based on one particular accrediting method does not contain an absolute truth about their relative importance. 3959 30_RESULT UT=000088919200003 318.627 43 1722 However our single model is capable of fitting all first-citation graphs, concave as well as S-shaped; in the older results one needed two different models for it. 4154 30_RESULT UT=000086511800008 362.377 40 1714 We first take a look at the evolution of the production and citation of papers by document type as well as at the specialization of countries in different document types. 3977 30_RESULT UT=000089449100016 268.439 32 1697 Patent citation analysis based on European Patent applications is used to quantify this network. 4083 30_RESULT UT=000167098100002 374.421 40 1684 They can also be related to past schemes for classifying citations in categories such as positive-negative and perfunctory-organic; indeed, one author 's frequent recitation of another, whether positive or negative, may be the readiest indicator of an organic relation between them. 4056 30_RESULT UT=000231332600003 398.442 41 1533 This means that, for two situations, if one fractional impact factor is larger than the other one, the same is true for all the other fractional impact factors. 3998 30_RESULT UT=000228115800003 275.737 35 1503 Originality/ value - A review is given of the contents of Fairthorne 's original article and its influence on the field of informetrics. 4135 30_RESULT UT=000228634800002 303.981 37 1471 Specifically, Naranan ( 1970) proves the validity of Lotka 's law based on the exponential growth of articles in journals and of the number of journals. 4068 30_RESULT UT=000169631200007 313.607 34 1326 Although we are able to distinguish analytically between the cognitive and social dimension of the development of the research field, we find similar patterns of differentiation an the social level too. 3997 30_RESULT UT=000228115800003 256.701 33 1299 Findings - The content, further developments and influence on the field of informetrics of this landmark paper are explained. 4148 30_RESULT UT=000089449100014 292.69 28 1171 The findings provide new empirical evidence in support of the general view that these citations reflect genuine links between science and technology. 3991 30_RESULT UT=000170653400012 269.81 29 1091 They can also be used for mapping an author 's subject matter ( in terms of descriptors, identifiers, and natural language) and studying his or her publishing career. 3926 30_RESULT UT=000089449100002 144.105 24 1002 We claim, moreover, that the percolation model can be used as a model to study ( generalised) bibliographies. 4019 30_RESULT UT=000171745700019 280.031 26 899 Profiles of the usage of each of these terms over time are presented, using an appropriate subject category of databases on the DIALOG information service. 4091 30_RESULT UT=000088919400003 173.834 22 867 Articles published in six of the most influential American and European journals covering the period from 1981 to 1998 have been downloaded. 4142 30_RESULT UT=000089449100007 228.272 23 853 The results suggest that a comparison with ( global) world trade is important for understanding developments between the various R&D systems. 4041 30_RESULT UT=000228634800001 339.589 30 843 We show that the exponents of the discrete Lotka function ( if not too high,i.e., within limits encountered in practice) and of the continuous Lotka function are approximately the same. 3988 30_RESULT UT=000167097900010 226.921 22 832 This article explores the nature of ambiguity in measurement, and probes for mechanisms that allow regularities to be discovered in an environment in which ambiguity is pronounced. 4090 30_RESULT UT=000088919400003 195.562 22 807 A tendency toward such a structuration of the journal network would indicate an interregional integration of management research. 4066 30_RESULT UT=000169631200007 183.76 21 796 Are the relations between the sub-fields of STS maintained by individual researchers or research institutes, and to what extent? 4040 30_RESULT UT=000228634800001 115.903 19 784 It is, hence, important to know the relations between the two models. 4067 30_RESULT UT=000169631200007 91.9172 16 749 The analysis in this paper reveals that this is generally not the case. 4167 30_RESULT UT=000228999100005 131.713 17 742 The main part of the paper is devoted to explain disproportionate growth. 4102 30_RESULT UT=000088918600006 206.252 23 719 The data analysis reveals that they are indeed different and distant each other to a certain extent but less distinctly than initially conjectured in the hypotheses. 4033 30_RESULT UT=000231332600004 282.985 25 705 This list, called a Zipf list, is the basic ingredient for all considerations related to power laws and Lotkaian or Zipfian informetrics. 4097 30_RESULT UT=000088919400006 194.307 20 686 The paper also introduces the idea of socio-bibliometric maps that can be used to make social interpretations of bibliometric networks. 4004 30_RESULT UT=000088919400010 177.179 17 611 Problems are relevance judgements, which change the shape of the graphs, and consistency of concepts in the analysis. 3960 30_RESULT UT=000088919200003 127.32 17 597 Our model is the function Phi(t(1)) =gamma(1-a(t1))(alpha-1). 4082 30_RESULT UT=000167098100002 266.211 20 546 Identities distill aspects of citers ' intellectual lives, such as orienting figures, interdisciplinary interests, bidisciplinary careers, and conduct in controversies. 3958 30_RESULT UT=000088919200003 221.942 18 537 The obtained fits are very good and comparable with older experimental results of Rousseau and of Gupta and Rousseau. 3938 30_RESULT UT=000167187300005 140.548 15 512 It also contains a study of the Web impact factor and a discussion on ageing. 4057 30_RESULT UT=000231332600003 164.786 17 511 We show, by counterexample that this is not so for " classical " impact factors, where one goes back to fixed time periods. 3940 30_RESULT UT=000167187300005 282.506 22 508 It studies aspects of probabilistic IR as applied in these engines and poses the question of quantitative evaluation of IR ( Web analogues of recall and precision). 4011 30_RESULT UT=000087756900004 235.536 19 506 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 4032 30_RESULT UT=000231332600004 191.573 17 496 The source-item relation of a conglomerate leads to a list of sources ranked according to the magnitude of their corresponding item-sets. 3972 30_RESULT UT=000232418400003 186.033 17 441 We also express conditions ( in Lotkaian and Zipfian informetrics), under which the property of Aksnes and Sivertsen is true. 4020 30_RESULT UT=000171745700019 126.338 12 427 Various definitions of each of the terms are provided from an examination of the literature. 4012 30_RESULT UT=000087756900004 211.308 17 425 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 4121 30_RESULT UT=000084513300005 221.943 17 384 Similar anomalies were constructed for total versus proportional counts and for total versus straight counts. 4160 30_RESULT UT=000167664900007 213.962 16 365 Are these sub-disciplines more and more consolidating, and are predominant sub-disciplines impressing their own characteristics upon the whole field ( Glanzel-Schoepflin hypothesis)? 3948 30_RESULT UT=000089368200006 257.925 18 359 A logarithmic dependence on the language share(s) seems a natural additional requirement, This would correspond with the logarithmic behavior of psychophysical sensations. 4136 30_RESULT UT=000228634800002 181.731 15 350 His argument is reproduced here and a discrete-time argument is also given, yielding the same law as that of Lotka. 3939 30_RESULT UT=000167187300005 187.06 15 273 The fourth topic discusses information retrieval ( IR) aspects of search engines. 4005 30_RESULT UT=000088919400010 34.0615 6 251 The results show that. 4123 30_RESULT UT=000084513300005 78.7015 9 235 Different counting methods should be used and compared. 4098 30_RESULT UT=000088919400006 129.177 11 224 The nodes of the networks were labeled by sex and seniority and supervisor-student links were also indicated. 4129 30_RESULT UT=000171050400009 102.597 9 199 We shall argue that there are grounds to dispute some of the logic, the mathematics, and the reality of the development. 3970 30_RESULT UT=000232418400003 93.49 10 188 Hence, in total, there are four different formulations to consider. 4113 30_RESULT UT=000165569100006 177.267 12 188 We do not find gender differences in use, but there is some evidence that e-mail is having a differential, positive effect for women. 3949 30_RESULT UT=000089368200006 103.743 9 149 We give examples of normalized functions satisfying this additional requirement. 4051 30_RESULT UT=000168598000006 198.493 12 144 Furthermore, although eminent scholars are likely to be cited on the basis of their reputation, the effect of reputation appears to be small in demography. 3971 30_RESULT UT=000232418400003 111.708 9 141 We show, by giving counterexamples, that none of these four formulations are true in general. 4073 30_RESULT UT=000167255500001 146.217 9 102 This curve is obtained by using the Central Limit Theorem in statistics and, hence, has no intrinsic informetric foundation. 3983 30_RESULT UT=000088919100005 80.6577 6 67 The identified 13 sub-topics have been in detail analysed, in three time intervals. 4222 31_CONCLUSION UT=000080078100001 94.8276 23 483 The significant correlations obtained in this study suggest that large research-oriented university libraries could consider substituting global citation data for local citation data when evaluating their journals, with certain cautions. 4185 31_CONCLUSION UT=000080543000004 39.2183 12 175 The possible usefulness of constructed impact f'actors for citation and evaluation studies is discussed. 4200 31_CONCLUSION UT=000081204300009 52.655 13 164 The research field of mathematical programming was hereby judged to have formed its own closed specialty, having rather isolated itself from others in a self-sufficient way. 4191 31_CONCLUSION UT=000080962700008 41.9299 12 144 Bibliometric measures should be viewed as a useful supplement to other research evaluation measures rather than as a replacement. 4217 31_CONCLUSION UT=000080081100002 63.6228 12 144 At the subdiscipline level, the method is not sufficient to achieve a satisfactory 30-level delineation, but gives a good basis for informed expert validation. 4201 31_CONCLUSION UT=000081204300009 58.3209 11 121 Its shift from economic, regional or business planning to the experiment design or the engineering design was observed. 4205 31_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 58.3209 11 121 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 4175 31_CONCLUSION UT=000078241300007 31.3261 10 120 This measure helped to compare the impact of journal literature in different fields. 4211 31_CONCLUSION UT=000084660600012 37.1133 7 49 It permits organisations and countries to see their contributions to individual scientific subfields in detail. 4184 31_CONCLUSION UT=000080543000004 5.3019 1 1 html. 4214 31_METHOD UT=000080081100002 220.379 49 1949 We tried a seed-free structuration of SCI/ CMCI journals ( a) to test convergence of pure citation-built specialties ( roughly 150) on SCI/ CMCI journals with existing classifications at the subfield level ( b) to explore the interest and the limits of this approach for upper levels of aggregation ( roughly 30 fields). 4219 31_METHOD UT=000080078100001 121.217 45 1453 One evaluative tool, Journal Citation Reports ( JCR), recently has become available on CD-ROM, making it simpler for librarians to use its citation data as input for making journals. 4187 31_METHOD UT=000080962700008 174.401 34 1109 It is argued that many of these criticisms have been based on only limited examinations of data in particular contexts and it remains unclear how broadly applicable these problems are to research conducted at different levels of analysis, in specific fields, and among various national data sets. 4220 31_METHOD UT=000080078100001 104.605 23 655 But many librarians remain unconvinced that the global citation data from the JCR bears enough correspondence to their local situation to be useful. 4173 31_METHOD UT=000078241300007 66.7156 22 637 The impact factor of the journals is not a suitable indicator since citation practices vary with fields. 4213 31_METHOD UT=000080081100002 57.6891 19 517 Citation transactions between journals have been widely used to structure scientific subfields in ISI databases. 4203 31_METHOD UT=000165132100004 169.702 22 477 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 4208 31_METHOD UT=000084660600012 48.3539 15 349 They are based primarily on the use of title keywords, often in combination rather than singly, and specialist journals. 4170 31_METHOD UT=000080081100012 47.2213 14 338 Temporal differences in self-citing and self-cited rates of journals are studied. 4195 31_METHOD UT=000081204300009 15.1129 10 278 The most frequently cited journal was found to be Math. 4207 31_METHOD UT=000084660600012 106.618 15 266 Good filters should have precision and recall of the order of 90 % so as to be representative of a subfield; they are created by an interactive partnership between an expert in the subject and a bibliometrician. 4188 31_METHOD UT=000080962700008 51.736 11 236 Relevant evidence is provided from analysis of Australian and international data. 4180 31_METHOD UT=000080543000004 74.5092 11 150 The complete list is available via the World Wide Web at the URL: http: / /www. 4178 31_METHOD UT=000080543000004 34.3737 6 50 At present, the CIF list comprises 338 titles. 4179 31_METHOD UT=000080543000004 16.0542 2 4 The top 100 ( ranked according to their CIFs) are shown. 4196 31_METHOD UT=000081204300009 8.0271 1 1 Frog. 4176 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000080543000004 68.032 26 586 This communication describes the building of a list of constructed impact factors ( CIF) for biomedical journals not included in the 1996 editions of the Journal Citation Reports ( JCR). 4218 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000080078100001 62.9727 23 511 University librarians continue to face the difficult task of determining which journals remain crucial for their collections during these times of statistical resources and escalating journal costs. 4202 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 94.8276 23 501 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 4172 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000078241300007 52.512 17 325 Comparative assessment of the journal literature produced by laboratories/ institutions working in different fields is a difficult exercise. 4192 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000081204300009 42.5258 17 314 The references cited by papers in the four volumes of international journal titled Mathematical Programming ( Math. 4212 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000080081100002 65.7278 17 307 Indicators in a research Institute ought to be readable at several decision levels, and particularly with different break-downs of the publication set chosen as reference. 4206 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000084660600012 64.6154 18 306 This paper first explains the need to define subfields of science by means of " filters " that selectively retrieve papers from a database, and then describes how such filters are constructed and calibrated. 4177 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000080543000004 52.655 13 205 The online retrieval from the host DI; DIMDI of the data needed for impact factor calculation is described in detail. 4186 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000080962700008 32.1864 10 139 This paper examines a number of the criticisms that citation analysis has been subjected to over the years. 4193 31_OBJECTIVE UT=000081204300009 5.3019 1 1 Frog. 4204 31_RESULT UT=000165132100004 1366.41 211 42021 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 4171 31_RESULT UT=000080081100012 247.184 49 3293 It is concluded that the citation curve of a journal is composed of two curves with different characteristics: a self citation ( or self-cited) curve and a curve representing external citations. 4221 31_RESULT UT=000080078100001 183.528 35 1205 In this project, I explore the correlation between global citation data available from JCR with local citation data generated specifically for the University of British Columbia, for 20 subject fields in the sciences and social sciences. 4189 31_RESULT UT=000080962700008 80.233 16 978 Citation analysis is likely to be most reliable when data is aggregated and at the highly-cited end of the distribution. 4174 31_RESULT UT=000078241300007 119.63 22 850 The variation is corrected in this study using a measure, the " subfield corrected impact factor " and it is applied to the journal papers produced by the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories. 4198 31_RESULT UT=000081204300009 109.302 17 319 Generally, the cited references were found to be heavily concentrated on particular journals or books by particular publishers specialised in particular specialties. 4199 31_RESULT UT=000081204300009 63.4198 10 308 Despite the historical background having originated from mathematics and economics and having developed together with the development of business administration, works in these specialties were found to be rarely cited. 4216 31_RESULT UT=000080081100002 47.8037 9 300 At the subfield level, the convergence is large with some discrepancies worth noticing. 4210 31_RESULT UT=000084660600012 68.4632 13 240 This allows the actual size of a subfield to be estimated and hence the relative importance accorded to it within a major field of science. 4209 31_RESULT UT=000084660600012 70.1461 10 112 Their calibration depends on experts marking lists of papers extracted by the filter as relevant, do n't know or not relevant. 4190 31_RESULT UT=000080962700008 53.8107 7 49 It is possible to make valid inferences about individual cases, although considerable caution should be used. 4215 31_RESULT UT=000080081100002 38.4362 5 25 PI few limits of journal-level classification are addressed. 4183 31_RESULT UT=000080543000004 30.749 4 16 de/ medbib/ CIF/ cif. 4181 31_RESULT UT=000080543000004 7.68725 1 1 medizin. 4182 31_RESULT UT=000080543000004 7.68725 1 1 fu-berlin. 4278 32_CONCLUSION UT=000087110500004 127.985 34 1003 Considering the number of citations received by Korean papers, in terms of journal country, papers published in US, UK and Dutch journals have a higher visibility than others. 4279 32_CONCLUSION UT=000087110500004 107.757 31 892 No correlation between the number of papers by a particular chemist and the average number of citations per paper for that chemist was indicated by the study. 4269 32_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400008 93.5042 22 439 These findings supplement those of earlier studies, providing preliminary information about the complex relationship between search engine functionality and performance in different contexts. 4288 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500005 82.753 20 428 The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period. 4254 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 74.468 18 399 Here gamma is the fraction of the papers that eventually get cited, t(1) is the time of the first citation, a is the aging rate and a is Lotka 's exponent. 4283 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100004 106.903 19 357 Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns. 4226 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500010 67.6067 16 313 The findings of this quantitative study complements and cross-validates the assessment made by other traditional qualitative reviews about the field. 4237 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100002 63.8202 15 290 International collaboration has, however, not the same influence on publication profiles and citation impact of each analysed countries. 4270 32_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400008 78.4364 14 220 While the specific results obtained represent a, time-dependent snapshot of search engine performance in 1998, the evaluative framework proposed should be generally applicable in the future. 4232 32_CONCLUSION UT=000167664900001 70.2547 11 117 A new indicator, representing also the asymmetry of co-authorship links was used to reveal main " attractive " and " repulsive " centres of co-operation. 4244 32_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500006 49.9694 9 103 tracking individual academics ' output over time, and comparing different disciplines for their interdisciplinarity. 4255 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 42.3963 7 53 The combination of a and alpha in one formula is, to the best of our knowledge, new. 4271 32_CONCLUSION UT=000081191400008 34.8231 5 25 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 4256 32_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 27.8585 4 16 The model hence provides estimates for these two important parameters. 4275 32_METHOD UT=000087110500004 423.512 70 4144 Major journals used by Korean chemists are Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society ( Korea), Tetrahedron Letters ( UK), Journal of Physical Chemistry A ( USA), Journal of Chemical Physics ( USA) and Journal of the American Chemical Society ( USA). 4264 32_METHOD UT=000081191400008 227.71 47 1738 In principle, meta-search engines could greatly simplify the search for electronic information by selecting a subset of first-level search engines and digital libraries to submit a query to based on the characteristics of the user, the query/ topic, and the search strategy. 4234 32_METHOD UT=000088919100002 220.289 49 1722 Besides the analysis of trends in publication and citation patterns and of national publication profiles, an attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the relation between international co-authorship and both research profile and citation impact in the Nordic countries. 4224 32_METHOD UT=000088918500010 300.807 40 1562 Fifty one influential authors were selected from active members of the Political Communication Divisions of the International Communication Association ( ICA) the National Communication Association ( NCA), and the American Political Science Association ( APSA). 4274 32_METHOD UT=000087110500004 81.7104 20 962 US and Korean journals published in English were utilised predominantly, followed by UK journals. 4263 32_METHOD UT=000081191400008 102.432 26 887 Meta-search engines were developed to improve search performance by querying multiple search engines at once. 4240 32_METHOD UT=000090059500006 118.996 26 884 The footprint demonstrates the Relationship Factors of publications in a number of related disciplines, as defined by ISI 's Journal Citation Reports. 4262 32_METHOD UT=000081191400008 116.972 21 617 In addition, the many search engines available differed widely in terms of their domain coverage, query methods and efficiency. 4235 32_METHOD UT=000088919100002 128.795 20 502 A coherent Scandinavian cluster has been found, and the Nordic countries have strong co-authorship links with highly developed countries in West Europe and North America. 4229 32_METHOD UT=000167664900001 77.8915 18 450 in average, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 4261 32_METHOD UT=000081191400008 128.711 19 438 Much of the complexity in information exploration at the turn of the twenty-first century arose because there was no common cataloguing and control system across the various electronic information sources. 4285 32_METHOD UT=000088918500005 84.5365 18 433 The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI). 4248 32_METHOD UT=000088919200003 65.6455 14 290 For the distribution of the total number of received citations we use a classical Lotka function. 4228 32_METHOD UT=000167664900001 20.4425 6 170 It was found that international co-authorship. 4241 32_METHOD UT=000090059500006 63.7065 10 164 The technique has been used to compare both individual academics acid each national group as a whole. 4281 32_METHOD UT=000088919100004 96.8338 12 151 Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities. 4286 32_METHOD UT=000088918500005 46.367 8 125 The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. 4249 32_METHOD UT=000088919200003 44.8155 6 44 The combination of these two tools yield new first-citation distributions. 4250 32_METHOD UT=000088919200003 36.1458 5 30 The model is then tested by applying nonlinear regression techniques. 4284 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500005 340.639 103 7293 A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval ( IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index ( SCI) and Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library gi Information Science area. 4272 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000087110500004 238.833 59 3553 This study examined research performance of chemists at Seoul National University ( SNU), the most prestigious university in Korea, using the numbers of articles appearing in journals and the numbers of citations received by those articles covered by Science Citation Index ( SCI) CD-ROM, 1992-1998. 4260 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400008 124.263 50 2477 Much of the information was also hyperlinked, so that information could be explored by browsing as well as searching, While vast amounts of information were now just a few keystrokes and mouseclicks away, as the choices multiplied, so did the complexity of choosing where and how to look for the electronic information. 4245 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 178.671 46 2061 The first-citation distribution,i.e. the cumulative distribution of the time period between publication of an article and the time it receives its first citation, has never bean modelled by using well-known informetric distributions. 4259 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400008 81.5885 29 1245 Diverse information sources became accessible to information professionals and casual end users alike. 4239 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 99.3967 27 1058 Its first application has been to compare the publication and citation characteristics of a small group of top UK, and US academic chemical engineers. 4238 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 77.2959 25 1038 A novel method of displaying the publication and citation characteristics of outputs of researchers using a graphical " footprint " has been developed. 4233 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100002 59.9996 24 1019 The development of publication activity and citation impact in Scandinavian countries is studied for the 1980-1997 period. 4257 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400008 61.3329 19 714 There was a proliferation of electronic information sources and search engines in the 1990s. 4258 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000081191400008 68.0593 19 683 Many of these information sources became available through the ubiquitous interface of the Web browser. 4227 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000167664900001 69.5704 19 645 An attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the I elation between international coauthorship and citation impact. 4223 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500010 90.0836 18 574 This study applies a method of author co-citation analysis to examine the intellectual structure of political communication study. 4273 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000087110500004 79.5136 17 568 A total of 651 papers published by the 29 faculty members of the Chemistry Department at SNU and indexed by SCI during the seven-year period were considered. 4280 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100004 54.5301 9 184 As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. 4247 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 48.0453 8 178 For the diachronous aping distribution we use a simple decreasing exponential model. 4246 32_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 17.2963 4 44 An attempt to this is given in this paper. 4225 32_RESULT UT=000088918500010 308.167 54 2447 The results of the multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis of these 51 selected authors ' co-citation patterns show that intellectual fragmentation exists in political communication research; scholars with different academic backgrounds exhibit specialties using particular research approaches to study certain subjects in the field: scholars do not have much information exchange, and thus they are intellectually separate and confined within the boundaries of each fragment. 4268 32_RESULT UT=000081191400008 138.321 38 1114 The experimental results obtained are used to characterize some properties of leading search engines ( as of 1998), Significant interactions were observed between search engine and two other factors ( time of day and Web domain). 4282 32_RESULT UT=000088919100004 188.358 34 1072 The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. 4266 32_RESULT UT=000081191400008 82.5152 22 618 Programmatic research is required to develop this diagnostic knowledge about first-level search engine performance. 4236 32_RESULT UT=000088919100002 82.3664 25 568 It was found that international co-authorship, in general, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 4252 32_RESULT UT=000088919200003 99.4726 23 558 However our single model is capable of fitting all first-citation graphs, concave as well as S-shaped; in the older results one needed two different models for it. 4265 32_RESULT UT=000081191400008 79.6396 20 510 This selection would be guided by diagnostic knowledge about which of the first-level search engines works best under what circumstances. 4251 32_RESULT UT=000088919200003 89.1801 20 477 The obtained fits are very good and comparable with older experimental results of Rousseau and of Gupta and Rousseau. 4287 32_RESULT UT=000088918500005 96.0746 20 474 The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. 4231 32_RESULT UT=000167664900001 117.909 20 432 International co-authorship links in chemistry, as represented by the well-known Salton 's measure, displayed a characteristic pattern reflecting geopolitical, historical, linguistic,etc. relations among countries. 4242 32_RESULT UT=000090059500006 70.8606 16 378 The results clearly show that US academic chemical engineers are far more interdisciplinary in their output than their UK counterparts. 4267 32_RESULT UT=000081191400008 61.6778 14 332 This paper introduces an evaluative framework for this type of research and illustrates its use in two experiments. 4230 32_RESULT UT=000167664900001 68.481 14 233 No correlation has been found, however, between the strength of co-authorship links and the relative citation eminence of the resulting publications. 4276 32_RESULT UT=000087110500004 57.6696 11 188 In addition, half the Korean papers were published in journals having an impact factor of one or more. 4243 32_RESULT UT=000090059500006 57.1891 9 107 The technique has a number of potential applications, including tracking changes in a discipline over time. 4277 32_RESULT UT=000087110500004 18.053 6 98 Among the 651 publications, 388 were cited2,376 times. 4253 32_RESULT UT=000088919200003 37.8209 6 70 Our model is the function Phi(t(1)) =gamma(1-a(t1))(alpha-1). 4340 33_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 262.565 44 1793 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 4321 33_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500004 160.893 31 869 Here, the difference between the so-called average and global aging distributions is the main factor, Our main result is that growth can influence aging but that it does not cause aging, A short overview of some classical articles on this topic is given, Results of these earlier works are placed in the framework set up in this article. 4345 33_CONCLUSION UT=000087652000004 56.3983 15 281 We considered 45 physics journals, and found the results of applying the Rasch model to be more satisfactory than those obtained with the annual aging factor. 4317 33_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200006 43.8341 9 131 The article ends with some examples related to the language use in some sociological journals. 4308 33_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100011 31.8728 8 106 They also refute Kuhn 's paradigm model of scientific development. 4331 33_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 65.7896 10 100 Here gamma is the fraction of the papers that eventually get cited, t(1) is the time of the first citation, a is the aging rate and a is Lotka 's exponent. 4333 33_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 25.2938 7 95 The model hence provides estimates for these two important parameters. 4297 33_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 13.5863 3 50 Lastly, aspects of complexity are discussed. 4316 33_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200006 46.0528 7 49 It is further investigated if openness partial orders can lead to measures for relative own-language preference. 4307 33_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100011 39.4738 6 36 Our observations reinforce the idea of science as a complex, largely self-organising 'cognitive eco-system '. 4332 33_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200003 39.4738 6 36 The combination of a and alpha in one formula is, to the best of our knowledge, new. 4298 33_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 32.8948 5 25 The fractal nature of the Internet is highlighted and a modest attempt to measure it is given. 4351 33_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400008 26.3159 4 16 No correlation between group size and productivity was found. 4348 33_METHOD UT=000088919400008 347.907 57 2825 Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/ one article to 180 authors/ 83 articles ( all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). 4353 33_METHOD UT=000090059500008 215.418 49 1981 Selected growth models are applied to the cumulated growth of publications and authors in theoretical population genetics from 1907 to1980. The criteria are studied on which growth models are to be selected for their possible application in the growth of literature. 4347 33_METHOD UT=000088919400008 243.582 41 1752 By an author-gated retrieval from ISI 's database National Science Indicators on Diskette ( NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992-1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by3,486 authors, were obtained. 4342 33_METHOD UT=000087652000004 186.477 33 1131 The objective of the present work is to describe criteria to regulate the selection of these journals to provide the researcher with the information that is most being used in research, One form of quantifying this information is by way of the citations that papers receive over a period of time following their publication. 4319 33_METHOD UT=000088865500004 93.2202 30 930 It is shown how to correct an observed citation distribution for growth, once the growth distribution is known. 4302 33_METHOD UT=000089449100011 185.905 29 907 After the Scientific Revolution in 16th century Europe, the ` Scientific Evolution ' begins, and the driving processes growth and ageing unavoidably lead - just as in our biological evolution - to a fractal differentiation of science. 4293 33_METHOD UT=000167187300005 146.822 22 490 The third topic deals with scientometric aspects: can the clickable buttons ( hyper-links) in Web pages replace the role of classical references in scientific papers? 4325 33_METHOD UT=000088919200003 72.4751 19 453 For the distribution of the total number of received citations we use a classical Lotka function. 4337 33_METHOD UT=000087756900004 107.584 18 430 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 4292 33_METHOD UT=000167187300005 106.357 20 393 The second topic is the Internet version of the informetric laws: are the same types of classical distributions valid or not? 4336 33_METHOD UT=000087756900004 155.824 19 359 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 4303 33_METHOD UT=000089449100011 73.938 15 357 A fractal structure means a system build up with subsystems characterised by a power-law size distribution. 4301 33_METHOD UT=000089449100011 87.8209 13 255 In addition, a further and striking consequence results in a self- consistent way from our model. 4326 33_METHOD UT=000088919200003 47.4285 10 164 The combination of these two tools yield new first-citation distributions. 4311 33_METHOD UT=000089368200006 100.348 12 151 Any function used to measure relative own-language preference or openness of one language with respect to another one should at least respect the corresponding partial orders. 4327 33_METHOD UT=000088919200003 41.3195 7 139 The model is then tested by applying nonlinear regression techniques. 4343 33_METHOD UT=000087652000004 73.6181 10 135 Obsolescence, expressed in terms of an annual aging factor, does not reflect the real behaviour of most papers. 4291 33_METHOD UT=000167187300005 39.1564 6 62 First of all, there is the increasing problem of data gathering in the Internet. 4313 33_METHOD UT=000089368200006 48.1308 7 47 Depending on the use one wants to make of these measures other requirements become necessary. 4312 33_METHOD UT=000089368200006 39.1564 6 38 This is a minimum requirement for such measures. 4309 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200006 939.502 157 21992 Relative own-language preference depends on two parameters: the publication share of the language, and the self-citing rate, Openness of language L with respect to language J depends on three parameters: the publication share of language L, the publication share of language J, and the citation share of language J among all citations given by languageL. It is shown that the relative own-language preference end the openness of one language with respect to another one, can be represented by a partial order. 4322 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 161.569 43 2165 The first-citation distribution,i.e. the cumulative distribution of the time period between publication of an article and the time it receives its first citation, has never bean modelled by using well-known informetric distributions. 4310 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200006 138.293 26 1986 This partial order can be represented by a polygonal line ( for the relative own-language preference) or a three-dimensional solid ( for openness), somewhat in the same spirit as the Lorenz curve for concentration and evenness. 4299 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100011 109.702 35 1466 On the basis of the measured time-dependent distribution of references in recent scientific publications, we formulate a novel model on the ageing of recent scientific literature. 4352 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500008 56.3259 20 877 Different approaches are introduced for studying the growth of scientific knowledge, as reflected through publications and authors. 4346 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400008 137.773 29 823 To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. 4334 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 138.381 29 803 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 4341 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000087652000004 102.462 25 632 The growth of scientific output in recent years has meant that fewer libraries are able to offer the entire range of journals, with the others being forced to make a selection. 4300 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100011 102.632 23 576 The framework of this model is given by a basic set of mathematical expressions that allows us to understand and describe large-scale growth and ageing processes in science over a long period of time. 4335 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 83.902 18 387 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 4324 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 42.7229 11 277 For the diachronous aping distribution we use a simple decreasing exponential model. 4289 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 75.345 14 222 This paper poses more problems than it solves: it investigates the new ( virtual) world of the Internet and the challenges that it offers for informetric analysis. 4318 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500004 50.9894 10 138 The notions aging, obsolescence, impact, growth, utilization, and their relations are studied. 4290 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 23.2241 6 56 The paper studies five different aspects. 4323 33_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200003 15.1044 4 28 An attempt to this is given in this paper. 4349 33_RESULT UT=000088919400008 318.217 44 1798 Most of Norwegian microbiological research ( 73 % of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups ( with greater than or equal to 70 % of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile ( who were responsible for 95 % of the non-microbiological articles). 4354 33_RESULT UT=000090059500008 143.308 35 973 It is concluded that the power model is observed to be the only model among the models studied which best explains the cumulative growth of publication and author counts in the theoretical population genetics. 4329 33_RESULT UT=000088919200003 109.462 25 613 However our single model is capable of fitting all first-citation graphs, concave as well as S-shaped; in the older results one needed two different models for it. 4350 33_RESULT UT=000088919400008 129.595 21 593 The productivity ( articles per capita) showed only moderate ( Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about0.1 article per author per year. 4296 33_RESULT UT=000167187300005 116.413 19 325 It studies aspects of probabilistic IR as applied in these engines and poses the question of quantitative evaluation of IR ( Web analogues of recall and precision). 4344 33_RESULT UT=000087652000004 74.3155 14 278 An alternative is the use of " topicality, " considered as a latent variable, with the Rasch model as the measuring instrument. 4328 33_RESULT UT=000088919200003 95.8008 14 239 The obtained fits are very good and comparable with older experimental results of Rousseau and of Gupta and Rousseau. 4330 33_RESULT UT=000088919200003 42.1998 11 220 Our model is the function Phi(t(1)) =gamma(1-a(t1))(alpha-1). 4314 33_RESULT UT=000089368200006 111.208 15 209 A logarithmic dependence on the language share(s) seems a natural additional requirement, This would correspond with the logarithmic behavior of psychophysical sensations. 4295 33_RESULT UT=000167187300005 76.8672 13 193 The fourth topic discusses information retrieval ( IR) aspects of search engines. 4320 33_RESULT UT=000088865500004 94.4994 13 185 The relation of this correction procedure with the calculation of impact measures is explained, More interestingly, we have shown how the influence of growth on aging can be studied over a complete period as a whole. 4338 33_RESULT UT=000087756900004 87.4465 13 165 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 4339 33_RESULT UT=000087756900004 77.7909 11 125 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 4315 33_RESULT UT=000089368200006 37.321 7 69 We give examples of normalized functions satisfying this additional requirement. 4294 33_RESULT UT=000167187300005 44.3739 7 67 It also contains a study of the Web impact factor and a discussion on ageing. 4306 33_RESULT UT=000089449100011 66.834 8 64 These findings are in agreement with earlier empirical findings concerning the clustering of scientific literature. 4304 33_RESULT UT=000089449100011 33.417 4 16 Such a distribution implies that there is no preference of size or scale. 4305 33_RESULT UT=000089449100011 25.0627 3 9 Often this phenomenon is regarded as a fingerprint of self-organisation. 4362 34_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100002 3.36317 11 119 International collaboration has, however, not the same influence on publication profiles and citation impact of each analysed countries. 4373 34_CONCLUSION UT=000081204300006 2.88272 10 102 For USSR, China, and India, the impact of research did not commensurate with the publication effort. 4359 34_METHOD UT=000088919100002 93.6494 35 1086 Besides the analysis of trends in publication and citation patterns and of national publication profiles, an attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the relation between international co-authorship and both research profile and citation impact in the Nordic countries. 4370 34_METHOD UT=000081204300006 83.5852 30 828 27 ( April 1990-March 1991) indicates that 14 countries contributed about 94 % of the research output with USA toping the list followed by Japan and the erstwhile USSR, Technical reports and patents, besides articles in scientific journals constitute an important source of information on laser science and technology. 4360 34_METHOD UT=000088919100002 46.1001 21 515 A coherent Scandinavian cluster has been found, and the Nordic countries have strong co-authorship links with highly developed countries in West Europe and North America. 4367 34_METHOD UT=000084660600017 24.5628 10 146 These two pillars, performance analysis and science mapping, both have their strengths and imperfections. 4356 34_METHOD UT=000084660600019 37.2179 11 145 Contrary to expectations, calculations of impact factors asynchronized for shorter and longer periods yield similar values. 4364 34_METHOD UT=000090059500005 32.7836 11 144 It attempts at quantification of national contribution to world efforts, and identify areas of relative strengths and weaknesses. 4371 34_METHOD UT=000081204300006 21.4239 8 108 " Spectroscopy of laser output " is the sub-speciality which has received maximum emphasis. 4363 34_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500005 17.0779 12 130 The paper investigates Indian organic chemistry research activity during 1971-1989 using Chemical Abstracts. 4358 34_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100002 18.9001 10 102 The development of publication activity and citation impact in Scandinavian countries is studied for the 1980-1997 period. 4369 34_OBJECTIVE UT=000081204300006 15.3987 10 99 An analysis of 4650 publications abstracted in Journal of Current Laser Abstracts Vol. 4355 34_OBJECTIVE UT=000084660600019 11.1292 7 57 Some important bibliometric characteristics of chemistry journals were studied. 4366 34_OBJECTIVE UT=000084660600017 14.6306 7 54 In this paper we present the explorations of combining the two main pillars of evaluative bibliometrics. 4365 34_RESULT UT=000090059500005 64.7573 25 625 Also models the growth of Indian organic chemistry output to world organic chemistry output as a whole and in sub-fields where the activity index for the world and India are similar. 4372 34_RESULT UT=000081204300006 33.6738 13 169 USA has paid almost equal emphasis for theoretical, experimental and applications of laser research, while such pattern is not applicable for other countries. 4357 34_RESULT UT=000084660600019 25.9029 10 100 A new overlap measure for journals is suggested which is based on frequency distribution of references by journals. 4361 34_RESULT UT=000088919100002 25.9029 10 100 It was found that international co-authorship, in general, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 4368 34_RESULT UT=000084660600017 10.3612 4 16 In this study we show how these imperfections are dealt with by an integrated analysis. 4592 35_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100009 622.382 134 9381 We conclude that the Web provides access to a new and different type of citation information, one that may therefore enable us to measure different aspects of research, and the research process in particular; but to obtain good information, the different types should be separated. 4638 35_CONCLUSION UT=000075877700003 518.553 106 7596 The present paper examines different facets of citations and citation analysis, and discusses the validity of citation analysis as a useful measure of research impact/ quality. 4637 35_CONCLUSION UT=000075877700003 441.313 76 5246 Leydesdorff ( Leydesdorff, 1998) addresses the history of citations and citation analysis, and the transformation of a reference mechanism into a purportedly quantitative measure of research impact/ quality. 4417 35_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500003 468.169 71 4551 concentration of scientific categories, journals and types of paper, index of immediacy, international collaboration, and papers and citation distribution by research centres and universities. 4528 35_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500011 418.79 71 4285 Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic. 4476 35_CONCLUSION UT=000248059900004 480.315 66 3853 These results carry important policy implications for the use of citations to evaluate performance and distribute resources in science and they represent new information on the role and impact of self-citations in scientific communication. 4494 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100002 372.032 57 3629 They also economize by frequent use of perfunctory citations, which require relatively little context, and infrequent use of negative citations, which require contexts more laborious to set. 4446 35_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800003 364.966 59 3531 While our investigation failes to establish a relationship between LTRS and increased citations and raises at least as many questions as it answers, we hope it will serve as an invitation to, and guide for, further research in the use of DLs. 4657 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900001 341.677 52 3460 We also evaluate the reliability of the citation count data used for these kinds of analysis and conclude that citation count data are often imprecise. 4613 35_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100008 342.244 60 3265 The World Wide Web appears to have become a significant channel for scientists to distribute databases, software, and other information related to their published research. 4599 35_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900004 745.522 60 3240 These include increased interdependency of scholarly documents, as links are embedded between documents, both within and between digital libraries; the indefinite preservation of digital documents; business models for electronic publishing and digital libraries; and conflicts between the physical and virtual aspects of libraries. 4664 35_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400011 509.615 54 3180 Findings that types of socially mediated communication and distinctive information foraging behaviors correlate with different zones of a bibliographic microhabitat support an interpretation that active specialty members conform to foraging efficiency principles as predicted by prey-choice models from optimal foraging theory. 4563 35_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400003 413.705 57 3119 Although researchers using the content-based approach actively communicated with colleagues from the same group, collaboration between the different clusters of scientists should be further promoted and encouraged to advance research and development in image indexing and retrieval. 4684 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900004 477.027 59 3097 The author believes that understanding the underlying web page as a graph will help design better ranking web algorithms, enhance retrieval and web performance, and recommends using graphs as a part of visual aid for browsing engine designers. 4628 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 652.576 62 3066 Consequently, the social and the cognitive dimensions of the STS field are not independent as no serious STS scholar would argue - but also not identical, as radical constructivists claim, but are strongly interacting Further analysis may reveal the leading dynamics, that is answering the question whether the 'social ' follows the 'cognitive ', the other way around, or whether the dynamics has the pattern of 'co-evolution '. 4549 35_CONCLUSION UT=000168598000001 287.869 42 2581 A predominance of different research aspects on coronary artery disease was found in clusters based on co-citations as well as in dusters based on bibliographic coupling. 4430 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100004 369.721 48 2439 Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns. 4670 35_CONCLUSION UT=000080081100015 393.397 44 2436 It also tries to sketch the outline of a general indicator theory by discussing new implications of an earlier proposal ( Wouters, 1998) in relation to existing citation and indicator theories. 4503 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167187200005 230.284 42 2401 One significant impact of information technology seems to be an increasing democratisation of the international research community. 4413 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500004 552.232 53 2293 Here, the difference between the so-called average and global aging distributions is the main factor, Our main result is that growth can influence aging but that it does not cause aging, A short overview of some classical articles on this topic is given, Results of these earlier works are placed in the framework set up in this article. 4522 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500005 298.783 44 2244 The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period. 4585 35_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 437.515 46 2231 The three-level approach also enables us in further serious investigation in this emerging field that has been created by the intersection of visualization and IR, by allowing us to look at different layers of visualization in IR that have both technical and theoretical concerns. 4409 35_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300005 272.102 38 2094 Comparisons with ( the few) other surveys and with citation data do not suggest this to be a peculiarity of Danish social scientists, however. 4517 35_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900002 442.398 40 2020 These include a shortage of appropriately trained staff, uncertainties about pricing mechanisms, lack of adequate budgetary provision by universities for library purchases, and unrealistic expectations on the part of scholars that electronic information should be inexpensive. 4440 35_CONCLUSION UT=000080962700008 204.321 35 1883 Bibliometric measures should be viewed as a useful supplement to other research evaluation measures rather than as a replacement. 4502 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167187200005 279.698 40 1878 Along with such discipline-related differences, the developments also appear to be influenced, in part, by pressures from the research community and ham the institutional environment. 4434 35_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400012 203.209 34 1821 Finally, they can be used to map the intellectual and social networks evident in citations to and from authors and in co-authorships. 4456 35_CONCLUSION UT=000206467500007 359.403 40 1796 Log files focus on real-time user transactions; while LexiURL can be used to extract links and colinks associated with a digital library 's growing Web network. 4608 35_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 391.856 43 1730 These findings call into question the legitimacy of using backlink searches to evaluate the scholarly impact of e-journals and e-journal articles ( and by extension, e-journal authors). 4607 35_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 373.585 39 1720 Major differences were found between the types of entities that cite, and those that backlink, e-journal articles, with scholarly works comprising a very small percentage of backlinking files. 4545 35_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400006 189.506 32 1635 Suggestions are made for further research, especially regarding the anomalous role of creativity in cited works. 4381 35_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700007 298.359 37 1630 Articles that drew information from a diverse set of journals were cited with greater frequency than articles having smaller or more narrowly focused bibliographies. 4683 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900004 204.589 31 1613 It only considers web links as a source to web page ranking. 4511 35_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 276.092 29 1335 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 4694 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167097900009 96.9191 24 1325 Suggestions for further research are discussed. 4468 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167284400001 270.947 28 1295 The web thus affords bibliometricians rich opportunities to apply and adapt their techniques to new contexts and content: the age of 'bibliometric spectroscopy ' [ 2] is dawning. 4507 35_CONCLUSION UT=000170653400007 232.756 26 1230 The authors on the map can be clustered into more or less coherent groups at different levels of resolution. 4457 35_CONCLUSION UT=000206467500007 218.288 28 1187 This Web network is not recognized often enough, and can be a useful indication of where potential users are surfing, even if they have not yet specifically visited the NeLH site. 4688 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500010 242.756 27 1040 The findings of this quantitative study complements and cross-validates the assessment made by other traditional qualitative reviews about the field. 4575 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200004 251.966 26 972 Using this and other methods as operationalized modes of theorizing we reveal network dynamics particular to the Internet mailing list. 4704 35_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500006 171.106 19 921 tracking individual academics ' output over time, and comparing different disciplines for their interdisciplinarity. 4493 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167098100002 393.049 26 833 The shape of the core-and-scatter distribution of names in identities can be explained by the principle of least effort, Citers economize on effort by frequently reciting only a relatively small core of names in their identities. 4403 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500001 283.894 25 794 The empirical findings of the study demonstrated that scholars use hyperlinks for a variety of purposes, and that their hyperlinking behavior frequently results from a complex interplay of motivations. 4675 35_CONCLUSION UT=000081614600003 269.933 24 772 The approach used here is inherently individualistic, with the aim of investigating the relationship between citing and cited works in the sense of contextual, knowledge-based justification for an author 's arguments or propositions. 4617 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200008 314.981 25 766 The subject areas of Iran 's scientific publications were examined vis-a-vis the world 's publication output and that of the Third World Countries ( TWC). 4584 35_CONCLUSION UT=000085724900002 238.052 21 729 This three-level approach helps us to understand the state of visualization for the design of IR systems in multiple ways. 4538 35_CONCLUSION UT=000078411700003 155.453 20 710 Moreover, we found that the results of each of the two parts are an added value to the other. 4382 35_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700007 236.107 22 683 This finding provides empirical evidence that interdisciplinary methods have made a measurable and positive impact on the forestry literature. 4421 35_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100016 258.131 20 650 The paper finds that there are large differences between firms in terms of the density of their 'ego-network ', and the amount of knowledge spillovers to the Dutch economy that they generate. 4716 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088743200004 233.837 22 641 The method is described along with an illustrative exercise using journals in physics and chemistry, and the value and cost results and presented. 4485 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500006 171.548 15 515 Applications that arise from a better understanding of the topics users search and their relationships are discussed. 4475 35_CONCLUSION UT=000248059900004 251.108 19 513 Moreover, there is no significant penalty for the most frequent self-citers - the effect of self-citation remains positive even for very high rates of self-citation. 4648 35_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100011 130.999 14 500 They also refute Kuhn 's paradigm model of scientific development. 4389 35_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000009 181.87 18 492 The network effect at the European level can be considered as institutional more than cognitive. 4463 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600007 196.419 17 476 Moreover, the interface can provide suggestions to answer policy-related question, which is the initial purpose of such maps. 4658 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900001 135.67 15 450 All observations suggest that reported differences in cited half-lives must be quite large to be significant. 4627 35_CONCLUSION UT=000169631200007 208.618 17 446 At the same time, this differentiation differs in some respects from the cognitive differentiation pattern. 4724 35_CONCLUSION UT=000168426400005 159.113 14 446 The wider implications of the 'hyperauthorship ' phenomenon for scholarly publication are considered. 4574 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088919200004 175.22 14 396 With respect to the latter, we measure for self-organized criticality by comparing the frequency and size of threaded messages. 4567 35_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300003 118.904 11 317 After finding the articles belonging to these fundamental themes we can discuss the fundamentality of the formers, too. 4559 35_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500004 161.594 13 316 It is shown that the decay curve of the reference frequencies from 'age 4 ' backwards is independent of time. 4397 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800005 191.812 15 298 However, automatic indexing has the over-arcking advantage of decreasing cost, as human indexing becomes ever more expensive. 4647 35_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100011 139.44 11 241 Our observations reinforce the idea of science as a complex, largely self-organising 'cognitive eco-system '. 4711 35_CONCLUSION UT=000075877700012 99.6535 9 197 We envisage an interesting development, both theoretically and empirically, of what we would like to call 'bibliometric chemistry '. 4533 35_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100007 84.3299 7 151 Predictions for the 1999 indicator values are also provided. 4398 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800005 100.437 7 112 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 4426 35_CONCLUSION UT=000172846700008 74.5684 6 105 procedures for all-author indexing. 4732 35_CONCLUSION UT=000167187000004 17.8042 1 1 workplace. 4631 35_METHOD UT=000075877700003 1550.44 246 32155 If a paper 's bibliography is viewed as consisting of a directed ( research impact or quality) component related to intellectual heritage and random components related to specific self-interest topics, then for large numbers of citations from many different citing papers, the most significant intellectual heritage ( research impact or quality) citations will aggregate and the random author-specific self-serving citations will be scattered and not accumulate. 4525 35_METHOD UT=000246678500011 902.523 183 23791 Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/ URL citations, indicating that the Web/ URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. 4488 35_METHOD UT=000167098100002 1653.88 189 22811 The study explains how to retrieve citation identities from the Institute for Scientific Information 's files on Dialog and how to deal with idiosyncrasies of these files, As the author 's oeuvre grows, the identity takes the form of a core-and-scatter distribution that may be divided into authors cited only once ( unicitations) and authors cited at least twice ( recitations), The latter group, especially those recited most frequently, are interpretable as symbols of a citer 's main substantive concerns, As illustrated by the top recitees of eight information scientists, identities are intelligible, individualized, and wide-ranging, They are ego-centered without being egotistical. 4653 35_METHOD UT=000169392900001 1551.19 155 19026 21.5 % never cited, and9.5 years half-life; articles published as proceedings ofconferences-5.4 lifetime cit/ pap,26.6 % never cited, and5.4 years half-life; and " other " publications ( news articles, book reviews,etc.)-4.2 lifetime cit/ pap,57.1 % never cited, and1.9 years half-life. 4442 35_METHOD UT=000085224800003 1682.14 163 18463 The Langley Technical Report Server ( LTRS) is a digital library of over1,400 electronic publications authored by NASA Langley Research Center personnel or contractors and has been available in its current World Wide Web ( WWW) form since1994. In this article, we examine calendar year 1997 usage statistics of LTRS and the Center for AeroSpace Information ( CASI), a facility that archives and distributes hard copies of NASA and aerospace information. 4714 35_METHOD UT=000088743200004 725.802 150 18190 The method requires the creation of a new measure of value called the Estimated Annual Citation Rate ( EACR), which is derived from the Journal Citation Reports ' total citation variable. 4691 35_METHOD UT=000167097900009 1325.44 163 18092 The majority of these theories were from the social sciences (45.4 %), followed by IS (29.9 %), the sciences (19.3 %), and humanities (5.4 %), New IS theories were proposed by 71 authors, When compared with previous studies, our results suggest an increase in the use of theory within IS. 4376 35_METHOD UT=000085495700007 801.184 156 17792 This study used citation analysis and ordinary least squares regression to investigate the relationship between an article 's citation rate and its degree of interdisciplinarity in one area of environmental science; viz. 4472 35_METHOD UT=000248059900004 621.779 138 15721 We report the results of a macro study of more than half a million citations to articles by Norwegian scientists that appeared in the Science Citation Index. 4524 35_METHOD UT=000246678500011 860.951 125 15717 For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific ( formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/ URL citations. 4535 35_METHOD UT=000078411700003 1100.49 141 14689 In addition, a procedure is discussed to select and analyse candidate benchmark institutes to assess the position of a particular research institute, in terms of both its cognitive orientation and its scientific production and impact at the international research front, The combined method is applied in an evaluation of the research scope and performance of the Interuniversity Centre for Micro-Electronics ( IMEC) in Leuven, Belgium. 4651 35_METHOD UT=000169392900001 976.518 128 14687 To characterize the research style of individual scientists and to obtain insight into the origin of certain publication-counting discrepancies, we classified the 1128 publications into four categories that differed significantly with respect to statistics such as lifetime citation rates, fraction of papers never-cited after 10 years, and cited half-life. 4666 35_METHOD UT=000080081100015 714.683 121 13891 Given the dependence on citation data in the majority of interesting science and technology indicators, a general citation theory would make the meaning of S&T indicators more transparent. 4588 35_METHOD UT=000249135100009 690.454 120 12805 We sought evidence based upon a sample of1,577 Web citations of the URLs or titles of research articles in 64 open-access journals from biology, physics, chemistry, and computing. 4690 35_METHOD UT=000167097900009 838.982 112 12751 Our findings indicate that theory was discussed in34.1 % of the articles (0.93 theory incidents per article;2.73 incidents per article when considering only those articles employing theory). 4604 35_METHOD UT=000165132100002 643.42 118 12316 The results were compared to findings from a citation study performed on the same e-journals in1996. A content analysis of a sample of the files backlinked to e-journal articles was also undertaken. 4632 35_METHOD UT=000075877700003 567.736 105 11602 However, there are at least two limitations to this model of citation analysis for stand-alone use as a measure of research impact or quality. 4385 35_METHOD UT=000172450000009 995.747 126 11260 Using the title words of scientific publications in five core journals of biotechnology, multivariate analysis is used to distinguish between the intellectual organization of the publications in terms of title words and the institutional network in terms of addresses of documents. 4519 35_METHOD UT=000088918500005 505.657 108 11210 The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI). 4680 35_METHOD UT=000169392900004 1020.26 112 10270 Google 's web ranking algorithm ( Brin & Page, 1998) on ranking web pages is applied in this new coordinate space, The results of the algorithm has been modified to fit different topological web graph structures. 4652 35_METHOD UT=000169392900001 955.984 87 9648 The categories were: mainstream ( prestige journal) publications-32.6 lifetime cit/ pap,2.4 % never cited, and6.9 year half-life; archival ( otherrefereed)-12.0 lifetime cit/ pap. 4589 35_METHOD UT=000249135100009 821.27 88 9363 Only 25 % represented intellectual impact, from references of Web documents ( 23 %) and other informal scholarly sources ( 2 %). 4423 35_METHOD UT=000172846700008 848.859 96 9189 Although rather high correlations were found between straight counts and complete counts, correlations differ with journals of the same discipline, with different publication years of them same journal, and according to seniority of cited authors. 4660 35_METHOD UT=000170653400011 814.675 106 9109 This paper reports findings of an author co-citation analysis of the field of human behavioral ecology that expands Griffith 's concept of the social system of scientific communication to fit a socioecological framework. 4471 35_METHOD UT=000248059900004 458.802 83 9041 In this article we examine the incentives that underlie self-citation by studying how authors ' references to their own works affect the citations they receive from others. 4700 35_METHOD UT=000090059500006 514.911 82 8918 The footprint demonstrates the Relationship Factors of publications in a number of related disciplines, as defined by ISI 's Journal Citation Reports. 4465 35_METHOD UT=000167284400001 435.079 80 8808 Science Citation Index has since established itself as the gold standard for scientific information retrieval. 4451 35_METHOD UT=000206467500007 1027.24 97 8700 Findings - Link data, when analysed together with user transaction log files (i.e. Web referring domains) can provide insights into who is using a digital library and when, and who could be using the digital library if they are " surfing " a particular part of the Web; in this case any site that is linked to or colinked with the NeLH. 4495 35_METHOD UT=000165654300002 568.221 86 8469 The aim of this article is to describe some methods of comparison of maps of science and to show possibilities that these methods give for further research in this interesting area. 4576 35_METHOD UT=000088918500008 664.665 97 8397 The paper is introducing an economic method ( interindustry relations analysis) into studies of autopoietic systems and shows its application to scientometrics, which can also be regarded as the analysis of autopoietic systems. 4672 35_METHOD UT=000081614600003 473.87 84 8376 The present study employs citation analysis to investigate knowledge claims in the literature on the sociology of knowledge. 4505 35_METHOD UT=000170653400007 577.247 79 8370 Co-citation links among 62 authors - a representative list of various styles and approaches to rationality - were established using the Arts and Humanities Citation Index. 4490 35_METHOD UT=000167098100002 789.526 79 8165 Citing styles in identities differ: " scientific-paper style " authors recite heavily, adding to core; " bibliographic-essay style " authors are heavy on unicitations, adding to scatter; " literature-review style " authors do both at once. 4679 35_METHOD UT=000169392900004 781.891 89 8106 The in-degree id coordinate is the number of web pages that point Po a given web page, In this new coordinate space a metric is built to classify how close or far different web graphs are. 4443 35_METHOD UT=000085224800003 302.267 72 7949 We also perform a citation analysis on some of the top publications distributed by LTRS. 4509 35_METHOD UT=000165132100004 803.328 92 7749 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 4478 35_METHOD UT=000168598000006 508.763 78 7417 Articles are most frequently cited when they deal with empirical, ahistorical research focusing on populations in the developed world, when they are prominently placed in a journal issue, when they are written in English and when they appear in core demography journals. 4565 35_METHOD UT=000165654300003 483.276 85 7120 Co-word analysis and co-citation analysis enable to visualize the structure of a scientific field on the maps of science. 4673 35_METHOD UT=000081614600003 357.137 63 6899 The purpose of this project is to determine if there are epistemic foundations for authors ' citation of previous work. 4436 35_METHOD UT=000080962700008 793.22 84 6761 It is argued that many of these criticisms have been based on only limited examinations of data in particular contexts and it remains unclear how broadly applicable these problems are to research conducted at different levels of analysis, in specific fields, and among various national data sets. 4686 35_METHOD UT=000088918500010 918.188 80 6733 Fifty one influential authors were selected from active members of the Political Communication Divisions of the International Communication Association ( ICA) the National Communication Association ( NCA), and the American Political Science Association ( APSA). 4707 35_METHOD UT=000075877700012 266.139 55 6247 We criticise the constructivist fashion in sociology of science concerning citation practices. 4393 35_METHOD UT=000167008800005 602.628 74 6059 Part I of the essay critiques the comparative research, then explores the nature of human analysis of messages or texts and efforts to formulate rules to make human practice more rigorous and predictable. 4571 35_METHOD UT=000088919200004 584.419 69 6012 Of particular interest is the EuroCon-Knowflow mailing list which houses the electronic communication of the Self-Organization of the European Information Society ( SOEIS) research group. 4411 35_METHOD UT=000088865500004 334.867 57 5858 It is shown how to correct an observed citation distribution for growth, once the growth distribution is known. 4667 35_METHOD UT=000080081100015 226.408 47 5711 Hence the continuing call for a citation theory in scientometrics. 4547 35_METHOD UT=000168598000001 463.165 67 5667 Used methods are co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling and quantitative analysis of title words. 4726 35_METHOD UT=000166468700004 640.053 67 5624 Some of the observed sitation counts appear counter-intuitive and there is only a very limited correlation with peer evaluations of research performance, with many of the sitations being from pages that are far removed in subject matter from LIS. 4721 35_METHOD UT=000168426400005 484.415 66 5421 In the biomedical research community, multiple authorship has increased to such an extent that the trustworthiness of the scientific communication system has been called into question. 4661 35_METHOD UT=000170653400011 434.229 63 5396 Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques are used to characterize the research specialty at large and portray five respondents ' individual resource maps. 4581 35_METHOD UT=000085724900002 393.582 59 5304 Under this rapid development in the research area, there are few attempts to conceptualize this new field of study. 4603 35_METHOD UT=000165132100002 532.836 58 5063 Search results were processed to determine the number of backlinking pages, total backlinks, and external backlinks made to the e-journals and to their articles. 4561 35_METHOD UT=000171050400003 343.774 54 4782 The study confirms that there exist in this rapidly growing field two distinctive research groups employing the content-based and description-based approaches, respectively. 4466 35_METHOD UT=000167284400001 195.756 40 4710 It has also become the database of choice for citation analysts and evaluative bibliometricians worldwide. 4678 35_METHOD UT=000169392900004 463.25 54 4701 The out-degree coordinate od is defined as the number of outgoing web pages from a given web page. 4596 35_METHOD UT=000087756900004 455.157 55 4601 Several problems worthy of research lie at the intersection of scholarly communication processes and digital libraries. 4642 35_METHOD UT=000089449100011 562.32 56 4550 After the Scientific Revolution in 16th century Europe, the ` Scientific Evolution ' begins, and the driving processes growth and ageing unavoidably lead - just as in our biological evolution - to a fractal differentiation of science. 4394 35_METHOD UT=000167008800005 407.408 51 4508 We find that research comparing human versus automatic approaches has done little to change strongly held beliefs, in large part because many associated variables have not been isolated or controlled. 4557 35_METHOD UT=000088918500004 685.666 57 4422 Whereas in the literature on the subject it is stared that the speed of the ageing of scientific literature is exponential, it is shown that the decay from 'age 4 ' is best described by an inverse function, as was already brought to light in reference to forgetting of people and events as measured by the frequencies of calendar years in large text corpora. 4452 35_METHOD UT=000206467500007 544.422 52 4364 This study found that the NeLH was embedded in a multifaceted Web context, including many governmental, educational, commercial and organisational sites, with the most interesting being sites from the. 4554 35_METHOD UT=000168323400005 338.795 52 4343 The results were compared with data from two earlier studies of the same journals. 4400 35_METHOD UT=000088171500001 483.833 49 4120 Fifteen Indiana University faculty and graduate students who had published at least one scholarly electronic article containing at least one external hyperlink were surveyed. 4622 35_METHOD UT=000169631200007 345.098 47 4011 Can STS scholars and STS research groups be classified in terms of the sub-fields? 4696 35_METHOD UT=000080962700007 471.757 39 3948 Identifies the significant work and its impact using mainstream connectivity, surrogate measures of quality and relative impact indicators. 4386 35_METHOD UT=000172450000009 568.865 52 3931 The interaction among the representation of intellectual space in terms of words and co-words, and the potentially European network system is compared with the document sets with American and Japanese addresses. 4730 35_METHOD UT=000167187000004 480.785 42 3609 She offers three scenarios to support the suggestion that the World Wide Web allows new forms of insight to emerge as it greatly extends the toolkit and the content base of business intelligence. 4541 35_METHOD UT=000086651400006 447.364 46 3535 The instrument posed 32 questions about why a certain document was cited, plus questions about the citer 's relationship to the cited author and document. 4595 35_METHOD UT=000087756900004 613.458 50 3535 These stakeholders agree that the relationship has become unbalanced with the advent of electronic publishing, digital libraries, computer networks and associated changes in pricing, intellectual property policies and contracts, but they do not agree on solutions to redress the balance. 4514 35_METHOD UT=000087756900002 445.331 47 3422 The results of this survey suggest that the publishers are moving quickly towards the use of the Internet as a major medium for the distribution of their products, though they do not expect an early print publication. 4580 35_METHOD UT=000085724900002 540.272 44 3420 In parallel with the advent of advanced software and hardware, the attempts to design visualization-based IR systems are stimulated with the promise that information visualization applies visual processing to abstract information. 4570 35_METHOD UT=000088919200004 516.697 44 3127 We examine threaded email messages in a selection of Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies oriented Internet mailing lists to illustrate the internal dynamics involved in the electronic production of knowledge. 4615 35_METHOD UT=000088919200008 405.806 41 2939 Distributions of various attributes of the publication output for the two periods were obtained primarily through the Rank command of the Dialog Online System. 4520 35_METHOD UT=000088918500005 216.748 38 2871 The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. 4551 35_METHOD UT=000079884200009 452.837 42 2804 Electronic journals offer many advantages to multiple constituencies, however, their acceptance by faculty and university promotion and tenure committees is unclear. 4437 35_METHOD UT=000080962700008 255.549 36 2757 Relevant evidence is provided from analysis of Australian and international data. 4392 35_METHOD UT=000167008800005 344.489 39 2681 We conclude that human analysis should be used on a much more selective basis, and we offer suggestions on how these two types indexing might be allocated to best advantage. 4482 35_METHOD UT=000088171500006 336.769 40 2672 Subject area frequencies and their cooccurrences with one another were tallied and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. 4621 35_METHOD UT=000169631200007 392.649 38 2628 In this paper I address the question to what extent this differentiation is also reflected in the social structure of the STS field. 4405 35_METHOD UT=000181362300005 274.762 33 2494 A set of common scientific journals is often assumed to be instrumental in the formation of these hierarchies. 4602 35_METHOD UT=000165132100002 298.06 36 2445 Backlink searches were conducted on a sample of 39 scholarly electronic journals. 4542 35_METHOD UT=000086651400006 337.502 32 2379 Most findings were similar to the psychology study, including a tendency to cite " concept markers " representing a genre of work. 4450 35_METHOD UT=000206467500007 340.652 29 2001 Its output is a series of standard reports, for example listing and counting all of the different domain names in the data. 4499 35_METHOD UT=000167187200005 217.182 26 1738 The results indicate that major changes in communication habits are occurring. 4718 35_METHOD UT=000085724900008 410.035 32 1723 The facilities include the usual Booleanetc., search on subject and bibliographic details; cited reference query; and related records. 4633 35_METHOD UT=000075877700003 202.455 17 1645 First, the reference to intellectual heritage could be positive or negative. 4643 35_METHOD UT=000089449100011 282.747 28 1557 A fractal structure means a system build up with subsystems characterised by a power-law size distribution. 4481 35_METHOD UT=000088171500006 280.64 25 1548 More than 1000 of the most frequently cooccurring term pairs were categorized into one or more of 30 developed subject areas. 4401 35_METHOD UT=000088171500001 359.152 27 1538 Through a series of qualitative interviews, 19 different hyperlinking motivations, classified into the three motivational groups-scholarly, social, and technological-along the dimensional ranges of their properties, were identified. 4641 35_METHOD UT=000089449100011 270.181 24 1525 In addition, a further and striking consequence results in a self- consistent way from our model. 4513 35_METHOD UT=000087756900002 241.543 25 1476 It then presents the results of a questionnaire survey of the UK-based scholarly publishing industry. 4536 35_METHOD UT=000078411700003 272.451 22 1473 On the basis of the comments of an international panel of experts in micro-electronics, the method was discussed in detail. 4531 35_METHOD UT=000089449100007 171.667 18 1421 The publication performance of the EU can also be compared to that of the USA and Japan. 4729 35_METHOD UT=000167187000004 293.788 24 1399 She suggests that, in the world of digital commerce, it may be defined as 'insight which is based on collective understanding of work practices '. 4378 35_METHOD UT=000085495700007 301.267 23 1304 Three types of interdisciplinarity were recognized-authorship, subject matter, and cited literature-and each was quantified using Brillouin 's diversity index. 4419 35_METHOD UT=000089449100016 353.837 26 1291 More specifically, it asks how the structure of the knowledge flows network matters for diffusion of technological knowledge in the Dutch economy. 4498 35_METHOD UT=000167187200005 188.156 17 1280 A small sample of UK social scientists was also interviewed. 4708 35_METHOD UT=000075877700012 254.134 17 1234 With statistical arguments we show the strong limitations of any 'citation theory ' at the 'citer side '. 4489 35_METHOD UT=000167098100002 324.153 24 1199 They are often affected by social ties between citers and citees, but the universal motivator seems to be the perceived relevance of the citees ' works. 4610 35_METHOD UT=000165569100008 337.956 26 1194 Four hundred eighty-five records represented nonduplicate descriptions of data compilations ( 194), software ( 153), Websites ( 73), electronic documents ( 49), and digitized images ( 17). 4428 35_METHOD UT=000088919100004 320.005 24 1126 Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities. 4432 35_METHOD UT=000170653400012 269.9 21 1068 Nicknamed CAMEOs, the profiles can be used for retrieval of documents by human searchers or computerized agents. 4713 35_METHOD UT=000088743200004 252.092 18 1057 This method is the invention of Bensman and is based on the theoretical foundation outlined in Bensman and Wilder ( 1998). 4530 35_METHOD UT=000089449100007 345.615 23 980 The prediction of systemness ( based on the Markov property of the distribution) can be tested against the predictions of trend lines for individual nations. 4722 35_METHOD UT=000168426400005 326.56 20 951 Documented abuses, such as honorific authorship, have serious implications in terms of the acknowledgment of authority, allocation of credit, and assigning of accountability. 4701 35_METHOD UT=000090059500006 232.358 17 919 The technique has been used to compare both individual academics acid each national group as a whole. 4623 35_METHOD UT=000169631200007 206.423 16 795 Or do researchers and institutes carry an integrative role in the STS field? 4415 35_METHOD UT=000090059500003 172.671 11 645 The main indicators and parameters used are: bibliometric size. 4611 35_METHOD UT=000165569100008 353.683 18 631 The greatest concentration of E-RRI was found in molecular biology ( QP=123), general natural history and biology ( QH=84), and medicine ( R=74). 4406 35_METHOD UT=000181362300005 193.997 11 261 However, the character of the hierarchies, how monolithic/ pluralistic they are and the functions of this differentiation have been discussed and caused controversy. 4460 35_METHOD UT=000167170600007 144.291 7 101 This is mainly due to the developments and integration of hypertext and graphical interfaces. 4424 35_METHOD UT=000172846700008 77.2466 4 41 No effect of alphabetical name ordering was found. 4459 35_METHOD UT=000167170600007 44.6964 2 4 It seems, however, that only now they are becoming acknowledged as a useful tool. 4377 35_METHOD UT=000085495700007 22.3482 1 1 , forestry. 4518 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500005 1362.72 291 36955 A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval ( IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index ( SCI) and Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library gi Information Science area. 4523 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500011 1591.54 224 32003 We use a new data gathering method, " Web/ URL citation, " Web/ URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines ( biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of1,650 articles from 108 open access ( OA) journals published in2001. A Web/ URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. 4448 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467500007 1456.46 241 31713 Design/ methodology/ approach - The Web intelligence techniques in this study are a combination of link analysis ( web structure mining), web server log file analysis ( web usage mining), and text analysis ( web content mining), utilizing the power of commercial search engines and drawing upon the information science fields of bibliometrics and webometrics. 4477 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000006 935.309 189 21741 In this paper we examine, by means of a citation analysis, which factors influence the impact of articles published in demography journals between 1990 and1992. Several quantifiable characteristics of the articles ( characteristics with respect to authors, visibility, content and journals) are strongly related to their subsequent impact in the social sciences. 4586 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 476.923 133 15505 Although the analysis of citations in the scholarly literature is now an established and relatively well understood part of information science, not enough is known about citations that can be found on the Web. 4464 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167284400001 378.26 97 11601 The idea of a unified citation index to the literature of science was first outlined by Eugene Garfield [ I] in 1955 in the journal Science. 4609 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100008 748.319 107 11212 Five-hundred twenty-seven full bibliographic records containing URLs were downloaded from SCISEARCH as part of an exploration of the extent of Web publication of electronic research-related information ( E-RRI) in the sciences and classified as to resource type, subject area, and degree of intellectual property protection. 4414 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500003 641.997 104 9819 This paper studies the main bibliometric figures in order to analyse the " state of the art " and the evolution of research in physics in Catalonia ( Spain) between 1981 and 1998 via the National Citation Report ( NCR) for Catalonia elaborated by ISI ( Institute for Scientific Information). 4534 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000078411700003 494.701 97 9563 The general aim of the article is to demonstrate how the results both of a structural analysis, and of a research performance assessment of a research field, can be enriched by combining elements of both into one integrated analysis. 4677 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900004 614.577 83 9532 It looks at a web page as a graph structure or a web graph, and tries to classify different web graphs in the new coordinate space: ( out-degree, in-degree). 4689 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167097900009 373.825 86 9306 We report on our findings regarding authors ' use of theory in1,160 articles that appeared in six information science ( IS) journals from 1993-1998. 4600 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 517.404 85 9082 This study(1) assesses the ways in which citation searching of scholarly print journals is and is not analogous to backlink searching of scholarly e-journal articles on the WWW, and identifies problems and issues related to conducting and interpreting such searches. 4717 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900008 362.268 73 8554 Discusses search operations using the Web of Science via a server on the World Wide Web. 4614 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200008 310.263 80 8461 Iranian scientific publications in the Science Citation Index for two five-year periods, 1985-1989 and 1990-1994, were compared. 4593 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 551.955 92 8030 This article explores the relationship between scholarly communication, an established research area receiving renewed interest, and digital libraries, a relatively new area of research. 4546 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000168598000001 303.237 81 7915 This paper presents a citation analysis of the cognitive structure of current cardiovascular research. 4650 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900001 411.917 89 7816 We thus assess research performance using as bibliometric indicators such statistics as publications per year, citations per paper, and cited half-lives. 4725 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700004 330.684 74 7780 This paper describes a webometric analysis of the linkages ( or 'sitations ') to websites associated with departments of librarianship and information science ( LIS). 4447 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467500007 602.743 80 7390 Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of LexiURL as a Web intelligence tool for collecting and analysing links to digital libraries, focusing specifically on the National electronic Library for Health ( NeLH). 4508 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 600.059 82 7379 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 4676 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900004 368.967 69 7199 This research is part of the ongoing study to better understand web page ranking on the web. 4553 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000168323400005 239.044 58 7087 Data Were gathered on acknowledgements in five leading information science journals for the years 1991-1999. 4435 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000080962700008 234.765 63 6659 This paper examines a number of the criticisms that citation analysis has been subjected to over the years. 4671 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000081614600003 287.71 59 6523 Citation analysis is frequently used as a means of examining the formal communication practices in a number of disciplines. 4422 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000172846700008 780.902 72 6365 To examine whether primary-citation indexing can be taken as an unbiased representation of all-author indexing, we compared the cited first-author counts ( straight counts) with the: cited all-author counts ( complete counts) in two psychological journals over two publication years. 4685 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500010 416.213 68 6190 This study applies a method of author co-citation analysis to examine the intellectual structure of political communication study. 4629 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000075877700003 404.393 67 5884 The present paper addresses some of the many possible uses of citations, including bookmark, intellectual heritage, impact tracker, and self-serving purposes. 4630 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000075877700003 257.156 53 5811 The main focus is on the applicability of citation analysis as an impact or quality measure. 4458 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600007 275.287 57 5769 Despite the promising introduction of bibliometric maps of science in a science policy context in the nineteen seventies, they have not been very successful yet. 4486 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100002 375.991 63 5642 This study explores the tendency of authors to recite themselves and others in multiple works over time, using the insights gained to build citation theory. 4698 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 311.632 53 5623 A novel method of displaying the publication and citation characteristics of outputs of researchers using a graphical " footprint " has been developed. 4487 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167098100002 268.848 65 5560 The set of all authors whom an author cites is defined as that author 's citation identity. 4649 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900001 437.327 65 5524 We here perform an analysis of all 1128 publications produced by scientists during their employment at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, a geophysical research laboratory founded in 1972 that currently employs 23Ph.D. -level scientists. 4564 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300003 333.83 56 5318 The aim of this article is to demonstrate on the scientific field " economics " the search for fundamental articles. 4441 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800003 354.875 59 5201 We attempt to assess the publication impact of a digital library ( DL) of aerospace scientific and technical information ( STI). 4712 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088743200004 350.879 54 5015 The objective of this paper is to present a simple method for constructing core journal title lists in scientific and technical ( ST) disciplines. 4699 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 352.817 53 4973 Its first application has been to compare the publication and citation characteristics of a small group of top UK, and US academic chemical engineers. 4587 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 298.002 53 4858 In particular, are there new Web types, and if so, are these trivial or potentially useful for studying or evaluating research communication? 4601 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 297.785 43 4849 Backlink searches are defined here as searches for Web pages that link to a given URL. 4618 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 658.161 63 4819 The differentiation of scientific fields into sub-fields can be studied on the level of the 'scientific content ' of the sub-field, that is on the level of the products, as well as on the level of the 'social structures ' of the sub-field, that is on the lever of the producers of the content. 4431 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400012 359.864 55 4769 This article describes ways of automatically generating 15 kinds of personal profiles of authors from bibliographic data on their publications in databases. 4659 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400011 389.208 56 4615 Among BelverC. Griffith 's many contributions to disciplinary communication is the idea that science and scholarship at large constitute a social system to be investigated empirically. 4496 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187200005 319.008 54 4497 An examination has been made of the effects of using information technology an the communication of research by social scientists in Brazil. 4550 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000079884200009 286.026 40 4475 Recent years have seen a proliferation of electronic journals across academic disciplines. 4556 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500004 438.148 65 4469 In this paper, I will argue that the process of ageing in scientific publications on the one hand, and the process of obsolescence and forgetting to which all kinds of phenomena, people and events are exposed on the other, develop with the same speed. 4504 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000170653400007 247.728 48 4403 The relation between philosophy of science and epistemology is studied using the author co-citation technique. 4540 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 344.77 52 4174 Replicating an investigation in psychology, the works of two highly-cited authors in the discipline of communication were identified, and all of the authors who cited them during the period 1995-1997 were surveyed. 4665 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000080081100015 326.244 48 4146 A recurring theme in the use of science and technology indicators, as well as in the construction of new ones, is the interpretation of these indicators. 4469 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000248059900004 240.324 45 4035 Self-citations - those where authors cite their own works - account for a significant portion of all citations. 4640 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100011 364.71 48 4023 The framework of this model is given by a basic set of mathematical expressions that allows us to understand and describe large-scale growth and ageing processes in science over a long period of time. 4375 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700007 251.986 45 3992 Yet relatively little is known about the processes and impacts of interdisciplinary approaches to environmental sciences. 4578 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 375.212 42 3940 Visualization in information retrieval ( IR) is a rapidly emerging area in which human-computer interaction ( HCl) is adapted to the design of interfaces for IR systems. 4620 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 425.174 50 3807 This will be illustrated using the case of integration and differentiation in Science and Technology Studies ( STS), Elsewhere, using relations between documents, I showed how STS is characterized by strong differentiation tendencies. 4568 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919200004 515.521 58 3794 The paper addresses the potential of Internet mailing lists to enhance academic research with respect to Gibbons ' distinction between Mode I and Mode II knowledge production ( Gibbons et al. 4695 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000080962700007 329.12 52 3788 Making use of scientometric techniques, the paper attempts to assess the performance of Indian organic chemistry research during the 70s and 80s. 4594 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900004 381.894 43 3743 Scholarship is inherently a social process and it is embedded in a structure of relationships with other scholars, with scholarly societies, and with publishers and libraries. 4639 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100011 414.423 58 3695 On the basis of the measured time-dependent distribution of references in recent scientific publications, we formulate a novel model on the ageing of recent scientific literature. 4399 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500001 302.606 40 3282 The primary purpose of the study was to identify motivations for hyperlinking in scholarly electronic articles. 4470 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000248059900004 429.852 48 2995 These self-references may result from the cumulative nature of individual research, the need for personal gratification, or the value of self-citation as a rhetorical and tactical tool in the struggle for visibility and scientific authority. 4404 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300005 146.276 28 2685 The existence of hierarchies based on reputation in modern science is indisputable. 4512 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900002 318.428 42 2676 This paper provides an extensive survey of the recent literature on scholarly publishing and its conversion to the electronic medium. 4427 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100004 216.884 30 2521 As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. 4391 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800005 474.596 45 2463 In this two-part essay, a computer scientist and long-time TREC participant ( Perez-Carballo) and a practitioner and teacher of human cataloging and indexing ( Anderson) pursue this question by reviewing the opinions and research of leading experts on both sides of this divide. 4418 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100016 233.477 33 2131 This paper investigates the impact of large multinational firms on the Dutch technology infrastructure. 4529 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100007 314.869 36 2080 Using percentage performance shares of individual member states, the European Union can be assessed as if it were a network publication system. 4560 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400003 291.885 26 2032 Documents relevant to the subject of image indexing and retrieval, obtained from the SCI and SSCI databases, were examined and analyzed. 4480 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500006 270.986 24 1793 Queries submitted to the Excite search engine were analyzed for subject content based on the cooccurrence of terms within multiterm queries. 4374 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700007 217.636 28 1636 Interdisciplinary research has been identified as a critical means of addressing some of our planet 's most urgent environmental problems. 4720 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400005 371.879 32 1612 Classical assumptions about the nature and ethical entailments of authorship ( the standard model) are being challenged by developments in scientific collaboration and multiple authorship. 4497 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187200005 174.698 16 1599 Two disciplines were studied economics and sociology - via both interviews and a questionnaire survey. 4619 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000169631200007 344.787 26 1583 By comparing the behavior of the constructs with the behavior of the constructors, we are able to demonstrate the analytical distinction between a cognitive and a social approach in an empirical way. 4390 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800005 287.717 26 1344 Does human intellectual indexing have a continuing role to play in the face of increasingly sophisticated automatic indexing techniques? 4728 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187000004 137.387 19 1313 The author explores the concept of 'social intelligence '. 4705 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000075877700012 134.37 21 1305 In this paper we take position in the 'citation theory ' debate. 4579 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900002 211.669 21 1242 There are numerous proposals for the development of new visual IR systems. 4539 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 213.822 21 1168 Authors ' motivations for citing documents are addressed through a literature review and an empirical study. 4384 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000009 294.604 25 1091 The ongoing process of integration at the European level generates an additional network of transnational collaborations. 4410 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500004 194.695 18 972 The notions aging, obsolescence, impact, growth, utilization, and their relations are studied. 4383 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000009 303.232 24 858 Fields of technoscience like biotechnology develop in a network mode: disciplinary insights from different backgrounds are recombined as competing innovation systems are continuously reshaped. 4449 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467500007 209.575 15 816 LexiURL is a computer program designed to calculate summary statistics for lists of links or URLs. 4706 35_OBJECTIVE UT=000075877700012 143.904 12 676 First we revisit relevant earlier work of our group and try to assemble the findings. 4510 35_RESULT UT=000165132100004 4005.37 394 92018 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 4687 35_RESULT UT=000088918500010 1374.81 197 22809 The results of the multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis of these 51 selected authors ' co-citation patterns show that intellectual fragmentation exists in political communication research; scholars with different academic backgrounds exhibit specialties using particular research approaches to study certain subjects in the field: scholars do not have much information exchange, and thus they are intellectually separate and confined within the boundaries of each fragment. 4454 35_RESULT UT=000206467500007 1010.83 109 14452 Not many links directed to the NeLH were followed on September 25, 2005 ( the date of the log file analysis and link extraction analysis), which means that users who access the digital library have been arriving at the site via only a few select links, bookmarks and search engine searches, or non-electronic sources. 4616 35_RESULT UT=000088919200008 1324.52 142 13691 Results include: productivity by publication year and by ranked order of the most productive iranian authors; influence or impact of the most productive Iranian authors by ranking them as cited authors; collaboration of Iranian scientists with scientists from other countries; and the journals Iranian scientists published in and the journals they cite in their papers. 4583 35_RESULT UT=000085724900002 857.621 122 13062 The paper proposes a three-level approach to analyzing visualization in IR system design: ( i) component level analysis, ( ii) technique level analysis and ( iii) interaction level analysis. 4526 35_RESULT UT=000246678500011 866.381 136 11892 Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. 4445 35_RESULT UT=000085224800003 508.343 99 10862 We discuss the caveats of our investigation, speculate on possible different models of usage facilitated by DLs, and suggest " retrieval analysis " as a complementary metric to citation analysis. 4612 35_RESULT UT=000165569100008 858.392 112 10119 Roughly two-thirds of the 410 accessible Webpages ( 67 %) permitted totally free and unrestricted public access and use of the information; 11 % requested citation of a related journal article as acknowledgment of use; the remainder stated conditions for use or relied on a statement of copyright as an indication of ownership. 4467 35_RESULT UT=000167284400001 839.429 116 9891 As scientific publication moves to the web, and novel approaches to scholarly communication and peer review establish themselves, new methods of citation and link analysis will emerge to capture often liminal expressions of peer esteem, influence and approbation. 4635 35_RESULT UT=000075877700003 425.055 85 8899 Finally, the results of a short citation study comparing Russian and American papers in different technical fields are presented. 4710 35_RESULT UT=000075877700012 514.403 91 8391 As keywords also have such binding properties at the same time, and as there are empirically established relations between the citation domain and the word domain, it is useless to develop a model concerning citations only. 4455 35_RESULT UT=000206467500007 539.566 71 8337 Originality/ value - A number of studies concerning digital library users have been carried out using log file analysis as a research tool. 4693 35_RESULT UT=000167097900009 438.274 103 8314 Results from citation analysis indicate that IS theory is not heavily cited outside the field, except by IS authors publishing in other literatures. 4474 35_RESULT UT=000248059900004 546.334 97 7907 Controlling for numerous sources of variation in cumulative citations from others, our models suggest that each additional self-citation increases the number of citations from others by about one after one year, and by about three after five years. 4719 35_RESULT UT=000085724900008 530.115 77 7446 A search example is presented from the field of pulmonary hypertension, concluding that the combination of Web technology and the use of citation interconnections provides a fast and useful retrieval mechanism. 4606 35_RESULT UT=000165132100002 477.932 70 7427 No correlation was found between backlink measures and ISI citation measures of e-journal impact, suggesting that the two measures may be assessing something quite different. 4605 35_RESULT UT=000165132100002 586.184 78 7179 The authors identify a number of reliability issues associated with the use of " raw " search engine data to evaluate the impact of electronic journals and articles. 4591 35_RESULT UT=000249135100009 583.364 86 7178 Additional analyses revealed significant disciplinary differences in the types of Google unique Web/ URL citations as well as some characteristics of scientific open-access publishing on the Web. 4582 35_RESULT UT=000085724900002 654.227 64 7060 This paper intends to classify the works of visualization for IR system design in a systematic way, by providing a mosaic view of the emerging area of visualization in IR system design. 4462 35_RESULT UT=000167170600007 550.239 55 6879 The communication through the Internet enables the field expert ( as a kind of peer review) as well as the user ( from a science policy context) to contribute to the quality of the map and the interface. 4543 35_RESULT UT=000086651400006 442.19 80 6683 Authors in communication were more likely to have an interpersonal connection to cited authors, and to cite literature reviews-their most common reason for citation. 4444 35_RESULT UT=000085224800003 493.429 74 6320 We find that although LTRS distributes over71,000 copies of publications ( compared with an estimated24,000 copies from CASI), citation analysis indicates that LTRS has almost no measurable publication impact. 4429 35_RESULT UT=000088919100004 754.643 75 6164 The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. 4438 35_RESULT UT=000080962700008 308.056 60 5856 Citation analysis is likely to be most reliable when data is aggregated and at the highly-cited end of the distribution. 4636 35_RESULT UT=000075877700003 327.534 67 5819 The questions raised in interpreting this data highlight a few of the difficulties in attempting to interpret citation results without supplementary information. 4506 35_RESULT UT=000170653400007 545.189 72 5747 Multidimensional scaling results in a two-dimensional map of authors, where the axes represent the subject ( philosophy of science to epistemology) and the method ( qualitative to quantitative), respectively. 4555 35_RESULT UT=000168323400005 549.066 72 5729 Analysis of the aggregate data ( 1971-1999) confirms the general impression that acknowledgement has become an institutionalised element of the scholarly communication process, reflecting the growing cognitive and structural complexity of contemporary research. 4674 35_RESULT UT=000081614600003 389.963 73 5662 A total of 70 journal articles are examined and the citations in those articles are classified according to the epistemic uses of the cited work. 4484 35_RESULT UT=000088171500006 395.925 45 5601 Multidimensional scaling of subject cooccurrences revealed similar relationships among the different subject categories. 4548 35_RESULT UT=000168598000001 807.176 63 5555 Tables and graphs reveal: ( 1) The journal co-citation structure; ( 2) the cognitive content and the bibliometric structure of clusters based on co-citation: ( 3) the cognitive content and the bibliometric structure of clusters based on bibliographic coupling. 4654 35_RESULT UT=000169392900001 492.607 53 5342 Because determining cited half-lives is highly similar to a well-studied phenomenon in earthquake seismology, which was familiar to us, we thoroughly evaluate five different methods for determining the cited half-life and discuss the robustness and limitations of the various methods. 4492 35_RESULT UT=000167098100002 471.142 67 5249 They can also be related to past schemes for classifying citations in categories such as positive-negative and perfunctory-organic; indeed, one author 's frequent recitation of another, whether positive or negative, may be the readiest indicator of an organic relation between them. 4655 35_RESULT UT=000169392900001 343.697 46 5133 Unfortunately, even when data are numerous the various methods often obtain very different values for the half-life. 4483 35_RESULT UT=000088171500006 581.255 63 5062 The cluster analyses revealed several anticipated and a few unanticipated groupings of subjects, resulting in several well-defined high-level clusters of broad subject areas. 4407 35_RESULT UT=000181362300005 529.682 68 5011 The article brings together results from a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, concerning their assessments of the most influential researchers and most important journals. 4544 35_RESULT UT=000086651400006 549.694 69 4970 Three types of judgments about cited works were found to best predict citation: ( 1) that the work was novel, well-known, and a concept-marker; ( 2) that citing it might promote the authority of one 's own work; and ( 3) that the work deserved criticism. 4515 35_RESULT UT=000087756900002 444.503 56 4697 They also do not expect that any alternative system, based on scholars providing their results free of charge at the point of use, will seriously threaten the future of the commercial scholarly publisher. 4420 35_RESULT UT=000089449100016 295.839 59 4680 Patent citation analysis based on European Patent applications is used to quantify this network. 4626 35_RESULT UT=000169631200007 495.076 53 4605 Although we are able to distinguish analytically between the cognitive and social dimension of the development of the research field, we find similar patterns of differentiation an the social level too. 4573 35_RESULT UT=000088919200004 559.798 62 4534 The use of threaded messages as our hermeneutic units of analysis provides the basis for a reflection upon three key theoretical positions: Medium Theory, Actor-Network Theory, and Self-Organization Theory. 4527 35_RESULT UT=000246678500011 339.972 53 4383 We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. 4692 35_RESULT UT=000167097900009 317.827 35 4251 However, clear discrepancies were evident in terms of how researchers working in different subfields define theory. 4727 35_RESULT UT=000166468700004 566.628 54 4236 Our conclusions are that sitation data are not well suited to the quantitative evaluation of the research status of LIS departments and that departments can best boost their web visibility by hosting as wide a range of types of material as possible. 4562 35_RESULT UT=000171050400003 337.498 44 4049 However, research in the content-based domain is currently dominating in the field, while the other approach has less visibility. 4590 35_RESULT UT=000249135100009 374.23 50 3677 Many of the Web/ URL citations were created for general or subject-specific navigation ( 45 %) or for self-publicity ( 22 %). 4552 35_RESULT UT=000079884200009 448.164 49 3610 This research examines perceptions of faculty and promotion and tenure committee members regarding the perceived prestige and legitimacy of electronic journals as an outlet for scholarly communication. 4598 35_RESULT UT=000087756900004 369.833 40 3610 Other interesting problems exist at the intersection of structures of scholarly communication and digital libraries. 4709 35_RESULT UT=000075877700012 268.828 47 3454 We emphasize that citations should be conceived of as 'binding properties ' of an individual publication, from which many types of structuring follow. 4715 35_RESULT UT=000088743200004 388.089 52 3454 EACR allows researchers to compare the relative value of ST Journals, and because it is an annual estimate of citations, it can he compared directly to subscription price to produce a measure of cost-effectiveness. 4380 35_RESULT UT=000085495700007 276.846 39 3411 The results indicate that borrowing was the most influential method of interdisciplinary information transfer. 4532 35_RESULT UT=000089449100007 348.513 40 3288 The results suggest that a comparison with ( global) world trade is important for understanding developments between the various R&D systems. 4597 35_RESULT UT=000087756900004 380.676 35 3275 These include the ability of digital libraries to support the cycle of information seeking, using and creating: the 'social life of documents; and electronic publishing. 4656 35_RESULT UT=000169392900001 276.128 49 3244 Our preferred method determines half-life from the ratio of citations appearing in back-to-back 5-year periods. 4682 35_RESULT UT=000169392900004 219.546 27 3244 This study does not look at enhancing web ranking by adding any contextual information. 4521 35_RESULT UT=000088918500005 408.682 46 3220 The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. 4662 35_RESULT UT=000170653400011 325.296 40 3025 The techniques reveal co-citation relationships among authors whose work they had referenced in recent articles. 4723 35_RESULT UT=000168426400005 330.697 36 3000 Within the biomedical world it has been proposed that authors be replaced by lists of contributors ( the radical model), whose specific inputs to a given study would be recorded unambiguously. 4558 35_RESULT UT=000088918500004 374.886 47 2930 The empirical bases are SCI data as presented by Nakamoto and various files of reference data collected by the author. 4379 35_RESULT UT=000085495700007 349.633 43 2927 Data consisted of more than 750 articles published in the journal Forest Science during the 10-year period 1985-1994. 4416 35_RESULT UT=000090059500003 141.753 38 2876 rate of citation, citedness of papers. 4425 35_RESULT UT=000172846700008 210.798 33 2667 Results are discussed against the background of the possible use of weighting! 4625 35_RESULT UT=000169631200007 154.349 31 2619 The analysis in this paper reveals that this is generally not the case. 4681 35_RESULT UT=000169392900004 381.913 34 2374 Also the algorithm was not successful in the case of general web graphs and new ranking web algorithms have to be considered. 4433 35_RESULT UT=000170653400012 332.566 36 2366 They can also be used for mapping an author 's subject matter ( in terms of descriptors, identifiers, and natural language) and studying his or her publishing career. 4624 35_RESULT UT=000169631200007 277.524 32 2016 Are the relations between the sub-fields of STS maintained by individual researchers or research institutes, and to what extent? 4697 35_RESULT UT=000080962700007 333.128 31 1892 It is observed that the organic chemistry research performed in India during the later period ( 80s) has improved slightly as compared to the previous period ( 70s). 4731 35_RESULT UT=000167187000004 482.246 32 1738 The scenarios explore three activities: 'social browsing ', 'social formatting ' and 'social filtering ', that are examples of social intelligence activities in the world of the virtual. 4491 35_RESULT UT=000167098100002 348.398 24 1676 Identities distill aspects of citers ' intellectual lives, such as orienting figures, interdisciplinary interests, bidisciplinary careers, and conduct in controversies. 4395 35_RESULT UT=000167008800005 445.731 34 1604 Part II focuses on current methods in automatic indexing, its gradual adoption by major indexing and abstracting services, and ways for allocating human and machine approaches. 4412 35_RESULT UT=000088865500004 358.905 29 1593 The relation of this correction procedure with the calculation of impact measures is explained, More interestingly, we have shown how the influence of growth on aging can be studied over a complete period as a whole. 4537 35_RESULT UT=000078411700003 244.024 21 1573 We concluded that the method provides a detailed and useful picture of the position of the institute from an international perspective. 4387 35_RESULT UT=000172450000009 205.413 19 1517 The European system can also be decomposed in terms of the contributions of member states. 4702 35_RESULT UT=000090059500006 242.9 25 1456 The results clearly show that US academic chemical engineers are far more interdisciplinary in their output than their UK counterparts. 4402 35_RESULT UT=000088171500001 178.167 21 1431 The vast majority of the hyperlinks were attributed to more than one motivation by the authors. 4663 35_RESULT UT=000170653400011 282.908 26 1425 Survey data on searching and handling behaviors for an aggregated sample of 180 cited references are correlated with core-periphery zones of the individual maps. 4473 35_RESULT UT=000248059900004 116.348 16 1398 We show that the more one cites oneself the more one is cited by other scholars. 4500 35_RESULT UT=000167187200005 173.646 21 1365 These are already well advanced for informal communication and are beginning to appear for formal communication. 4572 35_RESULT UT=000088919200004 148.794 17 1315 The research focuses upon the discussion threads of mailing lists. 4501 35_RESULT UT=000167187200005 242.236 23 1275 Differences have been found between economists and sociologists, with the former more active in their use of electronic facilities. 4479 35_RESULT UT=000168598000006 303.31 22 1258 Furthermore, although eminent scholars are likely to be cited on the basis of their reputation, the effect of reputation appears to be small in demography. 4634 35_RESULT UT=000075877700003 216.006 23 1251 Second, there could be systemic biases which affect the aggregate results, and one of these, the " Pied Piper Effect ", is described in detail. 4453 35_RESULT UT=000206467500007 132.239 10 1139 edu domain, representing American Universities. 4668 35_RESULT UT=000080081100015 141.002 17 1119 So far, such a theory has not yet been accepted by the experts in the field. 4388 35_RESULT UT=000172450000009 209.94 15 1036 Whereas a European vocabulary can be made visible at the global level, this communality disappears by this decomposition. 4396 35_RESULT UT=000167008800005 255.732 21 1020 Overall, we conclude that both approaches to indexing have been found to be effective by researchers and searchers, each with particular advantages and disadvantages. 4703 35_RESULT UT=000090059500006 214.079 16 816 The technique has a number of potential applications, including tracking changes in a discipline over time. 4461 35_RESULT UT=000167170600007 145.269 11 752 Because of this, the strength of such navigation tools becomes obvious. 4669 35_RESULT UT=000080081100015 70.2314 9 575 This paper suggests an explanation for this. 4566 35_RESULT UT=000165654300003 85.324 7 568 Then we can find the fundamental themes on the maps. 4646 35_RESULT UT=000089449100011 206.207 13 536 These findings are in agreement with earlier empirical findings concerning the clustering of scientific literature. 4408 35_RESULT UT=000181362300005 203.15 16 470 The rankings indicate a pluralistic picture and only a moderate degree of consensus among researchers. 4439 35_RESULT UT=000080962700008 200.167 15 461 It is possible to make valid inferences about individual cases, although considerable caution should be used. 4516 35_RESULT UT=000087756900002 155.709 10 385 They do, however, perceive several significant difficulties in the near future. 4577 35_RESULT UT=000088918500008 170.173 10 257 The merit of the application is discussed, and the outline of the proof of a related theorem is suggested in the appendix. 4644 35_RESULT UT=000089449100011 92.4722 5 80 Such a distribution implies that there is no preference of size or scale. 4645 35_RESULT UT=000089449100011 71.6389 4 65 Often this phenomenon is regarded as a fingerprint of self-organisation. 4855 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250198400006 457.739 90 5983 We also define a number of other networks, internal cumulative-turnout networks, external cumulative-turnout networks, underlying networks, internal underlying networks and external underlying networks. 4803 36_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100009 442.135 61 3011 We conclude that the Web provides access to a new and different type of citation information, one that may therefore enable us to measure different aspects of research, and the research process in particular; but to obtain good information, the different types should be separated. 4893 36_CONCLUSION UT=000245453300010 337.067 60 2733 A case study of South African journals reveals the existence of several journals that are not processed for these international databases but nonetheless show a distinctive citation impact on international research communities. 4866 36_CONCLUSION UT=000248059900007 231.579 47 2440 The results of the study can be extended to selfcitation networks of groups of authors and, generally also for other types of networks. 4882 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 282.364 53 2375 In the " citing " environment, the equivalents of this measure can be considered as a citation activity index which maps how the relevant journal environment is perceived by the collective of authors of a given journal. 4776 36_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 202.036 52 2326 Since these form only a small proportion of the Web citations, however, Web citation counts should first be processed to remove irrelevant citations. 4889 36_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600006 265.309 49 2241 Maps showing interdisciplinarilty of journals in terms of betweenness centrality can be drawn using information about journal citation environments, which is available online. 4784 36_CONCLUSION UT=000232045000003 327.235 41 1829 Two examples are presented and successfully modeled: a collection of 131 articles on MEMS RF ( microelectromechnical systems radio frequency) switches, and a collection of 901 articles on the subject of complex networks. 4853 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250198400006 228.117 37 1731 Cumulative-turnout networks are all authors, institutions or countries contributing to the publications of an author, an institute or a country. 4907 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500011 252.046 37 1555 Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic. 4740 36_CONCLUSION UT=000247078400003 231.234 36 1485 However, reception is dependent upon length of article: the longer the article, the more total citation counts increase with the number of articles. 4874 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100010 214.57 36 1388 The study does provide evidence that ArXiv accelerates citation due to the fact that ArXiv makes papers available earlier rather than makes them freely available. 4911 36_CONCLUSION UT=000243471400004 226.008 32 1265 More than half of the non-indexed Spanish journals has a higher 2002 HIF than that of the SCI-JCR-indexed journal with the lowest IF in the same subject category. 4856 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250198400006 153.471 28 1251 The networks open new opportunities for quantitative studies of scientific cooperation. 4765 36_CONCLUSION UT=000181238300011 250.82 31 1223 The article concludes with a list of recommendations on how to improve the quality of grant-publication maps and a discussion of research challenges for indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research. 4924 36_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300007 133.284 28 1075 This simplifies considerably citation analysis when the author publication lists are not available. 4873 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100010 237.069 28 981 Correcting for these effects, there is in a sample of six condensed matter physics journals studied in detail no sign of a general " open access advantage " of papers deposited in ArXiv. 4794 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300006 137.859 21 973 Contrary to expectations, the size of collaboration networks is negatively related to hyperlink counts. 4795 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300006 321.077 27 677 Some of the relationships between hyperlinks to homepages and the properties of their owners can be explained by the content that the homepage owners put on their homepage and their level of Internet use; however, the findings about productivity and collaborations do not seem to have a simple, intuitive explanation. 4883 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246379200004 153.535 20 663 As a policy application, the mechanism of interdisciplinary developments among the sciences is elaborated for the case of nanotechnology journals. 4808 36_CONCLUSION UT=000167284400001 178.305 21 612 The web thus affords bibliometricians rich opportunities to apply and adapt their techniques to new contexts and content: the age of 'bibliometric spectroscopy ' [ 2] is dawning. 4741 36_CONCLUSION UT=000247078400003 139.678 19 533 Thus, it pays for scientists to practice multiple publication of study results in the form of sizable reports. 4854 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250198400006 164.301 19 466 The analysis leads to an interpretation of the results of score functions and to the definition of new indicators for scientific cooperation. 4796 36_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300006 119.532 16 447 Overall, the results emphasize the complexity of the phenomenon of Web linking, when analyzed at the level of individual pages. 4861 36_CONCLUSION UT=000081614600003 179.972 18 445 The approach used here is inherently individualistic, with the aim of investigating the relationship between citing and cited works in the sense of contextual, knowledge-based justification for an author 's arguments or propositions. 4819 36_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300010 162.727 15 291 The value of impact profiles lies in their role as an interpretive aid for non-specialists, not as a technical transformation of the data for scientometricians. 4748 36_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100015 210.638 17 282 The WoS data took about 100 hours of collecting and processing time, Scopus consumed 200 hours, and GS a grueling3,000 hours. 4832 36_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600003 112.637 12 221 The paper also presents methods to determine the rates c and g from practical data and examples are given. 4759 36_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600009 83.7512 15 219 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 4833 36_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600003 83.7512 15 219 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 4918 36_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600011 135.786 11 219 We also investigate the amount and nature of international participation in Joint Conference on Digital Libraries ( JCDL). 4919 36_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600011 83.7512 15 219 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 4778 36_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 77.2306 13 187 ( C) 2007 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 4901 36_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000002 140.419 11 129 He was involved in key reports on citation-based historiography, forecasting Nobel prizes, and served as a referee for JASIS over a 20-year period. 4825 36_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400008 67.4543 7 123 No correlation between group size and productivity was found. 4900 36_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000002 99.5958 8 97 ( R) Sher was also the inventor of the SYSTABAR System of coding references and Sherhand. 4818 36_CONCLUSION UT=000248080300010 76.7211 7 92 This demonstrates an application of the methodology by identifying where the institute 's exceptional performance is located. 4753 36_CONCLUSION UT=000247578600016 72.3801 6 83 We also introduce corrections and complements as well as single-number alternatives to the h index. 4777 36_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 31.5567 3 67 This can be a time-consuming process unless automated. 4839 36_CONCLUSION UT=000234603700007 40.8235 3 9 Three options for bibliometric monitoring are discussed. 4885 36_METHOD UT=000247578600006 751.895 193 20832 These measures are first analyzed for the entire set of7,379 journals included in the Journal Citation Reports of the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index 2004 ( Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA), and then also in relation to local citation environments that can be considered as proxies of specialties and disciplines. 4904 36_METHOD UT=000246678500011 572.524 151 16756 Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/ URL citations, indicating that the Web/ URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. 4903 36_METHOD UT=000246678500011 536.74 110 12133 For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific ( formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/ URL citations. 4744 36_METHOD UT=000250741100015 596.867 118 11897 Using citations to the work of 25 library and information science ( LIS) faculty members as a case study, the authors examine the effects of using Scopus and Google Scholar ( GS) on the citation counts and rankings of scholars as measured by WoS. 4772 36_METHOD UT=000251813600004 447.651 116 10511 About 19 % of the Web citations represented formal impact equivalent to journal citations, and 11 % were more informal indicators of impact. 4735 36_METHOD UT=000247078400003 552.419 113 9748 In the present study, we investigate the influence of number of articles reporting the results of a single study on reception in the scientific community ( total citation counts of an article on a single study). 4821 36_METHOD UT=000088919400008 612.686 109 9357 By an author-gated retrieval from ISI 's database National Science Indicators on Diskette ( NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992-1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by3,486 authors, were obtained. 4770 36_METHOD UT=000251813600004 373.872 99 9201 The authors analyzed 1530 citations from Google ( TM) to 492 research articles from 44 open access social science journals. 4822 36_METHOD UT=000088919400008 707.972 104 8372 Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/ one article to 180 authors/ 83 articles ( all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). 4891 36_METHOD UT=000245453300010 461.373 92 7802 More specifically, that of research outputs of Africa-based authors published in the scientific literature during the years 1980-2004, either within the international journals representing 'mainstream ' science, or within national and regional journals reflecting 'indigenous science '. 4799 36_METHOD UT=000249135100009 341.359 78 6909 We sought evidence based upon a sample of1,577 Web citations of the URLs or titles of research articles in 64 open-access journals from biology, physics, chemistry, and computing. 4756 36_METHOD UT=000231332600009 521.552 82 6774 Results indicate that, although social network metrics and ISI IF rankings deviate moderately for citation-based journal networks, they differ considerably for journal networks derived from download data. 4886 36_METHOD UT=000247578600006 394.133 67 6454 Betweenness centrality is shown to be an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of journals, but only in local citation environments and after normalization; otherwise, the influence of degree centrality ( size) overshadows the betweenness-centrality measure. 4835 36_METHOD UT=000234603700007 276.951 61 5645 Main differences in publication and citation behavior between the ( basic) sciences and the social sciences and humanities are outlined. 4805 36_METHOD UT=000167284400001 246.441 56 5360 Science Citation Index has since established itself as the gold standard for scientific information retrieval. 4828 36_METHOD UT=000231332600003 451.243 66 5111 General properties of such Lorenz curves are studied and special results are obtained in case the citation age curve and publication growth curve are exponential functions. 4813 36_METHOD UT=000248080300010 455.539 76 4903 Time-categorised impact profiles are used to test hypotheses about changing impact and confirm that the increase in average UK impact is due to real improvement rather than a reduction in low impact outputs. 4751 36_METHOD UT=000247578600016 616.67 65 4865 The claim that the h index in a single number provides a good representation of the scientific lifetime achievement of a scientist as well as the ( supposed) simple calculation of the h index using common literature databases lead to the danger of improper use of the index. 4870 36_METHOD UT=000250741100010 348.253 55 4665 To discriminate between an " open access " effect and an early view effect, longitudinal citation data were analyzed covering a time period as long as 7 years. 4858 36_METHOD UT=000081614600003 282.805 54 4583 The present study employs citation analysis to investigate knowledge claims in the literature on the sociology of knowledge. 4915 36_METHOD UT=000231332600011 489.046 68 4573 We also introduce a weighted directional network model to represent the co-authorship network, for which we define AuthorRank as an indicator of the impact of an individual author in the network. 4848 36_METHOD UT=000250198400006 494.355 64 4179 Therefore, the result is the characterization of 19 counting methods, five complete counting methods, five complete-normalized counting methods, two whole counting methods, two whole-normalized counting methods, and five straight counting methods. 4859 36_METHOD UT=000081614600003 204.212 47 4146 The purpose of this project is to determine if there are epistemic foundations for authors ' citation of previous work. 4922 36_METHOD UT=000248080300007 248.338 54 3942 Articles with a given author name are then clustered according to their distance, so that all articles in a cluster belong very likely to the same author. 4909 36_METHOD UT=000243471400004 355.436 52 3726 A further goal of the study is to identify the subject categories of the SCI-JCR with the largest increase in their IF, and to estimate the 2002 hypothetical impact factor ( 2002 HIF) of these 83 non-indexed Spanish journals. 4879 36_METHOD UT=000246379200004 156.292 35 3314 The user is thus able to analyze the citation environment in terms of links and graphs. 4755 36_METHOD UT=000231332600009 152.19 38 3245 The resulting journal impact rankings were compared to the ISI IF. 4914 36_METHOD UT=000231332600011 463.649 52 3183 We base our analysis on a common binary undirectional network model to represent the co-authorship network, and from it we extract several established network measures. 4806 36_METHOD UT=000167284400001 133.384 33 3167 It has also become the database of choice for citation analysts and evaluative bibliometricians worldwide. 4812 36_METHOD UT=000248080300010 329.573 47 2875 Only one-third of UK output for 1995-2004 is above world average impact although the UK 's average world-normalised impact is1.24. 4800 36_METHOD UT=000249135100009 400.678 45 2756 Only 25 % represented intellectual impact, from references of Web documents ( 23 %) and other informal scholarly sources ( 2 %). 4863 36_METHOD UT=000248059900007 358.197 45 2718 Contrary to much previous literature on self-citations, we will show that author 's self-citation patterns reveal important information on the development and emergence of new research topics over time. 4736 36_METHOD UT=000247078400003 322.32 44 2573 Our data set consists of 96 applicants for a research fellowship from the Boehringer Ingelheirn Fonds ( BIF), an international foundation for the promotion of basic research in biomedicine. 4847 36_METHOD UT=000250198400006 344.658 44 2546 However, in a number of cases different combinations of basic units of analysis, objects of study and score functions give identical results. 4788 36_METHOD UT=000246379300006 400.662 42 2371 Data concerning 456 scientists from five scientific disciplines in six European countries were analyzed, showing that both homepage content and personal and institutional characteristics of the homepage owners had significant relationships with inlink counts. 4845 36_METHOD UT=000250198400006 411.54 45 2288 The analysis depends on definitions of basic units for analysis ( three chosen for examination), objects of study ( three chosen for examination) and score functions ( five chosen for examination). 4737 36_METHOD UT=000247078400003 162.067 31 2018 The applicants reported to us all articles that they had published within the framework of their doctoral research projects. 4829 36_METHOD UT=000231332600003 336.584 35 1817 If g is the growth rate and c is the aging rate we show that 9 deter-mines the impact Lorenz curve and also we show that any two situations give rise to two non-intersecting ( except in ( 0, 0) and ( 1, 1)) Lorenz curves. 4814 36_METHOD UT=000248080300010 190.442 28 1736 The impact profile methodology has been applied across disciplines as well as years and is shown to work well in all subject categories. 4869 36_METHOD UT=000250741100010 161.595 25 1723 It presents estimates for a number of journals in the field of condensed matter physics. 4789 36_METHOD UT=000246379300006 203.322 28 1544 A multivariate statistical analysis confirmed that full-text articles are the most linked-to content in homepages. 4844 36_METHOD UT=000250198400006 187.057 23 1419 Counting methods for publications are defined and analysed with the use of set and measure theory. 4750 36_METHOD UT=000247578600016 161.575 20 1393 The new index has attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. 4771 36_METHOD UT=000251813600004 149.797 23 1352 The articles were published in 2001 in the fields of education, psychology, sociology, and economics. 4769 36_METHOD UT=000251813600004 89.7038 19 1315 This article investigates whether the Web can help to fill this gap. 4781 36_METHOD UT=000232045000003 291.157 25 1228 Two modifications are made: ( a) references are cited in groups by paper, and ( b) the model accounts for the generation of highly cited exemplar references immediately after the birth of the specialty. 4780 36_METHOD UT=000232045000003 361.357 28 903 The proposed model, Cumulative Advantage by Paper with Exemplars ( CAPE) is an adaptation of Price 's cumulative advantage model (D. Price, 1976). 4846 36_METHOD UT=000250198400006 137.405 17 870 The score functions define five classes of counting methods. 4836 36_METHOD UT=000234603700007 105.397 15 825 Limitations of the (S)SCI and A&HCI for monitoring research performance are considered. 4761 36_METHOD UT=000181238300011 137.416 16 585 For the first time, grant and publication data appear interlinked in one map. 4921 36_METHOD UT=000248080300007 169.401 16 432 It is based on a distance between any two publications, defined in terms of the probability that they would have as many coincidences if they were drawn at random from all published documents. 4864 36_METHOD UT=000248059900007 95.1276 10 349 More specifically, we will discuss self-citations as a means to detect scientists ' field mobility. 4790 36_METHOD UT=000246379300006 152.966 12 330 At the individual homepage level, hyperlinks are related to several offline characteristics. 4762 36_METHOD UT=000181238300011 109.754 8 213 We start with an overview of related work and a discussion of available techniques. 4745 36_METHOD UT=000250741100015 43.2483 4 69 Overall, more than10,000 citing and purportedly citing documents were examined. 4878 36_METHOD UT=000246379200004 116.384 7 49 net/ jcr04 as input files for the visualization program Pajek. 4896 36_METHOD UT=000172450000002 66.5052 4 16 His talents as a teacher and mentor evoked loyalty. 4897 36_METHOD UT=000172450000002 49.8789 3 9 He was a particularly inventive but self-taught programmer. 4877 36_METHOD UT=000246379200004 16.6263 1 1 leydesdorff. 4875 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 453.954 248 35539 Aggregated journal-journal citation networks based on the Journal Citation Reports 2004 of the Science Citation Index (5,968 journals) and the Social Science Citation Index (1,712 journals) are made accessible from the perspective of any of these journals. 4902 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500011 1008.4 212 32436 We use a new data gathering method, " Web/ URL citation, " Web/ URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines ( biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of1,650 articles from 108 open access ( OA) journals published in2001. A Web/ URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. 4827 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600003 807.507 191 25591 Using publication scores ( in function of time) as the weights and citation scores ( in function of time) as the dependent variables, we can construct an " impact Lorenz curve " in which one can read the value of any fractional impact factor,i.e. an impact factor measured at the time that a certain fraction of the citations is obtained or measured at the time a certain fraction of the publications is obtained. 4908 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000243471400004 404.96 149 20538 The purpose of this study is to analyze the hypothetical changes in the 2002 impact factor ( IF) of the biomedical journals included in the Science Citation Index-Journal Citation Reports ( SCI-JCR) by also taking into account cites coming from 83 non-indexed Spanish journals on different medical specialties. 4742 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100015 375.334 141 18198 The Institute for Scientific Information 's ( ISI, now Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, PA) citation databases have been used for decades as a starting point and often as the only tools for locating citations and/ or conducting citation analyses. 4868 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100010 371.525 141 17499 Its principal aim is to further illustrate and roughly estimate the effect of two factors, " early view " and " quality bias, " on differences in citation impact between these two sets of papers, using citation data from Thomson Scientific 's Web of Science. 4754 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600009 397.522 128 16994 We generated networks of journal relationships from citation and download data, and determined journal impact rankings from these networks using a set of social network centrality metrics. 4867 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100010 408.936 128 16846 This article statistically analyzes how the citation impact of articles deposited in the Condensed Matter section of the preprint server ArXiv ( hosted by Cornell University), and subsequently published in a scientific journal, compares to that of articles in the same journal that were not deposited in the archive. 4884 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600006 376.716 120 15004 In addition to science citation indicators of journals like impact and immediacy, social network analysis provides a set of centrality measures like degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. 4766 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 292.778 108 13063 For a long time, Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) journal citations have been widely used for research performance monitoring of the sciences. 4797 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 200.955 101 12629 Although the analysis of citations in the scholarly literature is now an established and relatively well understood part of information science, not enough is known about citations that can be found on the Web. 4804 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000167284400001 204.09 91 11840 The idea of a unified citation index to the literature of science was first outlined by Eugene Garfield [ I] in 1955 in the journal Science. 4760 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000181238300011 224.46 96 10039 This article reports research on analyzing and visualizing the impact of governmental funding on the amount and citation counts of research publications. 4786 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300006 333.492 92 10037 The relationship between this Web impact and other, offline impact indicators has been explored for entire universities, departments, countries, and scientific journals, but not yet for individual scientists-an important omission. 4767 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 241.965 76 9231 For the social sciences, however, the Social Sciences Citation Index ( R) ( SSCI ( R)) can sometimes be insufficient. 4834 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000234603700007 193.448 84 9173 This paper addresses research performance monitoring of the social sciences and the humanities using citation analysis. 4894 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000002 340.467 79 8937 Over a 35-year period, IrvingH. Sher played a critical role in the development and implementation of the Science Citation Index ( R) and other ISI ( R) products. 4743 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100015 230.05 75 8723 The ISI databases ( or Web of Science ( WoS]), however, may no longer be sufficient because new databases and tools that allow citation searching are now available. 4811 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300010 249.368 69 6747 The impact profile for the UK as a whole reveals the extent to which the median and modal UK impact values differ from and are significantly below average impact. 4820 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400008 287.567 71 5868 To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. 4787 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300006 254.208 62 5591 The present research closes this gap by investigating factors that may influence the Web impact (i.e., inlink counts) of scientists ' personal homepages. 4912 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600011 494.309 67 5357 The field of digital libraries ( DLs) coalesced in 1994: the first digital library conferences were held that year, awareness of the World Wide Web was accelerating, and the National Science Foundation awarded $24 Million ( US) for the Digital Library Initiative ( DLI). 4857 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000081614600003 139.502 43 5297 Citation analysis is frequently used as a means of examining the formal communication practices in a number of disciplines. 4913 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600011 444.433 61 5247 In this paper we examine the state of the DL domain after a decade of activity by applying social network analysis to the co-authorship network of the past ACM, IEEE, and joint ACM/ IEEE digital library conferences. 4733 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000247078400003 339.957 68 5000 Scientists may seek to report a single definable body of research in more than one publication, that is, in repeated reports of the same work or in fractional reports, in order to disseminate their research as widely as possible in the scientific community. 4785 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300006 247.178 57 4654 In recent years, a considerable body of Webometric research has used hyperlinks to generate indicators for the impact of Web documents and the organizations that cre- ated them. 4779 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000232045000003 187.498 45 4644 A model is presented of the manifestation of the birth and development of a scientific specialty in a collection of journal papers. 4862 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000248059900007 264.801 41 3295 This paper introduces a new approach to detecting scientists ' field mobility by focusing on an author 's self-citation network, and the co-authorships and keywords in self-citing articles. 4810 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300010 181.359 34 2925 The advantages of such profiles as a management tool to supplement the reporting power of traditional average impact metrics are discussed. 4842 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400006 334.806 46 2796 There is a lack of knowledge and agreement about the sort of information provided by the various methods, about the theoretical and technical limitations for the different methods and about the size of the differences obtained by using various methods. 4890 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000245453300010 137.453 31 2712 This paper examines general characteristics of African science from a quantitative 'scientometric ' perspective. 4841 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400006 120.53 31 2509 In many scientific publications, no information at all is given about the counting methods used. 4798 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 150.687 34 2353 In particular, are there new Web types, and if so, are these trivial or potentially useful for studying or evaluating research communication? 4895 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000002 263.704 37 2214 Trained as a biochemist, statistician, and linguist, Sher brought a unique combination of talents to ISI as Director of Quality Control and Director of Research and Development. 4749 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000247578600016 180.067 32 2205 Jorge Hirsch ( 2005a, 2005b) recently proposed the h index to quantify the research output of individual scientists. 4809 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300010 75.3197 23 2074 A methodology for creating bibliometric impact profiles is described. 4920 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000248080300007 144.96 24 1927 I describe a method to separate the articles of different authors with the same name. 4734 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000247078400003 127.795 28 1919 Up to now, however, it has not been examined whether this strategy of " multiple publication " in fact leads to greater reception of the research. 4768 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 192.723 25 1562 Broader types of publications (e.g., books and non-ISI jounals) and informal scholarly indicators may also be needed. 4840 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400006 155.399 25 1500 The literature on publication counting demonstrates the use of various terminologies and methods. 4826 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600003 213.986 24 1343 This paper introduces weighted Lorenz curves of a continuous variable, extending the discrete theory as well as the non-weighted continuous model. 4876 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379200004 110.827 10 351 A vector-space model is used for normalization, and the results are brought online at http: / /www. 4843 36_OBJECTIVE UT=000250198400006 75.4124 6 55 The need for precise definitions and terminology has been expressed repeatedly but with no success. 4880 36_RESULT UT=000246379200004 402.954 151 13257 Furthermore, the local impact of a journal is defined as its share of the total citations in the specific journal 's citation environments; the vertical size of the nodes is varied proportionally to this citation impact. 4898 36_RESULT UT=000172450000002 782.063 130 13231 In addition to the SCI, ( R) Social Sciences Citation Index, ( R) and Arts and Humanities Citation Index, ( R) Sher was involved with the development of the first commercial SDI system, the Automatic Subject Citation Alert, now called Research Alert, ( R) and Request-A-Print Cards. 4892 36_RESULT UT=000245453300010 536.197 122 11314 As for the international journals, the findings derived from Thomson Scientific 's Citation Indexes show that while Africa 's share in worldwide science has steadily declined, the share of international co-publications has increased very significantly, whereas low levels of international citation impact persist. 4905 36_RESULT UT=000246678500011 560.952 124 10839 Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. 4739 36_RESULT UT=000247078400003 512.098 94 7173 The results of a regression model with an interaction term show that the practice of multiple publication of research study results does in fact lead to greater reception of the research ( higher total citation counts) in the scientific community. 4838 36_RESULT UT=000234603700007 314.974 83 6987 A broader range of both publications ( including non-ISI journals and monographs) and citation indicators ( including non-ISI reference citation values) is needed. 4899 36_RESULT UT=000172450000002 182.017 74 6088 Together we developed the journal impact factor and the Journal Citation Reports. 4774 36_RESULT UT=000251813600004 356.746 78 5754 Although the proportions of formal and informal online impact were similar in sociology, psychology, and education, economics showed six times more formal impact than informal impact. 4823 36_RESULT UT=000088919400008 659.44 83 5648 Most of Norwegian microbiological research ( 73 % of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups ( with greater than or equal to 70 % of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile ( who were responsible for 95 % of the non-microbiological articles). 4871 36_RESULT UT=000250741100010 264.244 70 5542 Quality bias was measured by calculating ArXiv citation impact differentials at the level of individual authors publishing in a journal, taking into account coauthorship. 4758 36_RESULT UT=000231332600009 325.259 78 5516 These results furthermore raise questions regarding the validity of the ISI IF as the sole assessment of journal impact, and suggest the possibility of devising impact metrics based on usage information in general. 4807 36_RESULT UT=000167284400001 457.307 73 5216 As scientific publication moves to the web, and novel approaches to scholarly communication and peer review establish themselves, new methods of citation and link analysis will emerge to capture often liminal expressions of peer esteem, influence and approbation. 4775 36_RESULT UT=000251813600004 301.226 66 5183 The results suggest that new types of citation information and informal scholarly indictors could be extracted from the Web for the social sciences. 4860 36_RESULT UT=000081614600003 220.285 65 5083 A total of 70 journal articles are examined and the citations in those articles are classified according to the epistemic uses of the cited work. 4782 36_RESULT UT=000232045000003 1002.7 71 4802 This simple growth process mimics many characteristic features of real collections of papers, including the structure of the paper-to-reference matrix, the reference-per-paper distribution, the paper-per-reference distribution, the bibliographic coupling distribution, the cocitation distribution, the bibliographic coupling clustering coefficient distribution, and the temporal distribution of exemplar references. 4773 36_RESULT UT=000251813600004 187.671 61 4740 The average was about 3 formal and 2 informal impact citations per article. 4802 36_RESULT UT=000249135100009 362.464 64 4637 Additional analyses revealed significant disciplinary differences in the types of Google unique Web/ URL citations as well as some characteristics of scientific open-access publishing on the Web. 4910 36_RESULT UT=000243471400004 313.162 56 4163 It is demonstrated that the inclusion of cites from a selection of non SCI-JCR-indexed Spanish medical journals in the SCI-JCR-indexed journals produces a slight increase in their 2002 IF, specially in journals edited in the USA and in the UK. 4830 36_RESULT UT=000231332600003 328.262 63 4097 This means that, for two situations, if one fractional impact factor is larger than the other one, the same is true for all the other fractional impact factors. 4906 36_RESULT UT=000246678500011 222.65 46 3716 We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. 4763 36_RESULT UT=000181238300011 416.116 53 3695 A concrete example- grant and publication data from Behavioral and Social Science Research, one of four extramural research programs at the National Institute on Aging (NIA)-is analyzed and visualized using the VxInsight(R) visualization tool. 4801 36_RESULT UT=000249135100009 268.321 46 3571 Many of the Web/ URL citations were created for general or subject-specific navigation ( 45 %) or for self-publicity ( 22 %). 4757 36_RESULT UT=000231332600009 185.141 50 3563 We believe the results represent a unique aspect of general journal impact that is not captured by the ISI IF. 4837 36_RESULT UT=000234603700007 268.142 46 3254 For research performance monitoring in many social sciences and humanities, the methods used in science need to be extended. 4746 36_RESULT UT=000250741100015 358.524 47 3184 Results show that Scopus significantly alters the relative ranking of those scholars that appear in the middle of the rankings and that GS stands out in its coverage of conference proceedings as well as international, non-English language journals. 4887 36_RESULT UT=000247578600006 158.764 34 2702 The indicator is applied to a variety of citation environments, including policy-relevant ones like biotechnology and nanotechnology. 4747 36_RESULT UT=000250741100015 229.678 37 2354 The use of Scopus and GS, in addition to WoS, helps reveal a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the scholarly impact of authors. 4817 36_RESULT UT=000248080300010 244.031 36 2169 Finally, the methodology is applied to a specific data-set to compare the impact profile of the elite Laboratory of Molecular Biology ( Cambridge) with the relevant UK average. 4850 36_RESULT UT=000250198400006 371.015 47 2076 Therefore, some classes of counting methods, including the classes of complete, complete-normalized and straight counting methods, are additive, others, including the classes of whole and whole-normalized counting methods, are non-additive. 4852 36_RESULT UT=000250198400006 363.555 44 1975 In this analysis we introduce a new kind of objects of study, the class of cumulative-turnout networks for objects of study, containing full information on cooperation. 4824 36_RESULT UT=000088919400008 260.569 36 1861 The productivity ( articles per capita) showed only moderate ( Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about0.1 article per author per year. 4816 36_RESULT UT=000248080300010 136.28 30 1829 The value of calculating the profile median and mode as well as the average impact are demonstrated. 4831 36_RESULT UT=000231332600003 136.377 28 1764 We show, by counterexample that this is not so for " classical " impact factors, where one goes back to fixed time periods. 4849 36_RESULT UT=000250198400006 319.178 36 1539 When scores for objects of study are added, the value obtained can be identical with or higher than the score for the union of the objects of study. 4851 36_RESULT UT=000250198400006 290.635 38 1537 An analysis of the differences between scores obtained by different score functions and therefore the differences obtained by different counting methods is presented. 4791 36_RESULT UT=000246379300006 221.795 28 1401 Notable differences regarding total inlinks to scientists ' homepages exist between the scientific disciplines and the countries in the sample. 4783 36_RESULT UT=000232045000003 194.226 25 1360 The model yields a great deal of insight into the process that produces the connectedness and clustering of a collection of articles and references. 4752 36_RESULT UT=000247578600016 204.785 23 1345 We describe the advantages and disadvantages of the h index and summarize the studies on the convergent validity of this index. 4793 36_RESULT UT=000246379300006 251.827 27 1231 There is only a weak relationship between a scientist 's recognition and homepage inlinks and, surprisingly, no relationship between research productivity and inlink counts. 4792 36_RESULT UT=000246379300006 304.572 29 1069 There also are both gender and age effects: fewer external inlinks (i.e., links from other Web domains) to the homepages of female and of older scientists. 4764 36_RESULT UT=000181238300011 225.37 28 1060 The analysis also illustrates current existing problems related to the quality and existence of data, data analysis, and processing. 4916 36_RESULT UT=000231332600011 150.469 20 918 The results are validated against conference program committee members in the same period. 4917 36_RESULT UT=000231332600011 179.497 19 740 The results show clear advantages of PageRank and AuthorRank over degree, closeness and betweenness centrality metrics. 4888 36_RESULT UT=000247578600006 170.777 18 714 The values of the indicator remain sensitive to the delineations of the set because of the indicator 's local character. 4881 36_RESULT UT=000246379200004 151.923 15 693 The horizontal size of each node can be used to provide the same information after correction for within-journal (self-)citations. 4738 36_RESULT UT=000247078400003 115.176 15 668 On this single project, the applicants had published from 1 to 16 articles ( M = 4; Mdn = 3). 4923 36_RESULT UT=000248080300007 103.652 15 648 The method has proven very useful in generating groups of papers that are then selected manually. 4872 36_RESULT UT=000250741100010 157.875 18 616 The analysis provided evidence of a strong quality bias and early view effect. 4865 36_RESULT UT=000248059900007 163.814 17 510 We introduce a network based definition of field mobility, using the Optimal Percolation Method ( Lambiotte & Ausloos, 2005; 2006). 4815 36_RESULT UT=000248080300010 75.076 7 226 It reveals substantial variations in performance between disciplines. 4929 37_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300004 5.76544 12 144 While a model that shares costs between authors and subscribers is viable, administration of two sets of fees would increase costs. 4939 37_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400006 3.36317 7 49 Suggestions are made for further research, especially regarding the anomalous role of creativity in cited works. 4931 37_METHOD UT=000166468700004 41.4446 16 256 Some of the observed sitation counts appear counter-intuitive and there is only a very limited correlation with peer evaluations of research performance, with many of the sitations being from pages that are far removed in subject matter from LIS. 4935 37_METHOD UT=000086651400006 33.6738 13 169 The instrument posed 32 questions about why a certain document was cited, plus questions about the citer 's relationship to the cited author and document. 4926 37_METHOD UT=000181362300004 25.9029 10 100 Three models were developed and simulations were used to monitor the effect of variations in the values of key model elements. 4936 37_METHOD UT=000086651400006 25.9029 10 100 Most findings were similar to the psychology study, including a tendency to cite " concept markers " representing a genre of work. 4927 37_METHOD UT=000181362300004 18.132 7 49 The results suggest that scholarly journals can be produced and distributed for a modest fee as long as there are at least 500 subscribers. 4930 37_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700004 21.1399 11 121 This paper describes a webometric analysis of the linkages ( or 'sitations ') to websites associated with departments of librarianship and information science ( LIS). 4934 37_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 21.1399 11 121 Replicating an investigation in psychology, the works of two highly-cited authors in the discipline of communication were identified, and all of the authors who cited them during the period 1995-1997 were surveyed. 4925 37_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300004 17.2963 9 81 Economic aspects of digital journal production and delivery were explored using I think Analyst, a modelling software package. 4933 37_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 13.4527 7 49 Authors ' motivations for citing documents are addressed through a literature review and an empirical study. 4938 37_RESULT UT=000086651400006 48.0453 28 763 Three types of judgments about cited works were found to best predict citation: ( 1) that the work was novel, well-known, and a concept-marker; ( 2) that citing it might promote the authority of one 's own work; and ( 3) that the work deserved criticism. 4932 37_RESULT UT=000166468700004 35.5535 20 408 Our conclusions are that sitation data are not well suited to the quantitative evaluation of the research status of LIS departments and that departments can best boost their web visibility by hosting as wide a range of types of material as possible. 4937 37_RESULT UT=000086651400006 25.9445 15 238 Authors in communication were more likely to have an interpersonal connection to cited authors, and to cite literature reviews-their most common reason for citation. 4928 37_RESULT UT=000181362300004 11.5309 6 36 Alternative models such as author-funded production are also viable. 4968 38_CONCLUSION UT=000077357500005 30.749 16 256 The principal limiting factor is that of time to find electronic journals: academics initially simply need time to come to terms with the new technology and to locate electronic resources. 4955 38_CONCLUSION UT=000074708100004 12.4918 8 61 The paper develops some of the key issues, together with discussion of the emerging MODELS Information Architecture. 4949 38_CONCLUSION UT=000078014800004 6.72634 5 28 It uses examples drawn from the serials environment to describe some of the issues. 4962 38_CONCLUSION UT=000074235900003 9.60906 5 25 ( C) 1998 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 4958 38_METHOD UT=000074235900003 100.251 23 502 Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to characterize textual statements generated by participants; this analysis produced forty-seven image attributes which were grouped conceptually into twelve higher level classes of attributes. 4941 38_METHOD UT=000079891500007 78.2113 20 361 This paper considers some of the major technical and organisational issues involved in virtual catalogue production, contrasting them with the traditional union catalogue approach exemplified by COPAC. 4943 38_METHOD UT=000078450400004 78.3326 19 340 Following a brief history of cataloguing and the MARC format this paper describes current challenges in developing suitable international formats and cataloguing rules for dealing with electronic resources. 4946 38_METHOD UT=000078014800004 34.7215 15 232 This paper outlines an approach based on the construction of broker services which mediate access to resources. 4959 38_METHOD UT=000074235900003 49.1115 14 223 The data suggest that access to a wide range of attributes is needed to address all facets of interest to those using pictorial images. 4951 38_METHOD UT=000074708100004 57.3676 13 172 However, the majority of local library management systems currently in use do not inter-operate, so re sources are fragmented and there is no unified access. 4947 38_METHOD UT=000078014800004 47.4744 11 129 It outlines a framework - the MODELS Information Architecture - for thinking about the components of broker services and their logical arrangement. 4952 38_METHOD UT=000074708100004 20.965 6 64 The situation is complicated by organisational and business issues. 4965 38_METHOD UT=000077357500005 21.0863 5 39 The perceived advantages and disadvantages of electronic publication are also examined. 4964 38_METHOD UT=000077357500005 21.2076 4 16 Consideration is given to both users and non-users, examining why they use or do not use this medium. 4957 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000074235900003 42.5561 17 283 This exploratory research investigated image attributes typically noted by participants in a series of describing tasks involving activities such as viewing images, describing them for a retrieval system, and describing them from memory. 4956 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000074235900003 34.9284 14 200 With the current rapid expansion in imaging technologies, access to collections of images is a subject of major interest. 4963 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000077357500005 34.5179 12 146 This study assesses attitudes towards electronic journals and examines the current level of use of these publications by university academics in five faculties. 4940 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000079891500007 35.3144 11 121 Z39.50 is often put forward as a means of providing a virtual union catalogue without the need for a physical union database. 4945 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000078014800004 27.3006 11 117 The management of autonomous, heterogeneous network resources and services provides new challenges which libraries are now addressing. 4950 38_OBJECTIVE UT=000074708100004 20.8798 9 85 Recommendations for increased resource sharing between libraries have been emerging from a range of sources in recent years. 4960 38_RESULT UT=000074235900003 118.572 32 1000 They further suggest that certain classes of attributes may appear more frequently in a set of tasks relating to the description of images, including literal objects, the human form and associated attributes, and color and location terms, More unexpectedly, terms describing the 'story ' within the image also appeared frequently in this research. 4967 38_RESULT UT=000077357500005 105.75 30 822 There are more users among academics in the Science and Engineering faculties than in the Arts or Business, while the results from the Law Department, where some staff are involved in an electronic journal project, indicate how influential the atmosphere within a department can be on the level of usage. 4961 38_RESULT UT=000074235900003 80.7014 28 796 The disjunction between these results and those attributes typically addressed in traditional image indexing systems suggest revisiting assumptions upon which image indexing and retrieval systems are being created. 4953 38_RESULT UT=000074708100004 81.6113 25 562 This was the basis for the fifth MODELS ( Moving to Distributed Environment for Library Services) workshop, which explored more effective management of access and resource sharing, and the development of a supporting systems framework. 4966 38_RESULT UT=000077357500005 60.0379 20 458 The results suggest that, although the actual number of academics using electronic journals at present may be low, academics are willing to try this new medium. 4942 38_RESULT UT=000079891500007 42.5403 12 167 A way of integrating these two models of the union catalogue is suggested, which would allow effective service provision in the immediate future. 4948 38_RESULT UT=000078014800004 22.3254 9 121 It describes several development projects and services which show how brokers are developing. 4954 38_RESULT UT=000074708100004 27.4565 9 113 The focus was on public library developments and cross-sectoral cooperation. 4944 38_RESULT UT=000078450400004 33.7946 7 49 Extensive references to the past and current literature provide an overview of the problems faced. 4975 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600001 218.425 47 1979 The major findings of the investigation are as follows: nanoscale research in South Africa is driven by individual researchers interests up to date and it is in its early stages of development; the country 's nanoscale research is below what would one expect in light of its overall publication output; the country 's nano-research is distributed to a number of Universities with subcritical concentration of researchers. 5035 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600006 162.915 34 1164 It came out that although the United States is still the leading power in the nanoscale research field, the EU is strongly catching up and due to intensive efforts in this directions by some Far East countries as China and Japan but also of India, Asia is nearing and in some cases even overtaking the big powers. 4988 39_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100003 120.135 22 481 After characterizing the citation linkage as indicators of reciprocal relationships between science and technology, patent citations in nano-science and technology are analyzed in terms of interfield and organizational knowledge-flows. 5041 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244692200003 107.713 20 468 With some minor variations in subject categories, countries favoured in international co-authorship reflect world shares in publishing and factors such as geographical proximity and political links. 4996 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600010 100.826 20 456 It focuses on a comparison between world regions, thereby concentrating on Europe and the European Union in relation to their main competitors - the United States and Japan and the emerging 'nano-powers ' China and Russia. 4982 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600005 98.1791 21 433 This suggests that cross-disciplinarity is an eminently epistemic characteristic and that bibliometric indicators based on citations and references capture more accurately the generation of cross-disciplinary knowledge than approaches tracking co-authors ' disciplinary affiliations. 4983 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600005 81.5175 18 390 In the light of these findings we raise the question whether policies focusing on formal collaborations between laboratories are the most appropriate to facilitate cross-disciplinary knowledge acquisition and generation. 5030 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600015 112.699 19 350 Structural analysis of the list of references in articles suggests that the moderate multi-disciplinarity observed at the aggregate level partly stems from an actual inter-disciplinarity at the article level. 5001 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600012 105.692 17 290 Finally, the question is raised whether change in N&N tends to be incremental rather than discontinuous, being the result of technological path-dependencies and lock-ins in industry-typical search regimes that are only slowly giving way to more boundary-crossing activities. 5017 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600002 65.7896 10 100 In this brief note, we explore and evaluate three arguments that could explain this phenomenon: coverage bias, language preference, and community formation. 5012 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600009 39.9021 7 89 Moreover, universities are found to play a significant and increasing role in patenting, particularly in US, UK and Canada. 5006 39_CONCLUSION UT=000244509600013 52.6317 8 64 Rather, their ability to effectively communicate with otherwise disconnected peers and to address a broader work spectrum also enhances their chances to be widely cited and to develop novel ideas. 5024 39_CONCLUSION UT=000243559500014 33.3231 6 49 This illustrates that to appreciate fully the range of science-technology interplay, all three analyses need to be taken into account. 5038 39_METHOD UT=000244692200003 255.131 37 1206 Articles that are a product of Chinese international collaboration account for almost 20 % of the Chinese sample as a whole, a similar proportion to levels of international collaboration within the sample overall. 4990 39_METHOD UT=000244509600007 236.192 35 1009 A breakdown of the relative institutionalizations strengths by the main geographical regions, countries, research sectors, disciplines, and institutional types provides a very diverse picture over the time period because of different national science policies. 4998 39_METHOD UT=000244509600012 171.672 33 878 Seeking to complement recent work that aims to define a research agenda and draws on general insights from the innovation literature, this paper aims to synthesize knowledge from innovation-related studies of the N&N field. 5004 39_METHOD UT=000244509600013 158.097 29 770 The sample of creative scientists is identified by combining information on science awards and nominations by international peers covering research accomplishments in the mid-1990s. 4999 39_METHOD UT=000244509600012 179.585 28 720 More specifically, it is suggested that N&N is often misconstrued as either a field of technology or an area of ( broadly) converging technologies while evidence to date suggests rather that N&N be considered a set of inter-related and overlapping about not necessarily merging technologies. 5015 39_METHOD UT=000244509600002 136.168 25 634 While almost all published research articles in NST are in English, increasingly a larger share of NST publications is published in the Chinese language. 4970 39_METHOD UT=000244509600004 195.909 26 621 Network analysis is applied to understand this emergence institutionally as changes in the journals; semantically as changes in the codification of meaning in terms of words; and cognitively as the new knowledge becomes the emergent foundation of further developments. 4994 39_METHOD UT=000244509600010 155.139 24 532 The purpose of this paper is to analyse the state of the art of nanotechnology from an economic perspective, by presenting data on markets, funding, companies, patents and publications. 5008 39_METHOD UT=000244509600009 130.382 23 504 Using a refined methodology to identify and classify nanotechnology patents, this paper analyses the changing pattern of internationalization of nanotechnology patenting activities from 1976-2004. 5032 39_METHOD UT=000244509600006 80.7439 20 445 This can be documented by the birth of no less than 16 science journals dedicated entirely to this field of science. 5037 39_METHOD UT=000244692200003 103.953 18 428 A slightly higher proportion of articles with at least one Chinese author was observed as compared to previous studies. 5009 39_METHOD UT=000244509600009 141.844 20 421 We show that the dominance of the G5 countries have declined in recent years, not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality as measured by citation indicators. 4978 39_METHOD UT=000244509600005 110.993 18 404 We have reexamined the issue at the research project level, carrying out five case studies in molecular motors, a specialty of bionanotechnology. 4973 39_METHOD UT=000244509600001 131.719 18 356 The ISI databases were identified as the most appropriate information platform for the objectives of the investigation and have been interrogated for the identification of South African authors publishing in the field. 5014 39_METHOD UT=000244509600002 102.659 17 333 Previous bibliometric analyses have unmistakably demonstrated the remarkable growth of the global NST literature. 4979 39_METHOD UT=000244509600005 105.699 18 325 Relying both in data from interviews and bibliometric indicators, we have developed a multidimensional analysis ( SANZ-MENENDEZ et al. 5003 39_METHOD UT=000244509600013 93.8818 15 284 This paper contributes to this controversy by presenting a longitudinal comparison of highly creative scientists with equally productive researchers. 5033 39_METHOD UT=000244509600006 77.5123 14 284 The topics of these journals reflect the true interdisciplinary character of nanoscale research. 5026 39_METHOD UT=000244509600015 83.7536 13 266 Nanosciences are considered to be one of the " convergent " components shaping the future of science and technology. 5021 39_METHOD UT=000243559500014 93.935 14 262 Then we explore different types of network maps-maps based on co-authorship, co-patenting and co-activity data. 4993 39_METHOD UT=000244509600010 101.171 13 211 Scientists, researchers, managers, investors and policy makers worldwide acknowledge this huge potential and have started the nano-race. 4986 39_METHOD UT=000088919100003 70.7621 12 199 Drawing on a variety of sources, different interpretations of patent citations are presented. 5027 39_METHOD UT=000244509600015 85.4796 12 195 Recurrent questions about the structure of the field concern its diversity and multi- or inter-disciplinarity. 5020 39_METHOD UT=000243559500014 50.7677 11 176 Standard bibliometric and patent indicators are presented. 4985 39_METHOD UT=000088919100003 93.2505 9 81 It introduces into the subject-matter by discussing an empirical problem, the relationship of nano-publications and nano-patents as representations of nano-science and nano-technology. 4989 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600007 151.6 43 1416 Based on bibliometric methods, this paper describes the global institutionalization of nanotechnology research from the mid-1980s to2006. Owing to an extremely strong dynamics, the institutionalization of nanotechnology is likely to surpass those of major disciplines in only a few years. 5036 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244692200003 174.643 33 1001 This paper examines patterns of Chinese authorship, focusing particularly on international co-authorship, in a sample of37,526 articles from Elsevier journals published in2004. Trends relating to potential influences such as subject, journal impact factor and article type are explored. 5007 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600009 65.3595 26 747 Nanotechnology patenting has grown rapidly in recent years as an increasing number of countries are getting into the global nanotechnology race. 4977 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600005 126.849 27 740 Early bibliometric studies supported this interdisciplinary vision ( MEYER & PERSSON, 1998), but recent results suggest that nanotechnology is ( yet) a mixed bag with various mono-disciplinary subfields ( SCHUMMER, 2004). 4984 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100003 105.453 28 711 This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of patent citation analysis in general and its application to novel fields of science and technology in particular. 5002 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600013 137.324 27 700 While some believe that publication and citation scores are key predictors of breakthroughs in science, others claim that people who work at the intersection of scientific communities are more likely to be familiar with selecting and synthesizing alternatives into novel ideas. 4976 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600005 109.552 26 676 Nanotechnology has been presented in the policy discourse as an intrinsically interdisciplinary field, requiring collaborations among researchers with different backgrounds, and specific funding schemes supporting knowledge-integration activities. 5025 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600015 102.575 22 520 This article presents a citation-based mapping exercise in the nanosciences field and a first sketch of citation transactions ( a measure of cognitive dependences). 4997 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600012 65.109 20 491 This contribution formulates a number of propositions about the emergence of novel nanoscience and nanotechnology ( N&N). 4992 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600010 64.3897 18 459 Nanotechnology merits having a major impact on the world economy because its applications will be used in virtually all sectors. 5013 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600002 97.4488 21 454 Nanoscience and technology ( NST) is a young scientific and technological field that has generated great worldwide interest in the past two decades. 4969 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600004 79.111 20 442 This article explores the emergence of knowledge from scientific discoveries and their effects on the structure of scientific communication. 4972 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600001 73.0289 18 376 This article reports the findings of a scientometric analysis of nanoscale research in South Africa during the period 2000-2005. 5019 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000243559500014 70.1461 13 200 We use the case of Norwegian fuel cell and related hydrogen research to explore techno-science networks. 5018 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000243559500014 41.7967 11 199 This study explores boundary-crossing networks in fuel-cell science and technology. 5031 39_OBJECTIVE UT=000244509600006 48.0453 11 184 Activities on nanoscale research have seen a skyrocketting growth beginning during the nineties. 4974 39_RESULT UT=000244509600001 228.453 36 1164 The article identifies trends over time, major institutional contributors, journals in which South African authors publish their research, international collaborators and performance in comparison to four comparator countries ( India, Brazil, South Korea and Australia). 4981 39_RESULT UT=000244509600005 237.233 35 1149 We have found that there is a consistent high degree of cross-disciplinarity in the cognitive practices of research (i.e., use of references and instrumentalities) but a more erratic and narrower degree in the social dimensions (i.e., affiliation and researchers ' background). 5040 39_RESULT UT=000244692200003 163.035 32 898 Where China is involved in international collaboration, it is often a proactive participant: 49 % of articles that are a result of Chinese international collaboration have a Chinese corresponding author. 5034 39_RESULT UT=000244509600006 185.13 28 834 In this paper the decision-makers on what and when appears in those journals, the gatekeepers,i.e., the editorial members of those journals and their national identity are analyzed and some conclusions are drawn on the decisional power of the countries these gatekeepers are located in. 4991 39_RESULT UT=000244509600007 166.966 26 621 The results allow a critical assessment of the different science policies based on the relative institutionalizations strengths as well as the conclusion that the institutionalization process has run out of control of individual governments who once induced the development. 5010 39_RESULT UT=000244509600009 159.121 25 554 In addition, using a new approach to classifying the intended areas of commercial applications, we show that nanotechnology patenting initially emphasized instrumentation, but exhibited greater diversification to other application areas in recent years. 5023 39_RESULT UT=000243559500014 102.482 20 382 Actors reach different levels of prominence in the different maps, but most of them are active both in science and technology. 5029 39_RESULT UT=000244509600015 117.192 17 284 The multi-disciplinarity of themes and super-themes detected by mapping also appears moderate, most of the super-themes being based on physics and chemistry in various proportions. 5028 39_RESULT UT=000244509600015 109.989 17 276 Observations made from various points of view confirm a strong differentiation of the field, which is scattered in multiple galaxies with moderate level of exchanges. 5011 39_RESULT UT=000244509600009 85.362 14 273 Significant differences in application area specialization are also found among major nanotechnology nations. 5039 39_RESULT UT=000244692200003 70.6052 13 268 Chinese international co-authorship is most common in the Earth & Environmental Sciences. 5016 39_RESULT UT=000244509600002 77.2502 13 227 Perplexingly, Chinese is the only language - apart from English - that displays an ascendant trend in the NST literature. 4971 39_RESULT UT=000244509600004 82.5128 13 224 The discovery of fullerenes in 1985 is analyzed as the scientific discovery that triggered a process which led to research in nanotubes. 5022 39_RESULT UT=000243559500014 51.241 10 144 Different network configurations occur for each type of map. 5005 39_RESULT UT=000244509600013 70.9093 10 138 Results suggest that it is not only the sheer quantity of publications that causes scientists to produce creative pieces of work. 5000 39_RESULT UT=000244509600012 47.8339 9 121 The role of instrumentation in connecting the various N&N fields is underlined. 4987 39_RESULT UT=000088919100003 72.2916 10 106 Then, the nature of patent citations is further investigated by comparing them to citations in the scientific literature. 4980 39_RESULT UT=000244509600005 54.9521 8 93 , 2001) in order to explore the extent and types of cross-disciplinary practices in each project. 4995 39_RESULT UT=000244509600010 52.0183 6 36 It will also raise the question of how much of the nano-hype is founded on economic data and how much is based on wishful thinking. 5081 3_CONCLUSION UT=000075870700008 61.7807 21 420 The findings show that the frequency of flaming differed between the newsgroups, and differed within newsgroups according to the general topic under discussion, confirming that social context and not the medium is the primary determinant of online uninhibited behavior. 5049 3_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500002 57.6568 20 367 The authors ' approach contrasts with prevailing 'needs and uses " models in information science, in offering a methodological framework based on group narrative and genre analysis that contributes to a theory of social informatics in the household. 5088 3_CONCLUSION UT=000074134300003 64.3716 17 289 Second, research strategies incorporating theory-motivated design, ethnographic methods, and controlled testing methods are discussed as a means of addressing the plethora of communication issues present in these emerging computer-based systems. 5072 3_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100005 25.7948 11 148 Surprisingly, there was practically no dialogue between information seekers and providers, even though newsgroups provide opportunities for interaction. 5056 3_CONCLUSION UT=000166428400008 24.8731 9 94 If the process continues, this suggests an information society constituted by segmented diversity with isolated pockets of sociability. 5073 3_CONCLUSION UT=000169419100005 18.2851 6 50 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 5062 3_CONCLUSION UT=000088865500005 22.7194 6 36 The agency selected for study is the Federal Emergency Management Administration. 5058 3_METHOD UT=000088865500005 140.713 35 1025 Another body of research from information technology advocates suggests that Information Technology 's inherent capabilities transform organization hierarchy and control outside of management 's control. 5043 3_METHOD UT=000077676700002 131.362 27 712 The research focused in particular on the intra-organisational use of electronic mail ( email) - that is, on its use by colleagues within the same library organisation for internal activities and collaborative work. 5084 3_METHOD UT=000074134300003 94.4339 26 636 While these technologies have often been studied from the user 's perspective, little research has addressed the roles different communication channels play in coordinating work in cooperative systems. 5075 3_METHOD UT=000076404000001 108.575 23 565 This review paper draws on a literature survey which was undertaken as parr of British Library funded research into the use of e-mail in academic libraries between 1995-1997. 5066 3_METHOD UT=000169419100005 75.8852 24 538 The research questions deal with the nature of information needs and the ways in which the participants provided help regarding requests addressed to the group. 5078 3_METHOD UT=000075870700008 102.615 22 467 This study takes a closer look at the social context in which flaming occurs, which need not necessarily be developed online but, as well, can be the social, religious, and political background and affiliations of the participants. 5047 3_METHOD UT=000088171500002 106.572 21 441 This approach to interviews captured different and conflicting points of view, a feature shared with certain social approaches to systems design. 5079 3_METHOD UT=000075870700008 78.8099 19 370 The study analyzed messages posted during 1 week to 4 Usenet social newsgroups that represent different national and cultural groups. 5059 3_METHOD UT=000088865500005 112.361 18 358 In addition, advocates from governmental change toward a more responsive type of government advocate adoption of If as a form of change mechanism. 5052 3_METHOD UT=000166428400008 103.893 17 285 There has been much debate about whether virtual communities can exist, but in the midst of such debates there has been little recognition that 'community ' is a complex phenomenon. 5068 3_METHOD UT=000169419100005 53.9599 14 277 Attention was also paid to the sources and channels used by participants providing help to information seekers. 5067 3_METHOD UT=000169419100005 47.7613 13 253 About 9 % of the 894 messages contained questions indicating explicit information needs. 5085 3_METHOD UT=000074134300003 60.3291 13 202 Similarly, many of these systems have been offered with little regard for their appropriate match with the task requirements. 5046 3_METHOD UT=000088171500002 51.7721 9 106 The evolving project drew on dialogues with multiple household members elicited in group conversations. 5053 3_METHOD UT=000166428400008 45.5735 8 78 Many varieties of community exist, which can be categorised as moral, normative or proximate. 5074 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000076404000001 192.368 47 1779 Computer-mediated communication ( CMC) is becoming firmly embedded into library work through the use of electronic mail, and it is likely that computer-supported collaborative working, using e-mail and other forms of computer-conferencing and groupware products, will have a key role to play in the development of integrated digital libraries across sectoral, national and international boundaries. 5042 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000077676700002 86.1666 25 762 This paper discusses key themes from British Library funded research carried out between 1995 and 1997 into electronic communication in academic libraries in the UK. 5077 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000075870700008 79.9919 24 629 Recent research on uninhibited behavior in computer-mediated communication ( CMC) systems have suggested that flaming is social-context dependent and not a media characteristic of CMC. 5083 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000074134300003 67.5596 18 453 The explosion of computer-supported cooperative work ( CSCW) has expanded this traditional approach to encompass communication within and among work groups. 5063 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 110.736 20 394 The article investigates the character of the Internet newsgroups as fora of information seeking, and reviews the potentials of " weak and strong ties " proposed by Granovetter and the prospects of newsgroups as a " living encyclopedia " suggested by Rheingold. 5057 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000088865500005 79.4532 17 307 Research findings from the organizational theory tend to support the position that management uses Information Technology ( IT) to maintain existing organizational hierachy and control. 5050 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000166428400008 61.6671 17 292 Communities and neighbourhoods are often perceived to be under threat in the information society, as technological developments accelerate economic and social change. 5051 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000166428400008 30.9566 9 143 Technological developments may also provide a solution: 'virtual communities '. 5045 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500002 50.1362 11 138 The authors describe a study of the social dynamics of new media in Scottish households. 5082 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000074134300003 49.6441 9 96 User-centered design methods have long focused on solitary users interacting with isolated computer systems. 5064 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 49.6441 9 83 An empirical study in the field of consumer issues was conducted by focusing on a Finnish newsgroup sfnet. 5065 3_OBJECTIVE UT=000169419100005 6.17476 1 1 kuluttajat. 5044 3_RESULT UT=000077676700002 143.013 36 1066 The main features of current practice in email use in academic libraries are outlined, and, drawing on experience in the sector and on pointers from the literature, the paper discusses a number of issues of relevance to developing effective network communities in information services. 5076 3_RESULT UT=000076404000001 139.706 30 870 It aims to provide a digest of some influential perspectives from the literature which are likely to be of relevance to managers, team leaders and systems staff in information services who are interested in optimising the use of text-based CMC across and between library organisations and within teams. 5054 3_RESULT UT=000166428400008 83.8475 20 437 Evidence suggests that some varieties of community can be constituted via electronic communication, but it is probably not possible to replicate those features of community that many people find lacking in modern life. 5048 3_RESULT UT=000088171500002 112.699 19 347 Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that there are recurrent narratives and behavioral genres across households ( and across sample groups), and that these reflect tactics, stratagems, and plans by means of which respondents navigate social space. 5055 3_RESULT UT=000166428400008 94.5555 18 347 Such a lack, and the desire for virtual communities as a response to that lack, are symptomatic of individuals ' disengagement from social and political participation. 5087 3_RESULT UT=000074134300003 73.2253 13 199 First, issues related to the fundamental communication channels, socio-technical factors, and task characteristics associated with collaborative work situations are reviewed. 5070 3_RESULT UT=000169419100005 38.8801 10 169 Help providers preferred their own experience as an information source. 5061 3_RESULT UT=000088865500005 72.7969 12 168 The authors examines one instance of the development of a form of network organization within the federal government, and the processes of IT change that have occurred over the past 20 years. 5071 3_RESULT UT=000169419100005 25.2938 7 104 Both successful and unsuccessful attempts at information seeking were explored. 5086 3_RESULT UT=000074134300003 39.9021 7 72 This article seeks to accomplish two objectives with respect to the design of cooperative systems. 5080 3_RESULT UT=000075870700008 33.3231 6 49 The levels of flaming in these groups were found to be higher than any reported in other studies. 5069 3_RESULT UT=000169419100005 26.3159 4 16 About 24 % of messages contained answers to questions. 5060 3_RESULT UT=000088865500005 19.7369 3 9 This aritcle explores these conflicting positions. 5108 40_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400004 45.4575 27 681 The conclusion is that SSCI, although biased towards Angle-American publications, actually makes room for valid bibliometric and scientometric analyses of research published by Scandinavian and other smaller countries with English as the second language in journals regarded international by ISI. 5095 40_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500006 30.3242 27 657 publications, and a similar decline of citations starting in 1986/87. Further, the citation impact relative to the world, after a substantial drop 1985-93 probably representing the international embargo period, in 1994-96 reaches the same level as observed in 1985-89. 5113 40_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100002 15.4178 19 429 International collaboration has, however, not the same influence on publication profiles and citation impact of each analysed countries. 5102 40_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300005 22.5342 15 265 Comparisons with ( the few) other surveys and with citation data do not suggest this to be a peculiarity of Danish social scientists, however. 5096 40_CONCLUSION UT=000088918500006 31.8515 15 237 Also, the study shows that there is a direct relation between academic position, research experience and productivity among South African Scientists in the four scientific disciplines. 5104 40_METHOD UT=000088919400004 119.662 69 4061 It investigates the results and meaningfulness of applying the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI, ISI, USA) to publication and citation studies of nine selected Social Science research areas in Scandinavia by analysing the international visibility, the research profiles, and relative citation impact. 5110 40_METHOD UT=000088919100002 84.5821 54 2876 Besides the analysis of trends in publication and citation patterns and of national publication profiles, an attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the relation between international co-authorship and both research profile and citation impact in the Nordic countries. 5092 40_METHOD UT=000088918500006 108.118 47 2275 The general purpose is two-fold: 1) to observe the publication and citation trends during 1981-96, a period which covers significant policy changes in the country, in particular the end of apartheid 1994; within this context 2) to investigate the patterns used by scientists 1992-96 from these different institutions in publishing the results of their research in the form of conference papers or (inter)national journals. 5105 40_METHOD UT=000088919400004 112.906 40 1867 The study demonstrates that the areas Economics, Political Science, Sociology & Anthropology, Social Policy, Language & Linguistics, and, for Denmark and Finland, Information & Library Science as well as, for Sweden, Management studies, are well anchored internationally with a visibility in line with common S&T domains. 5091 40_METHOD UT=000088918500006 75.4311 23 685 Scientists were selected from the ten universities of the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal, which vary considerably, with respect to standards of education, quantity of publications, development and overall progress. 5111 40_METHOD UT=000088919100002 54.3002 21 625 A coherent Scandinavian cluster has been found, and the Nordic countries have strong co-authorship links with highly developed countries in West Europe and North America. 5098 40_METHOD UT=000181362300005 28.8272 10 165 A set of common scientific journals is often assumed to be instrumental in the formation of these hierarchies. 5099 40_METHOD UT=000181362300005 29.7881 8 66 However, the character of the hierarchies, how monolithic/ pluralistic they are and the functions of this differentiation have been discussed and caused controversy. 5089 40_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500006 27.4538 16 232 The paper is a bibliometric study of the publication patterns and impact of South African scientists 1981-96, with special emphasis on the period 1992-96. 5109 40_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100002 17.0926 12 148 The development of publication activity and citation impact in Scandinavian countries is studied for the 1980-1997 period. 5090 40_OBJECTIVE UT=000088918500006 23.3126 9 81 The subject fields surveyed are Physics; Chemistry, Plant and Animal Sciences; and Biochemistry/ Microbiology. 5097 40_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300005 15.5417 6 36 The existence of hierarchies based on reputation in modern science is indisputable. 5103 40_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400004 3.37312 4 36 The article covers the period 1989-1998. 5100 40_RESULT UT=000181362300005 43.7061 21 372 The article brings together results from a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, concerning their assessments of the most influential researchers and most important journals. 5094 40_RESULT UT=000088918500006 38.7239 15 218 With the exception of Physics, the results demonstrate a decreasing South African world share, in particular for Plant & Animal Sc. 5112 40_RESULT UT=000088919100002 34.6 14 199 It was found that international co-authorship, in general, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 5093 40_RESULT UT=000088918500006 31.1508 13 172 The study collected two sets of data through a scientometric analysis of Science Citation Index and a questionnaire. 5106 40_RESULT UT=000088919400004 16.3419 9 117 The journal article world share of the region is increasing rapidly. 5107 40_RESULT UT=000088919400004 24.2254 10 110 Other small European countries, like the Netherlands, are even more substantially represented as regards citation analyses. 5101 40_RESULT UT=000181362300005 27.4276 9 105 The rankings indicate a pluralistic picture and only a moderate degree of consensus among researchers. 5124 41_CONCLUSION UT=000181238300002 93.2259 29 732 This investigation illustrates the ambivalence with which editors and authors view the CPS, but also gives an early sense of the potential free and rapid information dissemination, coupled with open, uninhibited discussion and evaluation, has to expand, enrich, and vitalize the scholarly discourse of chemical scientists. 5160 41_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 64.2591 23 519 These findings call into question the legitimacy of using backlink searches to evaluate the scholarly impact of e-journals and e-journal articles ( and by extension, e-journal authors). 5159 41_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 62.6035 20 414 Major differences were found between the types of entities that cite, and those that backlink, e-journal articles, with scholarly works comprising a very small percentage of backlinking files. 5145 41_CONCLUSION UT=000181414100004 68.6382 19 376 Most of the non-users are aware of the information and communication potential of the Internet in their disciplines, and believe that the Internet will become indispensable in their research in the future. 5132 41_CONCLUSION UT=000184172700002 66.3759 18 319 The results suggest that the existing models of scientific communication should be updated to incorporate GDP data deposition into the current continuum of scientific communication. 5138 41_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800003 61.8515 16 279 While our investigation failes to establish a relationship between LTRS and increased citations and raises at least as many questions as it answers, we hope it will serve as an invitation to, and guide for, further research in the use of DLs. 5131 41_CONCLUSION UT=000184172700002 37.7125 11 164 For science to continue to advance, scientists unequivocally agreed that GDP must remain free of peer-review and available at no charge to the public. 5123 41_CONCLUSION UT=000181238300002 38.0158 10 129 Thirty-two percent of the most highly rated, viewed, and discussed e-prints eventually appear in the journal literature, indicating the validity of the work submitted to the CPS. 5151 41_CONCLUSION UT=000184780500002 24.139 5 25 Its effectiveness is tested by several laboratory experiments that simulate what might happen if the system were deployed and used. 5134 41_METHOD UT=000085224800003 342.396 69 3890 The Langley Technical Report Server ( LTRS) is a digital library of over1,400 electronic publications authored by NASA Langley Research Center personnel or contractors and has been available in its current World Wide Web ( WWW) form since1994. In this article, we examine calendar year 1997 usage statistics of LTRS and the Center for AeroSpace Information ( CASI), a facility that archives and distributes hard copies of NASA and aerospace information. 5147 41_METHOD UT=000184780500002 158.183 29 980 However, as the quantity of information available is constantly increasing, its quality is threatened, since the traditional quality control mechanism of peer review is often not used (e.g., in online repositories of preprints, and by people publishing whatever they want on their Web pages). 5128 41_METHOD UT=000184172700002 106.869 31 859 Originally journals suggested deposition of data in GDP but by the late 1980s, the majority of journals mandated deposition of data for a manuscript to be accepted for publication. 5148 41_METHOD UT=000184780500002 131.76 29 818 This paper describes a new kind of electronic scholarly journal, in which the standard submission-review-publication process is replaced by a more sophisticated approach, based on judgments expressed by the readers: in this way, each reader is, potentially, a peer reviewer. 5117 41_METHOD UT=000181238300002 83.4618 21 504 com indicates use of the CPS as a convenient vehicle for dissemination of research findings and for receipt of feedback before submitting to a peer-reviewed journal. 5156 41_METHOD UT=000165132100002 87.1481 22 484 The results were compared to findings from a citation study performed on the same e-journals in1996. A content analysis of a sample of the files backlinked to e-journal articles was also undertaken. 5155 41_METHOD UT=000165132100002 92.2872 20 456 Search results were processed to determine the number of backlinking pages, total backlinks, and external backlinks made to the e-journals and to their articles. 5141 41_METHOD UT=000181414100004 56.305 17 450 It was found that the scientists are still heavily dependent on printed information sources, especially journals, indexes and abstracts. 5154 41_METHOD UT=000165132100002 41.8283 17 418 Backlink searches were conducted on a sample of 39 scholarly electronic journals. 5135 41_METHOD UT=000085224800003 40.3568 13 380 We also perform a citation analysis on some of the top publications distributed by LTRS. 5119 41_METHOD UT=000181238300002 39.0613 15 359 Only 6 % of editors responding allow publication of articles that have previously appeared as e-prints. 5118 41_METHOD UT=000181238300002 56.2118 18 354 Reception of CPS e-prints by editors of top chemistry journals is very poor. 5127 41_METHOD UT=000184172700002 77.2194 12 201 Over the past 20 years the place of GPD in the culture of molecular biologists was observed to move from tacit implication to explicit knowledge. 5142 41_METHOD UT=000181414100004 58.151 12 160 The study reveals that64.4 % of them have a computer at their disposal, while50.4 % have access to, and are using, the Internet. 5125 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000184172700002 116.5 31 867 The explosion of the field of molecular biology is paralleled by the growth in usage and acceptance of Web-based genomic and proteomic databases ( GPD) such as GenBank and Protein Data Bank in the scholarly communication of scientists. 5126 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000184172700002 119.752 31 862 Surveys, case studies, analysis of bibliographic records from Medline and CAPlus, and examination of " Instructions to Authors " sections of molecular biology journals all confirm the integral role of GPD in the scientific literature cycle. 5152 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 91.3473 25 593 This study(1) assesses the ways in which citation searching of scholarly print journals is and is not analogous to backlink searching of scholarly e-journal articles on the WWW, and identifies problems and issues related to conducting and interpreting such searches. 5139 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000181414100004 80.0629 20 399 The Internet culture is creating a new scientific communication system with new facilities that are competing with, and might replace, the present printed information sources. 5140 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000181414100004 85.6879 19 380 The use and non-use of these facilities by Nigerian academic scientists were investigated, using data collected from a survey of academic staff of selected disciplines in 10 universities. 5114 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000181238300002 46.3738 14 262 This study characterizes the usage and acceptance of electronic preprints ( e-prints) in the literature of Chemistry. 5133 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800003 56.876 13 201 We attempt to assess the publication impact of a digital library ( DL) of aerospace scientific and technical information ( STI). 5146 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000184780500002 47.0643 12 197 The Internet has fostered a faster, more interactive and effective model of scholarly publishing. 5115 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000181238300002 51.1885 13 195 Survey of authors of e-prints appearing in the Chemistry Preprint Server ( CPS) at http: / /preprints. 5153 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 40.4366 10 130 Backlink searches are defined here as searches for Web pages that link to a given URL. 5116 41_OBJECTIVE UT=000181238300002 5.7499 1 1 chemweb. 5136 41_RESULT UT=000085224800003 115.388 29 784 We find that although LTRS distributes over71,000 copies of publications ( compared with an estimated24,000 copies from CASI), citation analysis indicates that LTRS has almost no measurable publication impact. 5149 41_RESULT UT=000184780500002 164.774 28 759 New ingredients, not found in similar approaches, are that each reader 's judgment is weighted on the basis of the reader 's skills as a reviewer, and that readers are encouraged to express correct judgments by a feedback mechanism that estimates their own quality. 5137 41_RESULT UT=000085224800003 90.7936 25 626 We discuss the caveats of our investigation, speculate on possible different models of usage facilitated by DLs, and suggest " retrieval analysis " as a complementary metric to citation analysis. 5158 41_RESULT UT=000165132100002 112.509 24 584 No correlation was found between backlink measures and ISI citation measures of e-journal impact, suggesting that the two measures may be assessing something quite different. 5130 41_RESULT UT=000184172700002 116.931 24 567 " GPD were not found to a new form of publication, but rather a fundamental storage and retrieval mechanism for vast amounts of molecular biology information that support the creation of scientific intellectual property. 5121 41_RESULT UT=000181238300002 63.2516 23 521 Consequently, it was not surprising to discover that citation analysis yielded no citations to CPS e-prints in the traditional literature of chemistry. 5157 41_RESULT UT=000165132100002 87.4111 22 411 The authors identify a number of reliability issues associated with the use of " raw " search engine data to evaluate the impact of electronic journals and articles. 5150 41_RESULT UT=000184780500002 46.7809 11 173 The new electronic scholarly journal is described in both intuitive and formal ways. 5122 41_RESULT UT=000181238300002 47.766 11 168 Yet data collected and posted by the CPS indicates that the e-prints are valued, read, and discussed to a notable extent within the chemistry community. 5129 41_RESULT UT=000184172700002 53.4884 10 124 A surge subsequently occurred in the number of articles retrievable from Medline and CAPlus using the keyword " GenBank. 5144 41_RESULT UT=000181414100004 46.3525 10 110 Non-use of the Internet is attributable to problems of accessibility, ease of use and cost. 5120 41_RESULT UT=000181238300002 53.06 9 96 Concerns focus on the lack of peer review and the uncertain permanence of e-print storage. 5143 41_RESULT UT=000181414100004 39.7736 9 96 Besides e-mail, very little use is made of other Internet facilities. 5192 42_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 136.775 29 779 The findings in this study indicate that even though European journals formed a periphery in relation to the American journals in terms of clearly asymmetrical exchange relations, it was the European journals that seemed to be more comprehensive in scope. 5179 42_CONCLUSION UT=000089449100006 41.3406 11 133 In addition, it may, in the long term, undermine the reputation of scientometrics as a science ih its own right. 5166 42_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300005 53.019 10 100 Comparisons with ( the few) other surveys and with citation data do not suggest this to be a peculiarity of Danish social scientists, however. 5193 42_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400003 30.8581 8 88 The tendency during the investigated period indicated differentiation in terms of segmentation rather than specialization. 5198 42_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300005 47.7171 9 81 In sum, despite difficulties with coding and variation in CV formats, this collection strategy seems to us to hold much promise. 5209 42_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700006 36.992 8 67 Information science must attend to considerations of value, as well as using established techniques, if it is to avoid marginalisation. 5208 42_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700006 26.3882 6 59 A combination of methods is advocated for future studies of the RAEs. 5173 42_CONCLUSION UT=000090059500006 37.1133 7 49 tracking individual academics ' output over time, and comparing different disciplines for their interdisciplinarity. 5219 42_CONCLUSION UT=000086651400006 37.1133 7 49 Suggestions are made for further research, especially regarding the anomalous role of creativity in cited works. 5185 42_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400006 31.8114 6 36 When reading the maps and tabulating the links it could be concluded that the two departmental networks were structured differently by sex and seniority. 5188 42_METHOD UT=000088919400003 141.007 34 921 In this study of the network among management journals, the focus is on forms of differentiation,i.e., the relationship between stratification and specialization in a network of journals. 5189 42_METHOD UT=000088919400003 108.184 25 624 The question asked in this study is whether the different position of American and European journals corresponds with different levels of specialization. 5202 42_METHOD UT=000166468700006 104.432 26 621 Largely unexplored issues in the theory or assumptions of bibliometrics,e.g. the level of citation which corresponds to a quantum of research quality, are found to emerge in the studies. 5181 42_METHOD UT=000088919400006 118.221 26 585 Papers from two departments at two different universities, but within the same field of research, were analyzed in terms of co-authorship, direct and indirect citations among the authors. 5169 42_METHOD UT=000090059500006 96.3195 23 513 The footprint demonstrates the Relationship Factors of publications in a number of related disciplines, as defined by ISI 's Journal Citation Reports. 5211 42_METHOD UT=000166468700004 136.965 21 439 Some of the observed sitation counts appear counter-intuitive and there is only a very limited correlation with peer evaluations of research performance, with many of the sitations being from pages that are far removed in subject matter from LIS. 5203 42_METHOD UT=000166468700006 70.3202 19 380 A weak, and unsatisfactorily treated, correlation between citation aggregates and research quality for individual entities is revealed. 5215 42_METHOD UT=000086651400006 106.733 18 367 The instrument posed 32 questions about why a certain document was cited, plus questions about the citer 's relationship to the cited author and document. 5182 42_METHOD UT=000088919400006 39.7349 12 249 Considerable overlap was found between the co-authorship and the citation based networks. 5204 42_METHOD UT=000166468700006 58.6685 13 218 The proposal to replace informed peer review by citation analysis is regarded as highly unrealistic. 5216 42_METHOD UT=000086651400006 84.2372 13 215 Most findings were similar to the psychology study, including a tendency to cite " concept markers " representing a genre of work. 5162 42_METHOD UT=000181362300005 62.7381 12 209 A set of common scientific journals is often assumed to be instrumental in the formation of these hierarchies. 5163 42_METHOD UT=000181362300005 61.0824 9 109 However, the character of the hierarchies, how monolithic/ pluralistic they are and the functions of this differentiation have been discussed and caused controversy. 5176 42_METHOD UT=000089449100006 59.7811 8 82 In the same period the use of bibliometric indicators for policy purposes increased. 5195 42_METHOD UT=000165654300005 68.1353 9 79 CVs were obtained in response to an email message sent to researchers working in the areas of biotechnology and microelectronics. 5170 42_METHOD UT=000090059500006 59.7811 8 75 The technique has been used to compare both individual academics acid each national group as a whole. 5196 42_METHOD UT=000165654300005 44.3739 7 67 In addition, a number of CVs were obtained " passively " from a search of the Internet. 5175 42_METHOD UT=000089449100006 25.0627 3 9 Several cases were studied, which confirmed his hypothesis. 5200 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 73.9995 24 457 These include citation analyses and a review of the public reception of the RAE 1996, which included a brief critique of the citation studies. 5168 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 94.4651 22 434 Its first application has been to compare the publication and citation characteristics of a small group of top UK, and US academic chemical engineers. 5167 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000090059500006 71.7457 16 287 A novel method of displaying the publication and citation characteristics of outputs of researchers using a graphical " footprint " has been developed. 5210 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700004 78.1365 17 263 This paper describes a webometric analysis of the linkages ( or 'sitations ') to websites associated with departments of librarianship and information science ( LIS). 5174 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000089449100006 50.8518 13 198 In 1988 Le Pair postulated the existence of a citation gap for technological research. 5194 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300005 77.3737 14 198 In this paper we assess the utility of the curriculum vita ( CV) as a data source for examining the career paths of scientists and engineers. 5180 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400006 54.5187 13 190 The mapping of author networks at academic departments is the focus of this study. 5214 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 71.4718 13 169 Replicating an investigation in psychology, the works of two highly-cited authors in the discipline of communication were identified, and all of the authors who cited them during the period 1995-1997 were surveyed. 5199 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 64.5071 12 167 The Research Assessment Exercises ( RAE) conducted in the UK have attracted various types of published response. 5213 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000086651400006 49.5152 10 131 Authors ' motivations for citing documents are addressed through a literature review and an empirical study. 5186 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 50.1237 11 119 Two key features of science are its rapid growth and its continuous differentiation. 5161 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300005 42.5505 9 95 The existence of hierarchies based on reputation in modern science is indisputable. 5187 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400003 43.0048 8 70 The establishment of new journals can be seen as an expression of both growth and differentiation. 5201 42_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700006 14.692 5 65 This paper develops the critique. 5218 42_RESULT UT=000086651400006 208.318 32 950 Three types of judgments about cited works were found to best predict citation: ( 1) that the work was novel, well-known, and a concept-marker; ( 2) that citing it might promote the authority of one 's own work; and ( 3) that the work deserved criticism. 5212 42_RESULT UT=000166468700004 155.374 26 639 Our conclusions are that sitation data are not well suited to the quantitative evaluation of the research status of LIS departments and that departments can best boost their web visibility by hosting as wide a range of types of material as possible. 5197 42_RESULT UT=000165654300005 122.528 23 507 We discuss the methodological issues and problems of this data collection strategy and the results from an exploratory analysis using OLS regression and event history analysis. 5164 42_RESULT UT=000181362300005 114.28 24 457 The article brings together results from a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, concerning their assessments of the most influential researchers and most important journals. 5205 42_RESULT UT=000166468700006 52.3779 20 401 Productive uses for citation analysis in research evaluation are suggested. 5207 42_RESULT UT=000166468700006 58.1396 19 381 The future value of citation analysis could be to inform, but not to determine, judgements of research quality. 5217 42_RESULT UT=000086651400006 110.86 19 371 Authors in communication were more likely to have an interpersonal connection to cited authors, and to cite literature reviews-their most common reason for citation. 5206 42_RESULT UT=000166468700006 103.966 19 362 A historically rare instance of correlation between rankings derived from citation aggregates and fi om real world peer review has been revealed by the studies. 5177 42_RESULT UT=000089449100006 46.1043 15 280 Here we saw the citation gap causing a disadvantage for application-oriented research groups. 5190 42_RESULT UT=000088919400003 65.6767 16 261 A tendency toward such a structuration of the journal network would indicate an interregional integration of management research. 5191 42_RESULT UT=000088919400003 51.4273 10 148 Articles published in six of the most influential American and European journals covering the period from 1981 to 1998 have been downloaded. 5171 42_RESULT UT=000090059500006 73.2433 11 146 The results clearly show that US academic chemical engineers are far more interdisciplinary in their output than their UK counterparts. 5165 42_RESULT UT=000181362300005 63.0349 10 137 The rankings indicate a pluralistic picture and only a moderate degree of consensus among researchers. 5183 42_RESULT UT=000088919400006 66.3489 11 136 The paper also introduces the idea of socio-bibliometric maps that can be used to make social interpretations of bibliometric networks. 5178 42_RESULT UT=000089449100006 66.4821 10 124 This is not merely an injustice, it also leads to suboptimum use of available funds, to the detriment of science as a whole. 5184 42_RESULT UT=000088919400006 49.162 8 75 The nodes of the networks were labeled by sex and seniority and supervisor-student links were also indicated. 5172 42_RESULT UT=000090059500006 56.1897 7 49 The technique has a number of potential applications, including tracking changes in a discipline over time. 5560 43_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900004 523.447 96 6014 The author believes that understanding the underlying web page as a graph will help design better ranking web algorithms, enhance retrieval and web performance, and recommends using graphs as a part of visual aid for browsing engine designers. 5353 43_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800008 488.223 93 5538 Web citation numbers are higher than ISI citation counts, suggesting that Web searches might be conducted for an earlier or a more fine-grained assessment of an article 's impact. 5339 43_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200008 698.184 81 4513 By contrast, in the case of paper journals, there was no significant difference between the Impact Factors of 1994 and 1995 and those of 2000 and2001. Additionally, it is possible to infer from later analyses that the citation rate is not changed by the available media in the authoritative journals which have comparatively high Impact Factors. 5275 43_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700003 315.462 68 3832 The results of these comparisons indicate that valuable, freely available data is hidden in the Web waiting to be extracted from the millions of Web pages. 5559 43_CONCLUSION UT=000169392900004 227.175 60 3505 It only considers web links as a source to web page ranking. 5354 43_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800008 432.204 60 3460 The Web-evident impact of non-UK/ USA publications might provide a balance to the geographic or cultural biases observed in ISI 's data, although the stability of Web citation counts is debatable. 5463 43_CONCLUSION UT=000178366100004 511.376 62 3233 This is perhaps not in itself a surprising result, despite claims of a paradigm shift from the traditional virtual college towards collaboratories, but the methodology developed can also be used to refine existing Web link metrics to produce more powerful tools for comparing groups of sites. 5521 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100008 347.015 58 2823 The World Wide Web appears to have become a significant channel for scientists to distribute databases, software, and other information related to their published research. 5441 43_CONCLUSION UT=000179904000003 359.062 52 2768 Scholars and publishers should be particularly aware that richer content on a journal 's Web site tends to generate links and thus the traffic to the site. 5607 43_CONCLUSION UT=000183438900007 365.469 49 2632 The number of staff members was confirmed to be a better indicator of departmental size than the number of Web pages within the department 's domain. 5630 43_CONCLUSION UT=000181414100005 306.765 50 2535 It is concluded that academic web link metrics will be dominated by a range of informal types of scholarly communication. 5236 43_CONCLUSION UT=000181012900005 609.888 52 2466 Italy 's low overall expenditure on research & development ( R&D) and low number of researchers compared to countries with longstanding high publishing standards and traditions are no doubt partly to blame for its poor performance in scientific publishing. 5340 43_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200008 362.625 41 2290 In journals with low Impact Factors, on the other hand, the available media influences the citation rate. 5305 43_CONCLUSION UT=000183131900001 243.072 41 2188 It follows that attempts to track average Web linking behavior would benefit from using techniques to minimize or eliminate the impact of such anomalies. 5289 43_CONCLUSION UT=000184989800008 322.028 43 2182 We then investigated Taiwan-Mainland university cross-links, and found that although English is extensively used on the Web, there was no evidence that it was the language of preference for informal scholarly communication between the two areas. 5314 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167284400001 298.941 41 2071 The web thus affords bibliometricians rich opportunities to apply and adapt their techniques to new contexts and content: the age of 'bibliometric spectroscopy ' [ 2] is dawning. 5440 43_CONCLUSION UT=000179904000003 239.222 40 2066 Comparisons between the two fields also show disciplinary differences in Web site characteristics. 5515 43_CONCLUSION UT=000169909700005 353.372 41 1878 However, the influence of international collaboration on the national citation impact varies considerably between the countries ( and within one individual country between fields). 5274 43_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700003 233.246 36 1796 For most cases, the list of references extracted from the Web outperformed the commercial, bibliographic databases. 5506 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 394.426 39 1785 These findings call into question the legitimacy of using backlink searches to evaluate the scholarly impact of e-journals and e-journal articles ( and by extension, e-journal authors). 5613 43_CONCLUSION UT=000227040500001 445.714 46 1757 Other possible explanations for the rapid growth of collaboration are offered, including the possibility that weak ties evidenced by geographically remote collaboration can promote new knowledge creation. 5474 43_CONCLUSION UT=000246379400006 435.877 43 1725 This article also provides evidence that genetically modified organisms and stem cell research were the two major policy-relevant science concern issues, although mobile phone radiation and software security also generated significant interest. 5288 43_CONCLUSION UT=000184989800008 204.848 34 1683 This confirms the general assumption of greater Web use by the hard sciences. 5362 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167187200005 261.508 38 1623 One significant impact of information technology seems to be an increasing democratisation of the international research community. 5631 43_CONCLUSION UT=000181414100005 337.958 36 1561 Since formal communication can be extensively studied through citation analysis, this provides an exciting new window through which to investigate a facet of a previously obscured type of communication activity. 5450 43_CONCLUSION UT=000170990400003 393.435 39 1558 In conclusion: in view of the increasing importance of the Internet as a publication/ communication medium, the fluctuations in the result sets of Internet search engines can no longer be neglected. 5332 43_CONCLUSION UT=000083037500010 389.342 41 1515 This deviation from the general trend indicates that the above-mentioned explanation is too simple and that national scientific size does not correlate negatively with the amount of international research collaboration without exceptions. 5530 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000004 153.83 28 1482 This study provides an insight into the public practices and choices in Web searching. 5395 43_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800002 429.209 41 1459 This argument makes it possible to interpret the information production process as a self-similar fractal and show the relation between Lotka 's exponent and the ( self-similar) fractal dimension of the system. 5449 43_CONCLUSION UT=000170990400003 286.195 34 1426 The fluctuations should also be considered as a complication of other research on the behaviour and performance of Internet search engines. 5396 43_CONCLUSION UT=000228634800002 458.73 40 1342 Lotkaian informetric systems are self-similar fractals, a fact revealed by Mandelbrot ( 1977) in relation to nature, but is also true for random texts, which exemplify a very special type of informetric system. 5585 43_CONCLUSION UT=000174105900005 283.689 33 1302 It is reported that four different link count based weightings are possible, each highlighting a different aspect of the data. 5505 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100002 372.182 33 1280 Major differences were found between the types of entities that cite, and those that backlink, e-journal articles, with scholarly works comprising a very small percentage of backlinking files. 5579 43_CONCLUSION UT=000086849100004 412.643 36 1272 Nevertheless, exploring the main components of tacit knowledge in depth, and considering recent ICT-based applications, it is possible to foresee new opportunities for the creation and dissemination of knowledge through networks. 5388 43_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 342.324 34 1206 In conclusion the adoption of an interaction paradigm for IR research is advocated and examples of empirical work for supporting interactive searching and retrieval are provided. 5617 43_CONCLUSION UT=000181925300002 372.239 33 1151 Based upon an analysis of changes between models, it is suggested that range models measure essentially the same quantity as their predecessors but are less susceptible to spurious causes of multiple links and are therefore more robust. 5361 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167187200005 300.505 31 1148 Along with such discipline-related differences, the developments also appear to be influenced, in part, by pressures from the research community and ham the institutional environment. 5487 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600006 319.324 28 1122 In this framework graph theoretic approaches, including path analysis, transversal links, " weak ties " and " small-world " phenomena are integrated. 5387 43_CONCLUSION UT=000087756900005 463.437 33 1049 Three principal aspects of interaction are identified and discussed: interaction within and across tasks; the notion of interaction as task sharing; and interaction as a discourse. 5433 43_CONCLUSION UT=000179860200003 363.991 28 974 This paper explores the important developments so far, the current situation especially with regard to automatically collected virtual visitor statistics, and possible future directions for the VLmp directory and related resources. 5415 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600005 213.624 28 938 A much more revolutionary change in science will be the increasing availability and sharing of research data. 5410 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167170600003 251.187 25 932 A possible solution is for the scientific world to develop its own search and data collection tools. 5257 43_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200002 300.182 27 911 The conclusions are of a qualitative rather than quantitative nature because of the small effective sample size, so an initial set of thousands of links would be required to remedy this. 5256 43_CONCLUSION UT=000187580200002 250.996 23 895 These, and computing pages to a lesser extent, play a role more pernicious than 'stop words ' in traditional information retrieval. 5534 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167255500001 278.932 25 869 The article closes with some reflections on explanations of regularities in informetrics, based on statistical, probabilistic or informetric results, or on a combination thereof. 5468 43_CONCLUSION UT=000081198600009 324.82 25 821 An effort to visualize these data using advanced virtual reality software is described, and the creation of document pathways through the map is seen as a realization of Bush 's ( 1945) associative trails. 5492 43_CONCLUSION UT=000183501500006 190.258 23 765 to highlight the growing importance of collaboration and the increasing division of labor in contemporary research and scholarship. 5323 43_CONCLUSION UT=000171745700019 235.448 20 668 A listing of the top journals in the three fields are given, as well as a list of the major reviews and bibliographies that have been published over the years. 5516 43_CONCLUSION UT=000169909700005 124.165 14 634 In some cases there is, however, no citation advantage for one or even for both partners. 5458 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167208800005 214.684 20 604 The results of the domain visualization are discussed and triangulated in a broader context of the computer graphics field. 5595 43_CONCLUSION UT=000183872300002 205.121 22 600 Offers not only a descriptive model, but also a theoretical perspective from which information systems may be understood and evaluated. 5371 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 262.53 22 574 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 5322 43_CONCLUSION UT=000171745700019 259.584 20 556 The size of the overall literature of these fields is determined and the growth and stabilisation of both the dissertation and non-dissertation literature are shown. 5596 43_CONCLUSION UT=000183872300002 149.976 18 542 In addition to this provides empirical exemplification and proposals for research initiatives. 5547 43_CONCLUSION UT=000171050400004 235.099 19 472 Using the regularity noted here, we suggest that Zipf 's Law is a consequence of the statistical dependencies that exist between terms, described here using information theoretic concepts. 5601 43_CONCLUSION UT=000180834700001 221.622 18 453 Finally, an example is presented of the calculation of the new compactness measures for a co-citation and a bibliographic coupling network. 5267 43_CONCLUSION UT=000186999600010 214.908 17 448 An application was made to a generic thematic environment, and the underlying relationships and structures were manifest in the interpretation of the results. 5280 43_CONCLUSION UT=000088171500001 272.085 18 428 The empirical findings of the study demonstrated that scholars use hyperlinks for a variety of purposes, and that their hyperlinking behavior frequently results from a complex interplay of motivations. 5567 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165569100006 145.384 14 419 Furthermore, CMC use is positively associated with scientific productivity and collaboration. 5497 43_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400001 176.467 20 397 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 5572 43_CONCLUSION UT=000172581500004 161.181 16 379 A system developed using the model is examined and the advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed. 5246 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 160.396 13 367 The fractal nature of the Internet is highlighted and a modest attempt to measure it is given. 5403 43_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000002 172.803 15 325 ( R) Sher was also the inventor of the SYSTABAR System of coding references and Sherhand. 5480 43_CONCLUSION UT=000229628500004 199.418 13 324 This paper validates departmental interlinking, using Physics, Chemistry and Biology departments from Australia, Canada and the UK. 5294 43_CONCLUSION UT=000080331300001 85.2981 9 275 MLE assumptions appear to be required to model the data adequately. 5300 43_CONCLUSION UT=000185427800005 141.174 16 272 ( C) 2002 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5327 43_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600013 141.174 16 272 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5378 43_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200016 141.174 16 272 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5226 43_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000009 164.904 12 245 The network effect at the European level can be considered as institutional more than cognitive. 5263 43_CONCLUSION UT=000229005500006 177.768 14 240 We find that the older the references, the more the network tends to change its structure towards a more exponential degree distribution. 5540 43_CONCLUSION UT=000184780500002 121.976 11 229 Its effectiveness is tested by several laboratory experiments that simulate what might happen if the system were deployed and used. 5309 43_CONCLUSION UT=000078882500004 191.555 12 180 However some changes appear to have taken place in Serbia outwith Belgrade, which are consistent with the reports of the expulsion of Croats living in Vojvodina. 5427 43_CONCLUSION UT=000181012900010 145.731 9 149 Evidence was found that Greece was significantly linguistically isolated from the rest of the EU but that outsiders Norway and Switzerland were not. 5404 43_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000002 197.672 11 122 He was involved in key reports on citation-based historiography, forecasting Nobel prizes, and served as a referee for JASIS over a 20-year period. 5367 43_CONCLUSION UT=000165654300005 178.691 10 115 In sum, despite difficulties with coding and variation in CV formats, this collection strategy seems to us to hold much promise. 5245 43_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300005 54.2744 5 98 Lastly, aspects of complexity are discussed. 5551 43_CONCLUSION UT=000185833200004 140.729 8 70 The plots of accumulated clusters of sitations and targets, however, did not fit the typical Bradford distribution. 5346 43_CONCLUSION UT=000234603700007 56.9427 3 9 Three options for bibliometric monitoring are discussed. 5452 43_METHOD UT=000186610800003 3533.08 304 51168 Results suggest that: ( 1) discrepancies between the structure of the sociometric ( personal) and author cocitation networks reflect real differences, not temporal factors; ( 2) differences between cocitation patterns and reports in the literature, and corresponding delays in the visibility of emerging perspectives, are likely due to the " inertia " of aggregate cocitation data and/ or by shifts by neuroscience-vision researchers to publication in more prominent journals; ( 3) a sharp rise in link density for the neuroscience-vision subgroup indicates increased cohesiveness and growing maturation for this emerging perspective; ( 4) shifts in subgroup membership, link density, patterns of coauthorship, and multiple factor loadings suggest possible convergence between other subgroups in the network and identify individuals who may play boundary-spanning roles within the network; and ( 5) changing patterns of cocitation throughout the network suggest the increasing influence of studies relating to neurobiological mechanisms underlying dyslexia. 5556 43_METHOD UT=000169392900004 1052.93 214 27211 Google 's web ranking algorithm ( Brin & Page, 1998) on ranking web pages is applied in this new coordinate space, The results of the algorithm has been modified to fit different topological web graph structures. 5494 43_METHOD UT=000169989400001 1520.79 219 26346 In this paper, we analyze two views of information production and use in computer-related research based on citation analysis of PDF and Postcript formatted publications on the Web using autonomous citation indexing ( ACI), and a parallel citation analysis of the journal literature indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) in SCISEARCH. 5555 43_METHOD UT=000169392900004 856.793 197 24543 The in-degree id coordinate is the number of web pages that point Po a given web page, In this new coordinate space a metric is built to classify how close or far different web graphs are. 5349 43_METHOD UT=000230603800008 1076.47 178 21383 About 30 % of Web citations in each area indicate intellectual impact ( citations from articles or class readings, in contrast to citations from bibliographic services or the author 's or journal 's home page). 5569 43_METHOD UT=000172581500004 736.381 153 18766 Computer programs are needed in order to conduct any large-scale processing of web pages, requiring the use of a web crawler at some stage in order to fetch the pages to be analysed. 5437 43_METHOD UT=000179904000003 1020.76 158 18194 The specific questions addressed are whether site age and site content are inducers of links to a journal 's Web site as measured by the ratio of link counts to Journal Impact Factors, two variables previously discovered to be related. 5302 43_METHOD UT=000183131900001 922.723 151 17851 Strong scale-free regularities for page indegrees, outdegrees, and connected component sizes were in evidence, resulting in power laws similar to those previously identified for individual university Web sites and for the AltaVista-indexed Web. 5523 43_METHOD UT=000231332600008 1259.84 160 17106 Results from this study demonstrate both the importance and the feasibility of the use of multiple citation data sources in citation analysis studies of scholarly communication, and provide evidence for a developing " two tier " scholarly communication system. 5554 43_METHOD UT=000169392900004 477.495 134 16479 The out-degree coordinate od is defined as the number of outgoing web pages from a given web page. 5456 43_METHOD UT=000167208800005 1622.04 123 15631 In this article, the domain of computer graphics is visualized based on author cocitation patterns derived from an 18-year span of the prestigious IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications ( 1982-1999), This domain visualization utilizes a series of visualization and animation techniques, including author cocitation maps, citation time lines, animation of a high-dimensional specialty space, and institutional profiles. 5526 43_METHOD UT=000167198000004 877.884 135 14255 We found that most people use few search terms, few modified queries, view few Web pages, and rarely use advanced search features. 5317 43_METHOD UT=000171745700019 1468.31 138 13672 The terms bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informetrics refer to component fields related to the study of the dynamics of disciplines as reflected in the production of their literature, Areas of study range from charting changes in the output of a scholarly field through time and across countries, to the library collection problem of maintaining control of the output, and to the low publication productivity of most researchers. 5222 43_METHOD UT=000172450000009 1150.96 130 13540 Using the title words of scientific publications in five core journals of biotechnology, multivariate analysis is used to distinguish between the intellectual organization of the publications in terms of title words and the institutional network in terms of addresses of documents. 5350 43_METHOD UT=000230603800008 612.893 110 13211 Journals receiving more Web citations also have higher percentages of citations indicating intellectual impact. 5284 43_METHOD UT=000184989800008 594.019 114 12835 Firstly, inlinks were counted to each university Web site from its national peers using four alternative Web document models. 5582 43_METHOD UT=000174105900005 650.569 116 12768 Links also allow search engine crawlers to index a fraction of the web and are used by some of them to rate target page quality. 5536 43_METHOD UT=000184780500002 843.942 111 12681 However, as the quantity of information available is constantly increasing, its quality is threatened, since the traditional quality control mechanism of peer review is often not used (e.g., in online repositories of preprints, and by people publishing whatever they want on their Web pages). 5460 43_METHOD UT=000178366100004 597.887 99 11762 Yet the Web analogy of citations, hyperlinks, are much more varied in use and existing citation techniques are difficult to generalise to the new medium. 5570 43_METHOD UT=000172581500004 549.808 102 11688 The processing of the text of web pages in order to extract information can be expensive in terms of processor time. 5241 43_METHOD UT=000167187300005 679.135 103 11235 The third topic deals with scientometric aspects: can the clickable buttons ( hyper-links) in Web pages replace the role of classical references in scientific papers? 5379 43_METHOD UT=000087054000006 1208.01 111 11179 In studies of information users ' cognitive behaviors, it is widely recognized that users ' perceptions of their information problem situations play a major role, Time-line interviewing and inductive content analysis are two research methods that, used together, have proven extremely useful for exploring and describing users ' perceptions in various situational contexts. 5604 43_METHOD UT=000183438900007 683.492 101 10820 The relevant Web Impact Factors ( WIFs) were calculated from the link data collected both from Alta Vista and the special academic crawler of the University of Wolverhampton. 5527 43_METHOD UT=000167198000004 736.546 105 10420 A small number of search terms are used with high frequency, and a great many terms are unique; the language of Web queries is distinctive. 5476 43_METHOD UT=000229628500004 903.524 111 10171 University links have been previously validated as a new data source through significant statistical correlations between link and research measures, together with identification of motivations for hyperlink creation at the university level. 5461 43_METHOD UT=000178366100004 614.91 91 10087 In this context, one new challenging object of study is the modern multifaceted, multi genre, partly unregulated university Web site. 5561 43_METHOD UT=000169032200006 686.787 94 9457 In this article we report our research on building FEATUREs-an intelligent web search engine that is able to perform real-time adaptive feature (i.e., keyword) and document learning. 5375 43_METHOD UT=000227764200016 717.975 94 9363 The classification is multi-faceted and involves different aspects of the source and the target page, the link area and the relationship between the source and the target. 5325 43_METHOD UT=000231332600013 650.557 88 9075 This paper assesses whether a linear trend or a power law is the most appropriate method with which to model the relationship between research and web site size or outlinks. 5369 43_METHOD UT=000165132100004 931.86 99 9071 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 5265 43_METHOD UT=000186999600010 471.815 71 9066 Some of the most interesting relationships are those that are brought to light by co-linking analysis ( the Web analogue of cocitation analysis). 5495 43_METHOD UT=000169989400001 493.871 80 8896 Our goal is to establish a baseline profile of computer science " literature " as it appears in the published journals and as it appears on the publicly available Web. 5502 43_METHOD UT=000165132100002 679.605 85 8550 The results were compared to findings from a citation study performed on the same e-journals in1996. A content analysis of a sample of the files backlinked to e-journal articles was also undertaken. 5283 43_METHOD UT=000184989800008 396.103 75 8492 Multiple exploratory investigations into Web links were conducted between universities in these two places. 5423 43_METHOD UT=000181012900010 349.178 75 8135 The results show that English is the dominant language both for linking pages and for all pages. 5581 43_METHOD UT=000174105900005 454.327 75 8037 For pages that are linked to, backlinks are not only a potential source of visitors but an expression of interest in the page contents as well. 5374 43_METHOD UT=000227764200016 494.871 75 7983 As a first step towards a better understanding, we propose a classification of link types in academic environments on the Web. 5270 43_METHOD UT=000085495700003 467.6 83 7856 " In 807 out of the 942 retrieved pages, the search terms were mentioned in the context of information science. 5271 43_METHOD UT=000085495700003 531.587 77 7809 Over 70 % of the pages contained only indirect information on the topic, in the form of hypertext links and bibliographical references without annotation. 5501 43_METHOD UT=000165132100002 576.582 79 7776 Search results were processed to determine the number of backlinking pages, total backlinks, and external backlinks made to the e-journals and to their articles. 5575 43_METHOD UT=000086849100004 912.156 84 7151 It summarises and develops the results of relevant international studies and surveys on computer-mediated communication; it identifies, on the one hand, the principal social settings and contexts in which email is used and, on the other, the characteristic features which determine specific communication models. 5549 43_METHOD UT=000185833200004 491.184 66 6984 The experimental sample examines the sitations found in a closed generic environment of thematically-related Web sites - the case of Extremadura ( Spain). 5250 43_METHOD UT=000187580200002 844.638 77 6610 We took a sample of 586 linked pairs of domains in different UK academic sites, and extracted those that represented different subjects, resulting in 52 pairs of domains with different subjects. 5420 43_METHOD UT=000182425300001 461.512 67 6575 This paper uses a page categorization to show that restricting the metrics to subsets more closely related to the research of the host university can produce even stronger associations. 5259 43_METHOD UT=000229005500006 554.918 59 6400 We find that this network of clustered publications shows different statistical properties depending on the age of the references used for building the network. 5223 43_METHOD UT=000172450000009 710.58 67 6319 The interaction among the representation of intellectual space in terms of words and co-words, and the potentially European network system is compared with the document sets with American and Japanese addresses. 5622 43_METHOD UT=000166468700004 635.247 68 6272 Some of the observed sitation counts appear counter-intuitive and there is only a very limited correlation with peer evaluations of research performance, with many of the sitations being from pages that are far removed in subject matter from LIS. 5342 43_METHOD UT=000234603700007 580.544 67 6234 Main differences in publication and citation behavior between the ( basic) sciences and the social sciences and humanities are outlined. 5484 43_METHOD UT=000167170600006 268.515 51 5975 Problems with measuring Web Impact Factors ( Web-IF) are discussed. 5233 43_METHOD UT=000181012900005 463.325 63 5917 Most citing journals were European and American, thus showing a fairly good visibility of the articles published in the 14 journals analyzed. 5329 43_METHOD UT=000083037500010 571.384 67 5916 In this study, the collaboration pattern of 49 universities is analysed and a comparison is made between the Northern European and American universities in our sample. 5537 43_METHOD UT=000184780500002 733.98 70 5892 This paper describes a new kind of electronic scholarly journal, in which the standard submission-review-publication process is replaced by a more sophisticated approach, based on judgments expressed by the readers: in this way, each reader is, potentially, a peer reviewer. 5576 43_METHOD UT=000086849100004 631.518 60 5872 The analysis provides evidence of the various factors which determine the dynamics of electronic communication and which, more specifically, define the difference between business and scientific communication. 5252 43_METHOD UT=000187580200002 688.838 69 5868 Over a third of the links formed a scholarly connection between similar subjects, but in 8 % of cases dissimilar subjects also had a scholarly connection. 5417 43_METHOD UT=000168323400005 381.855 59 5723 The results were compared with data from two earlier studies of the same journals. 5598 43_METHOD UT=000180834700001 558.569 54 5659 These new measures for the cohesion of networks can be used in case a dissimilarity value is given between nodes in a network or a graph. 5311 43_METHOD UT=000167284400001 465.544 58 5535 Science Citation Index has since established itself as the gold standard for scientific information retrieval. 5511 43_METHOD UT=000169909700005 384.12 53 5259 Besides stable links and coherent clusters, new nodes and links have also been found. 5544 43_METHOD UT=000171050400004 677.261 67 5259 We suggest reasons for this principle based on the empirical relationships shown here between the rank of terms within phrases and the average mutual information between terms, which we refer to as the Inverse Representation - EMIM principle. 5413 43_METHOD UT=000167170600005 513.426 59 5101 Publication via journals of high reputation is in most fields of science crucial to receive professional recognition. 5465 43_METHOD UT=000081198600009 451.112 54 5030 Attempts to construct maps of science using citation data are reviewed, focusing on the use of cc-citation clusters. 5430 43_METHOD UT=000179860200003 454.58 51 4997 In 1994 the author developed the Virtual Library museums pages ( VLmp), an online international distributed museum directory. 5251 43_METHOD UT=000187580200002 319.718 49 4774 These were then grouped by the type of relationship between the source and target page. 5336 43_METHOD UT=000187580200008 393.767 46 4558 The collected Impact Factors of scholarly journals from these two periods are compared in the available media. 5500 43_METHOD UT=000165132100002 378.663 54 4517 Backlink searches were conducted on a sample of 39 scholarly electronic journals. 5424 43_METHOD UT=000181012900010 342.795 44 4511 In a typical country approximately half the pages were in English and half in one or more national languages. 5455 43_METHOD UT=000167208800005 417.943 42 4281 Information visualization plays an integral role in modeling and representing intellectual structures associated with scientific disciplines. 5285 43_METHOD UT=000184989800008 481.914 52 4226 The results were shown to correlate significantly with research productivity in Taiwan but not in the Mainland, although in the latter case less reliable institutional data could have been the cause. 5609 43_METHOD UT=000227040500001 476.865 52 4162 The cases examine international collaboration by detailing co-authorship links among researchers by field, evidenced at the level of the nation. 5483 43_METHOD UT=000167170600006 513.503 48 3959 Recent investigations of search engine coverage and performance are reviewed as a frame for selected quality and content analyses. 5564 43_METHOD UT=000165569100006 545.925 47 3628 Based on surveys from 333 scientists, we find that CMC use is central to both professional and research-related aspects of scientific work, and that this use differs by field. 5260 43_METHOD UT=000229005500006 415.778 38 3620 A remarkable finding is that only the network based on all references within publications is characterized by a degree distribution with a power-law dependence. 5277 43_METHOD UT=000088171500001 540.637 50 3619 Fifteen Indiana University faculty and graduate students who had published at least one scholarly electronic article containing at least one external hyperlink were surveyed. 5335 43_METHOD UT=000187580200008 360.733 43 3582 Changes in the Impact Factors were monitored annually over two periods, 1994-1995 and 2000-2001, the years before and after electronic journals appeared. 5543 43_METHOD UT=000171050400004 431.521 46 3493 Luhn 's model suggests that midrange terms are the best index terms and relevance discriminators. 5509 43_METHOD UT=000169909700005 486.416 41 3474 Four basic types can be distinguished in the relative specialisation of domestic and internationally co-authored publications of 50 most active countries in 1995/ 96 concerning the significance of the difference between the two profiles. 5489 43_METHOD UT=000183501500006 382.386 36 3287 Our results show that the intensity of acknowledgment varies by discipline, reflecting differences in prevailing sociocognitive structures and work practices. 5591 43_METHOD UT=000183872300002 481.657 38 3272 From a theoretical point of view the domain-analytic view has proposed that differences between different disciplines and domains should be emphasised. 5627 43_METHOD UT=000181414100005 392.702 36 3268 Obtaining inter-classifier agreement as to the single main link creation cause was very difficult because of multiple potential. 5510 43_METHOD UT=000169909700005 390.328 40 3084 Co-publication maps reveal structural changes in international co-authorship links in the last decade. 5603 43_METHOD UT=000183438900007 373.666 39 3037 In this study, we test whether the same is true for the computer science departments in the UK. 5228 43_METHOD UT=000232418400006 331.975 32 2946 Indicators of reference and citation domesticity as well as reference-citation domesticity balance are constructed and presented. 5619 43_METHOD UT=000085724900008 466.367 40 2922 The facilities include the usual Booleanetc., search on subject and bibliographic details; cited reference query; and related records. 5615 43_METHOD UT=000181925300002 264.309 33 2910 All three give results that correlate significantly with the research productivity of the target institution. 5565 43_METHOD UT=000165569100006 376.028 31 2906 We find that e-mail use focuses on coordination activities, and its biggest effect is helping to integrate scientists into professional networks. 5312 43_METHOD UT=000167284400001 238.606 25 2525 It has also become the database of choice for citation analysts and evaluative bibliometricians worldwide. 5358 43_METHOD UT=000167187200005 266.778 29 2402 The results indicate that major changes in communication habits are occurring. 5436 43_METHOD UT=000179904000003 279.994 24 2301 An empirical approach is used: collecting data and testing for significant patterns. 5330 43_METHOD UT=000083037500010 357.807 37 2291 It was found that the American universities have more national and less international collaboration than the European ones. 5471 43_METHOD UT=000246379400006 529.841 39 2288 Hence, science policy researchers and science policy makers need early warning of issues that resonate with a wide public so that they can make timely and informed decisions. 5232 43_METHOD UT=000181012900005 223.601 25 2218 Seventy-three Italian journals were indexed in the JCR, 14 of which achieved an IF equal to or higher than one. 5392 43_METHOD UT=000228634800002 387.935 31 2205 Power laws have other desirable properties that are not shared by exponential laws, as we indicate in this paper. 5466 43_METHOD UT=000081198600009 314.776 30 2101 New work is reported on a dataset of about36,000 documents using simplified methods for ordination, and nesting maps hierarchically. 5384 43_METHOD UT=000087756900005 679.932 38 2038 The former are deemed to provide a useful framework for characterising interaction at the task level, with the structural relationship between tasks as well as the dynamic transition from one task to another being key features of the interactive process. 5297 43_METHOD UT=000185427800005 250.917 25 2010 It examines how collaboration and volume of information production were changed over the past century. 5406 43_METHOD UT=000167170600003 218.794 22 1997 For each method, some studies utilizing it are reviewed, and advantages and shortcomings of each technique are discussed. 5278 43_METHOD UT=000088171500001 446.493 31 1914 Through a series of qualitative interviews, 19 different hyperlinking motivations, classified into the three motivational groups-scholarly, social, and technological-along the dimensional ranges of their properties, were identified. 5477 43_METHOD UT=000229628500004 270.294 25 1907 Many investigations have been conducted for university interlinking, but few for departments. 5296 43_METHOD UT=000185427800005 258.186 24 1831 The purpose of this article is to explore trends in transforming scholarly publishing and their implications. 5365 43_METHOD UT=000165654300005 234.642 24 1789 In addition, a number of CVs were obtained " passively " from a search of the Internet. 5610 43_METHOD UT=000227040500001 308.684 27 1788 Cases are offered based on possible drivers for collaboration: sharing ideas, cooperating around equipment, cooperating around resources, and exchanging data. 5307 43_METHOD UT=000078882500004 473.4 31 1594 They reflect accurately the political situation underlying the recent breakup of the former Yugoslavia, and long-term international alliances and friendships, but also take account of geographical proximity, which assists scientific co-operation. 5446 43_METHOD UT=000170990400003 295.638 27 1585 Does an engine always present the same relevant documents that are, or were, available in its database? 5318 43_METHOD UT=000171745700019 182.378 20 1543 These terms are used to describe similar and overlapping methodologies. 5319 43_METHOD UT=000171745700019 217.357 22 1504 The origins and historical survey of the development of each of these terms are presented. 5240 43_METHOD UT=000167187300005 421.291 29 1373 The second topic is the Internet version of the informetric laws: are the same types of classical distributions valid or not? 5364 43_METHOD UT=000165654300005 282.892 19 1360 CVs were obtained in response to an email message sent to researchers working in the areas of biotechnology and microelectronics. 5239 43_METHOD UT=000167187300005 198.809 19 1312 First of all, there is the increasing problem of data gathering in the Internet. 5445 43_METHOD UT=000170990400003 276.137 22 1289 The focus is on a characteristic related to size: the degree of consistency to which an engine retrieves documents. 5518 43_METHOD UT=000165569100008 366.735 27 1248 Four hundred eighty-five records represented nonduplicate descriptions of data compilations ( 194), software ( 153), Websites ( 73), electronic documents ( 49), and digitized images ( 17). 5590 43_METHOD UT=000183872300002 252.823 22 1173 On the empirical side much has happened in the developments of electronic communication that needs to be considered. 5532 43_METHOD UT=000167255500001 497.473 27 1162 The cloud of points, found by Wallace, is explained in this sense that the points are scattered over the area in first quadrant, limited by a curve of the form y = E/ x(2) +1, where E is a constant. 5343 43_METHOD UT=000234603700007 181.598 17 1143 Limitations of the (S)SCI and A&HCI for monitoring research performance are considered. 5407 43_METHOD UT=000167170600003 212.196 17 1067 The paper emphasizes that data collection must be carried out with great care. 5383 43_METHOD UT=000087756900005 252.928 18 977 A distinction is made between general information-seeking models and information-searching models for computerised systems. 5391 43_METHOD UT=000228634800002 396.688 26 930 They are shown to characterize functions with the scale-free property ( also called self-similarity property) as well as functions with the product property. 5357 43_METHOD UT=000167187200005 226.29 18 920 A small sample of UK social scientists was also interviewed. 5599 43_METHOD UT=000180834700001 361.454 23 899 It is illustrated how a set of weights between connected nodes can be transformed into a set of dissimilarity measures for all nodes. 5412 43_METHOD UT=000167170600005 184.694 15 775 Most changes however will be primarily technological hut not conceptual. 5490 43_METHOD UT=000183501500006 342.066 21 737 We demonstrate that the acknowledgment has gradually established itself as a constitutive element of academic writing, one that provides a revealing insight into the nature and extent of subauthorship collaboration. 5303 43_METHOD UT=000183131900001 169.408 14 662 Anomalies were also discovered in most distributions and were tracked down to root causes. 5519 43_METHOD UT=000165569100008 397.957 19 436 The greatest concentration of E-RRI was found in molecular biology ( QP=123), general natural history and biology ( QH=84), and medicine ( R=74). 5470 43_METHOD UT=000246379400006 176.24 9 410 While the extent of this mistrust is debatable, its political influence is tangible. 5291 43_METHOD UT=000080331300001 243.764 13 338 Each measure on each set is scaled using SAS MDS under ordinal, interval, and MLE assumptions. 5589 43_METHOD UT=000183872300002 142.415 9 254 There are both empirical and theoretical reasons for this need. 5429 43_METHOD UT=000179860200003 223.775 11 249 Rather uniquely, they span both educational and commercial sectors, with a concentration of the original objects even in this virtual world. 5626 43_METHOD UT=000181414100005 66.5553 4 163 A classification-scheme was created and applied to this collection. 5399 43_METHOD UT=000172450000002 95.0702 4 16 His talents as a teacher and mentor evoked loyalty. 5400 43_METHOD UT=000172450000002 71.3027 3 9 He was a particularly inventive but self-taught programmer. 5292 43_METHOD UT=000080331300001 47.5351 2 4 The resulting 75 permutations are ploted. 5444 43_METHOD UT=000170990400003 47.5351 2 4 nl and Vindex. 5434 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000179904000003 969.542 243 28895 Web links have been studied by information scientists for at least six years but it is only in the past two that clear evidence has emerged to show that counts of links to scholarly Web spaces ( universities and departments) can correlate significantly with research measures, giving some credence to their use for the investigation of scholarly communication. 5324 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600013 793.222 221 27196 Previous studies of academic web interlinking have tended to hypothesise that the relationship between the research of a university and links to or from its web site should follow a linear trend, yet the typical distribution of web data, in general, seems to be a non-linear power law. 5553 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900004 604.816 175 22069 It looks at a web page as a graph structure or a web graph, and tries to classify different web graphs in the new coordinate space: ( out-degree, in-degree). 5522 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600008 972.623 194 21447 This article reveals different patterns of scholarly communication in the XML research field on the Web and in print journals in terms of author visibility, and challenges the common practice of exclusively using the ISI 's databases to obtain citation counts as scientific performance indicators. 5580 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000174105900005 341.38 138 16846 Web links are used both to connect pages within a web site and to refer to information and resources elsewhere. 5247 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200002 449.851 133 16413 On the Web, hyperlinks have been used both to assess the impact of academic Web sites and to trace aspects of online informal scholarly communication. 5552 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000169392900004 358.077 136 16158 This research is part of the ongoing study to better understand web page ranking on the web. 5372 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200016 389.653 120 15056 The Web is an enormous set of documents connected through hypertext links created by authors of Web pages. 5347 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800008 571.714 135 14250 The number and type of Web citations to journal articles in four areas of science are examined: biology, genetics, medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. 5348 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800008 511.791 127 13966 For a sample of5,972 articles published in 114 journals, the median Web citation counts per journal article range from6.2 in medicine to10.4 in genetics. 5618 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000085724900008 346.385 118 13845 Discusses search operations using the Web of Science via a server on the World Wide Web. 5281 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000184989800008 525.227 123 13805 The Web has become an important means of academic information exchange and can be used to give new insights into patterns of informal scholarly communication. 5614 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181925300002 554.242 115 13382 Three new metrics are introduced that measure the range of use of a university Web site by its peers through different heuristics for counting links targeted at its pages. 5525 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000004 381.045 112 13334 In studying actual Web searching by the public at large, we analyzed over one million Web queries by users of the Excite search engine. 5517 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100008 779.098 124 13265 Five-hundred twenty-seven full bibliographic records containing URLs were downloaded from SCISEARCH as part of an exploration of the extent of Web publication of electronic research-related information ( E-RRI) in the sciences and classified as to resource type, subject area, and degree of intellectual property protection. 5248 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200002 544.014 118 12976 They are also used in Web information retrieval algorithms to identify important pages and to cluster pages by topic, both of which help in ranking search engine results. 5459 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000178366100004 526.158 112 12850 The Web is an important medium for scholarly communication of various types, perhaps eventually to replace entirely some traditional mechanisms such as print journals. 5624 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181414100005 530.105 107 12587 The need to understand authors ' motivations for creating links between university web sites is addressed by a survey of a random collection of 414 such links from the ac. 5435 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000179904000003 381.104 107 11807 This paper reports on a study to investigate the factors that influence the creation of links to journal Web sites. 5493 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400001 354.223 101 11337 The Web is revolutionizing the entire scholarly communication process and changing the way that researchers exchange information. 5268 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700003 253.084 101 11097 This article addresses the question of whether the Web can serve as an information source for research. 5548 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000185833200004 593.215 97 10994 The study looks at how well the distribution of " sitations " ( inlinks received by Web spaces) fits either a power law ( of the Lotka type) or a bibliometric distribution for printed publications ( of the Bradford type). 5230 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181012900005 615.331 115 10836 The main purpose of this study was to analyze the Italian journals indexed in the 2000 edition of the Journal Citation Reports ( JCR) published by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) ( Philadelphia, USA). 5269 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700003 580.726 101 10635 Specifically, it analyzes by way of content analysis the Web pages retrieved by the major search engines on a particular date ( June 7, 1998), as a result of the query " informetrics OR informetric. 5328 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000083037500010 802.27 112 10344 It is generally assumed that there is a negative correlation between national scientific size and amount of international research collaboration: The larger the size is of the national scientific arena, the lesser the amount of international research collaboration. 5498 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 620.059 101 10334 This study(1) assesses the ways in which citation searching of scholarly print journals is and is not analogous to backlink searching of scholarly e-journal articles on the WWW, and identifies problems and issues related to conducting and interpreting such searches. 5475 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000229628500004 327.111 93 10158 The structural similarity between hyperlinks and citations has encouraged information scientists to apply bibliometric techniques to the Web. 5481 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600006 398.517 91 10078 Since the mid-1990s has emerged a new research field, webometrics, investigating the nature and properties of the Web drawing on modern informetric methodologies. 5282 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000184989800008 383.063 86 9597 This study develops new methods to examine patterns of university Web linking, focusing on Mainland China and Taiwan, and including language considerations. 5368 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 609.94 100 9019 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 5531 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167255500001 780.771 91 8573 A problem, raised by Wallace ( JASIS, 37, 136-145, 1986), on the relation between the journal 's median citation age and its number of articles is studied, Leaving open the problem as such, we give a statistical explanation of this relationship, when replacing " median " by " mean " in Wallace 's problem. 5568 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000172581500004 201.218 72 8538 The content of the web has increasingly become a focus for academic research. 5499 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100002 255.022 73 8432 Backlink searches are defined here as searches for Web pages that link to a given URL. 5508 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000169909700005 560.51 85 8071 An attempt is made to find statistical evidence of symmetry and asymmetry in co-publication links, of the relation between international co-authorship and both national research profiles and citation impact. 5422 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181012900010 287.94 68 7977 A survey of linguistic dimensions of Web site hosting and interlinking of the universities of sixteen European countries is described. 5573 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 465.336 87 7845 This paper explores how and to what extent the appearance and wide use of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICTs) may enhance scientific communication and knowledge. 5419 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000182425300001 521.239 79 7479 Results from recent advances in link metrics have demonstrated that the hyperlink structure of national university systems can be strongly related to the research productivity of the individual institutions. 5231 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181012900005 464.456 75 7242 The performance and the visibility of these journals were evaluated in terms of Impact Factor ( IF), mean IF from citing journals and cited journals, and self-citing and self-cited rates. 5405 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600003 287.389 64 7197 We present different methods of data collection fi om the Web for informetric purposes. 5381 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 566.206 82 7079 The pager aims to explore the concepts of interaction and interactivity presented in different theoretical models in the fields of human-computer interaction ( HCI) and information-seeking/ searching behaviour, and to relate these to information retrieval ( IR) research. 5264 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000186999600010 298.148 61 7005 The need to understand the fabric of relationships that are building up on the World Wide Web calls for the application of tools that allow one to extract the underlying knowledge. 5355 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187200005 332.389 73 6803 An examination has been made of the effects of using information technology an the communication of research by social scientists in Brazil. 5602 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183438900007 337.94 67 6640 Previous research has shown that Weblink based metrics can correlate with traditional research assessment at the university level. 5411 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600005 433.004 74 6592 Electronic publishing developments and new information technology in general will affect the main functions of scientific communication. 5341 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000234603700007 369.951 77 6575 This paper addresses research performance monitoring of the social sciences and the humanities using citation analysis. 5334 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200008 380.89 66 6360 The Impact Factors of a sample of journals have been collected from Journal Citation Reports ( JCR) provided by ISI. 5454 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167208800005 420.674 71 6165 Domain visualization is one of the new research fronts resulted from the proliferation of information visualization, aiming to reveal the essence of a knowledge domain. 5310 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167284400001 387.294 72 6133 The idea of a unified citation index to the literature of science was first outlined by Eugene Garfield [ I] in 1955 in the journal Science. 5588 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 271.885 70 6082 There is a need to bring this model to the focus of information science ( IS) research as well as to update and revise it. 5451 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000186610800003 652.001 70 5824 Author cocitation analysis was used to explore ongoing changes in the intellectual structure of the hybrid problem area of developmental dyslexia for the period 19941998, and to address ambiguities in results raised by an earlier study of these researchers for the years 1976-1993. 5333 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200008 369.159 64 5774 This paper reports the results of a bibliometric analysis of scholarly journals in the field of psychology. 5416 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000168323400005 263.106 62 5620 Data Were gathered on acknowledgements in five leading information science journals for the years 1991-1999. 5482 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167170600006 425.976 60 5576 The article attempts to point to selected areas of webometric research that demonstrate interesting progress and space for development as well as to some currently less promising areas. 5563 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165569100006 440.535 62 5499 This article summarizes the preliminary findings from a recent study of scientists in four disciplines with regard to computer-mediated communication ( CMC) use and effects. 5621 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700004 363.354 64 5115 This paper describes a webometric analysis of the linkages ( or 'sitations ') to websites associated with departments of librarianship and information science ( LIS). 5306 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000078882500004 458.206 63 5114 Scientific outputs from Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and the patterns of co-authorship between them and five western countries and with each other have been determined from the Science Citation Index. 5469 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379400006 419.521 57 4873 A feature of modern democracies is public mistrust of scientists and the politicization of science policy,e.g., concerning stem cell research and genetically modified food. 5227 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000232418400006 555.944 60 4579 As a first element of a macro-level country-by-country cross-reference and cross-citation analysis, domestic/ international character of reference and citation behavior of 36 countries is studied and compared with international co-authorship patterns. 5397 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000002 556.415 61 4578 Over a 35-year period, IrvingH. Sher played a critical role in the development and implementation of the Science Citation Index ( R) and other ISI ( R) products. 5276 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000088171500001 305.581 48 4561 The primary purpose of the study was to identify motivations for hyperlinking in scholarly electronic articles. 5315 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700019 466.946 58 4480 Since VassilyV. Nalimov coined the term 'scientometrics ' in the 1960s, this term has grown in popularity and is used to describe the study of science: growth, structure, interrelationships and productivity. 5574 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000086849100004 362.338 51 4419 The first part analyses the general boundaries of scientific communication, focusing on the use of email. 5542 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400004 451.088 51 4154 We find that when phrase rank increases, moving from common to less common phrases, the value of the expected mutual information measure ( EMIM) between the terms regularly decreases. 5507 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000169909700005 404.087 52 4026 The main objective of this study is the elaboration of national characteristics in international scientific co-authorship relations. 5464 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000081198600009 228.703 46 3908 Science mapping is discussed in the general context of information visualization. 5258 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000229005500006 438.183 57 3868 In this paper we report first results of our study on network characteristics of a reference-based, bibliographically coupled ( BC) publication network structure. 5301 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183131900001 366.456 41 3631 The graph structures of three national university publicly indexable Webs from Australia, New Zealand, and the UK were analyzed. 5398 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000002 419.239 46 3623 Trained as a biochemist, statistician, and linguist, Sher brought a unique combination of talents to ISI as Director of Quality Control and Director of Research and Development. 5541 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000171050400004 291.839 44 3552 There are regularities in the statistical information provided by natural language terms about neighboring terms. 5249 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000187580200002 312.21 40 3404 In this paper we investigate a type of link that is of particular interest for all of these applications: one that crosses subject boundaries. 5373 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200016 148.139 29 3355 These links have been studied quantitatively, but little has been done so far in order to understand why these links are created. 5237 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 394.625 49 3323 This paper poses more problems than it solves: it investigates the new ( virtual) world of the Internet and the challenges that it offers for informetric analysis. 5428 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000179860200003 304.559 42 3313 Museums have been discovering the Internet over the past few years like many other information provision sectors. 5295 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000185427800005 204.56 32 3103 Scholarly communication is undergoing transformation under the confluence of many forces. 5443 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000170990400003 465.135 42 2894 Thirteen engines are evaluated: AltaVista, EuroFerret, Excite, HotBot, InfoSeek, Lycos, MSN, NorthernLight, Snap, WebCrawler and three national Dutch engines: Ilse, Search. 5586 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 201.101 32 2610 In 1971 UNISIST proposed a model for scientific and technical communication. 5535 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000184780500002 292.886 34 2582 The Internet has fostered a faster, more interactive and effective model of scholarly publishing. 5390 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800002 198.737 25 2222 In this article some unique properties of power laws are proven. 5442 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000170990400003 258.702 29 2151 An empirical investigation of the consistency of retrieval through Internet search engines is reported. 5608 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000227040500001 221.275 28 2049 Six case studies of international cooperation at the subfield level are presented and compared. 5363 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000165654300005 306.518 28 1822 In this paper we assess the utility of the curriculum vita ( CV) as a data source for examining the career paths of scientists and engineers. 5389 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000228634800002 318.452 27 1519 Power laws as defined in 1926 byA. Lotka are increasing in importance because they have been found valid in varied social networks including the Internet. 5238 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300005 126.049 19 1417 The paper studies five different aspects. 5220 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000009 305.004 24 1303 Fields of technoscience like biotechnology develop in a network mode: disciplinary insights from different backgrounds are recombined as competing innovation systems are continuously reshaped. 5221 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000009 308.131 24 1291 The ongoing process of integration at the European level generates an additional network of transnational collaborations. 5290 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000080331300001 351.45 23 1253 Multiple similarity measures for five TREC topic-document sets from the LDC TREC Collection Disk 1 are derived from the full text of documents. 5382 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000087756900005 341.525 23 1062 It is suggested that interaction in HCI is primarily concerned with establishing a user/ system dialogue at the user interface and does not address the interactive characteristics of IR operational tasks. 5488 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183501500006 212.655 16 866 We chronicle the use of acknowledgments in 20th-century scholarship by analyzing and classifying more than4,500 specimens covering a 100-year period. 5597 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000180834700001 185.044 14 726 wA generalization of both the Botafogo-Rivlin-Shneiderman compactness measure and the Wiener index is presented. 5587 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000183872300002 161.504 16 628 This model has been widely cited and additional models have been added to the literature. 5356 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187200005 147.037 9 291 Two disciplines were studied economics and sociology - via both interviews and a questionnaire survey. 5625 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000181414100005 73.707 5 193 uk domain. 5316 43_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700019 120.599 7 176 Scientometrics is related to and has overlapping interests with bibliometrics and informetrics. 5370 43_RESULT UT=000165132100004 4377.1 430 106701 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 5562 43_RESULT UT=000169032200006 2650.98 219 41960 Not only does FEATURES learn from the user 's document relevance feedback, but it also automatically extracts and suggests indexing keywords relevant to a search query and learns from the user 's keyword relevance feedback so that it is able to speed up its search process and to enhance its search performance, We design two efficient and mutual-benefiting learning algorithms that work concurrently, one for feature learning and the other for document learning, FEATURES employs these algorithms together with an internal index database and a real-time meta-searcher to perform adaptive real-time learning to find desired documents with as little relevance feedback from the user as possible, The architecture and performance of FEATURES are also discussed. 5351 43_RESULT UT=000230603800008 1055.42 182 21763 There is significant correlation between the number of citations reported in the databases from the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI, now Thomson Scientific) and the number of citations retrieved using the Google search engine ( Web citations). 5401 43_RESULT UT=000172450000002 1343.55 127 14807 In addition to the SCI, ( R) Social Sciences Citation Index, ( R) and Arts and Humanities Citation Index, ( R) Sher was involved with the development of the first commercial SDI system, the Automatic Subject Citation Alert, now called Research Alert, ( R) and Request-A-Print Cards. 5496 43_RESULT UT=000169989400001 816.27 129 13818 From this starting point, we hope to identify additional research areas dealing with information dissemination and citation practices in computer science and the utility of autonomous citation indexing on the Web as an adjunct to commercial indexing. 5448 43_RESULT UT=000170990400003 828.412 88 13763 These should be taken into account by users who apply an Internet search engine, for instance to retrieve as many relevant documents as possible, or to retrieve a document that was already found in a previous search, or to perform scientometric/ bibliometric measurements. 5520 43_RESULT UT=000165569100008 987.495 115 11266 Roughly two-thirds of the 410 accessible Webpages ( 67 %) permitted totally free and unrestricted public access and use of the information; 11 % requested citation of a related journal article as acknowledgment of use; the remainder stated conditions for use or relied on a statement of copyright as an indication of ownership. 5313 43_RESULT UT=000167284400001 923.549 128 11123 As scientific publication moves to the web, and novel approaches to scholarly communication and peer review establish themselves, new methods of citation and link analysis will emerge to capture often liminal expressions of peer esteem, influence and approbation. 5376 43_RESULT UT=000227764200016 689.952 98 11079 Such classification provides an insight into the diverse uses of hypertext links on the Web, and has implications for browsing and ranking in IR systems by differentiating between different types of links. 5235 43_RESULT UT=000181012900005 899.208 122 10922 The journal that appeared to perform best was the Journal of High Energy Physics, an electronic publication whose success seemingly confirms Internet circulation as an effective means to enhance the visibility and consequently the quality, in term of citations, of a journal. 5620 43_RESULT UT=000085724900008 664.498 96 10615 A search example is presented from the field of pulmonary hypertension, concluding that the combination of Web technology and the use of citation interconnections provides a fast and useful retrieval mechanism. 5503 43_RESULT UT=000165132100002 743.796 100 9782 The authors identify a number of reliability issues associated with the use of " raw " search engine data to evaluate the impact of electronic journals and articles. 5337 43_RESULT UT=000187580200008 797.655 114 9554 As a result, it is found that Impact Factors of 2000 and 2001 were significantly higher than those of 1994 and 1995 in the journals published by parallel publishing ( combination journals - simultaneous publication of paper and electronic journals). 5385 43_RESULT UT=000087756900005 527.028 50 9274 Although the latter are all concerned with how searchers interact with IR systems, each of the models examined represents user interaction at different levels of abstraction. 5409 43_RESULT UT=000167170600003 778.517 92 9183 At the current time, the quality and the reliability of most of the available search tools are not satisfactory, thus informetric analyses of the Web mainly serve as demonstrations of the applicability of informetric methods to this medium, and not as a means for obtaining definite conclusions. 5478 43_RESULT UT=000229628500004 492.769 104 8956 University Web sites are large compared with departmental Web sites, and significant statistical results are more easily obtained. 5486 43_RESULT UT=000167170600006 562.776 85 8779 new directions of webometrics are outlined for performing knowledge discovery and issue tracking on the Web, partly based on bibliometric methodologies used in bibliographic and citation databases. 5557 43_RESULT UT=000169392900004 475.585 90 8296 Also the algorithm was not successful in the case of general web graphs and new ranking web algorithms have to be considered. 5255 43_RESULT UT=000187580200002 734.997 97 8085 The results suggest that mapping disciplinary collaboration on the Web should be feasible but that this process and topic identification in academic Webs would both be helped by the prior removal of key higher education teaching and popular general pages from the data set. 5623 43_RESULT UT=000166468700004 682.371 88 7886 Our conclusions are that sitation data are not well suited to the quantitative evaluation of the research status of LIS departments and that departments can best boost their web visibility by hosting as wide a range of types of material as possible. 5338 43_RESULT UT=000187580200008 669.38 90 7791 In particular, the Impact Factors of the combination journals increased after the journals transformed their available media from paper journals to combination ones. 5345 43_RESULT UT=000234603700007 603.573 81 7762 A broader range of both publications ( including non-ISI journals and monographs) and citation indicators ( including non-ISI reference citation values) is needed. 5611 43_RESULT UT=000227040500001 986.408 93 7451 Scientometric and network analysis of linkages are presented and discussed for each of the six cases: astrophysics, geophysics, mathematical logic, polymers, soil science, and virology, Visualizations of the cosine matrices within each field are compared for 1990 and2000. The research shows that international collaboration grew in all the fields at rates higher than the international average. 5504 43_RESULT UT=000165132100002 581.524 59 7325 No correlation was found between backlink measures and ISI citation measures of e-journal impact, suggesting that the two measures may be assessing something quite different. 5439 43_RESULT UT=000179904000003 624.278 80 7012 The results show that both site age and site content are significant factors for the disciplines studied: library and information science, and law. 5243 43_RESULT UT=000167187300005 394.187 48 6888 The fourth topic discusses information retrieval ( IR) aspects of search engines. 5304 43_RESULT UT=000183131900001 572.178 88 6704 As a result, resource driven Web sites and automatically generated pages were identified as representing a significant break from the assumptions of previous power law models. 5606 43_RESULT UT=000183438900007 705.776 73 6524 The number of inlinks to the computer science departments correlated significantly with their research productivities, and WIFs with numbers of staff members as denominators correlated significantly with their Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE) ratings. 5402 43_RESULT UT=000172450000002 412.854 70 6447 Together we developed the journal impact factor and the Journal Citation Reports. 5605 43_RESULT UT=000183438900007 495.604 73 6023 The numbers of staff members and Web pages in each computer science department were used as denominators for the WIFs calculation. 5273 43_RESULT UT=000085495700003 295.974 59 5973 The list of references obtained from the Web was also compared to data retrieved from commercial databases. 5380 43_RESULT UT=000087054000006 461.983 43 5971 This article describes advantages and disadvantages of the methods using examples from a study of users ' criteria for evaluation in a multimedia context. 5558 43_RESULT UT=000169392900004 232.214 54 5791 This study does not look at enhancing web ranking by adding any contextual information. 5529 43_RESULT UT=000167198000004 319.705 60 5533 Findings are compared to data from two other large studies of Web queries. 5393 43_RESULT UT=000228634800002 504.738 68 5500 Specifically, Naranan ( 1970) proves the validity of Lotka 's law based on the exponential growth of articles in journals and of the number of journals. 5244 43_RESULT UT=000167187300005 435.41 59 5477 It studies aspects of probabilistic IR as applied in these engines and poses the question of quantitative evaluation of IR ( Web analogues of recall and precision). 5266 43_RESULT UT=000186999600010 536.671 68 5395 We here propose such an analysis based on the co-links that are generated within a closed web environment, using multivariate statistics ( Principal Component Analysis, and Multidimensional Scaling) and a connection-based technique ( Kohonen 's Self-Organizing Maps). 5514 43_RESULT UT=000169909700005 493.767 64 5348 As expected, international co-authorship, on an average, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. 5447 43_RESULT UT=000170990400003 384.003 47 5264 We observed and identified three types of fluctuations in the result sets of several kinds of searches, many of them significant. 5408 43_RESULT UT=000167170600003 493.626 63 5136 Since the Web changes constantly, the findings of any study are valid only in the time frame in which it was carried out, and are dependent on the quality of the data collection tools, which are usually not under the control of the researcher. 5479 43_RESULT UT=000229628500004 440.304 64 5126 Nevertheless, universities are multidisciplinary by nature and disciplines may employ the Web differently, thus patterns identified at the university level may hide subject differences. 5629 43_RESULT UT=000181414100005 438.912 58 4969 Nevertheless, it was clear that, whilst the vast majority, over 90 %, was created for broadly scholarly reasons, only two Were equivalent to journal citations. 5462 43_RESULT UT=000178366100004 437.31 62 4965 This paper develops a methodology to analyse the patterns of interlinking between university Web sites and uses it to indicate that the degree of interlinking decreases with distance, at least in the UK. 5438 43_RESULT UT=000179904000003 416.066 61 4954 A new methodology for data collection is also introduced that uses the Internet Archive to obtain an earliest known creation date for Web sites. 5320 43_RESULT UT=000171745700019 404.611 40 4899 Profiles of the usage of each of these terms over time are presented, using an appropriate subject category of databases on the DIALOG information service. 5418 43_RESULT UT=000168323400005 591.856 65 4701 Analysis of the aggregate data ( 1971-1999) confirms the general impression that acknowledgement has become an institutionalised element of the scholarly communication process, reflecting the growing cognitive and structural complexity of contemporary research. 5426 43_RESULT UT=000181012900010 407.078 58 4487 This provides evidence for the multilingual character of academic use of the Web in Western Europe, at least outside the UK and Eire. 5298 43_RESULT UT=000185427800005 387.436 47 4417 It also explores how older documents are used under today 's network environment where new information is easily accessible. 5457 43_RESULT UT=000167208800005 605.568 54 4345 This approach not only augments traditional domain analysis and the understanding of scientific disciplines, but also produces a persistent and shared knowledge space for researchers to keep track the development of knowledge more effectively. 5352 43_RESULT UT=000230603800008 444.578 53 4337 The correlation is much weaker for journals published outside the United Kingdom or United States and for multidisciplinary journals. 5584 43_RESULT UT=000174105900005 324.127 55 4273 This article explores the network diagram as a tool to visualize the strength of the interconnection between areas of the web. 5242 43_RESULT UT=000167187300005 223.407 48 4271 It also contains a study of the Web impact factor and a discussion on ageing. 5453 43_RESULT UT=000186610800003 460.393 44 4240 The possible contributions of such boundary spanners in addressing the substantial information and communication challenges posed by the increased interdisciplinary character of scholarship in general also are discussed. 5272 43_RESULT UT=000085495700003 375.994 54 4195 The bibliographical references extracted from the Web pages were analyzed, and lists of most productive authors, most cited authors, works, and sources were compiled. 5344 43_RESULT UT=000234603700007 446.07 52 4156 For research performance monitoring in many social sciences and humanities, the methods used in science need to be extended. 5616 43_RESULT UT=000181925300002 549.122 59 4091 The directory range model, which is based upon summing the number of distinct directories targeted by each other university, produces the most promising results of any link metric yet. 5287 43_RESULT UT=000184989800008 431.371 52 4076 It was then ascertained that the same link counts associated more strongly with scientific than social scientific research productivity in Taiwan. 5366 43_RESULT UT=000165654300005 532.398 59 4056 We discuss the methodological issues and problems of this data collection strategy and the results from an exploratory analysis using OLS regression and event history analysis. 5326 43_RESULT UT=000231332600013 633.265 60 4012 Following linear regression, analysis of the confidence intervals for the logarithmic graphs, and analysis of the outliers, the results suggest that a linear trend is more appropriate than a non-linear power law. 5472 43_RESULT UT=000246379400006 624.877 51 3844 In this article, a semi-automatic method for identifying significant public science-related concerns from a corpus of Internet-based RSS ( Really Simple Syndication) feeds is described and shown to be an improvement on a previous similar system because of the introduction of feed-based aggregation. 5421 43_RESULT UT=000182425300001 462.603 49 3620 A partial overlap was also found between the effects of applying advanced document models and separating page types, but the best results were achieved through a combination of the two. 5578 43_RESULT UT=000086849100004 709.561 56 3552 The assumption that ICTs ought to enhance the acquisition, sharing and transmission of scientific knowledge is questioned by the distinction between explicit and tacit knowledge: ICTs ultimately appear to provide a strong drive only to processes of explicit/ coded knowledge handling. 5467 43_RESULT UT=000081198600009 418.542 37 3529 An overall map of the dataset shows the multidisciplinary breadth of the document sample, and submaps allow drilling down to the document level. 5425 43_RESULT UT=000181012900010 670.283 56 3413 Normalised interlinking patterns showed three trends: 1) international interlinking throughout Europe in English, and additionally in Swedish in Scandinavia; 2) linking between countries sharing a common language, and 3) countries extensively hosting international links in their own major languages. 5299 43_RESULT UT=000185427800005 394.779 37 3263 Understanding these trends would help us design more effective electronic scholarly publishing systems and digital libraries, and serve the needs of scholars more responsively. 5539 43_RESULT UT=000184780500002 341.181 45 3254 The new electronic scholarly journal is described in both intuitive and formal ways. 5571 43_RESULT UT=000172581500004 349.701 33 3202 Consequently a distributed design is proposed in order to effectively use idle computing resources and to help information scientists avoid the need to employ dedicated equipment. 5254 43_RESULT UT=000187580200002 372.445 44 3179 A significant number of links ( 12 %) also targeted non-subject-specific general resources. 5253 43_RESULT UT=000187580200002 437.111 49 3124 Additionally, higher education teaching links were seen to form an extensive cross-disciplinary network, accounting for 19 % of the links. 5612 43_RESULT UT=000227040500001 510.274 51 2929 The possibility that rapid increases in international collaboration in science can be attributed in part to certain drivers related to access to resources or equipment sharing could not be upheld by the data. 5538 43_RESULT UT=000184780500002 702.906 44 2924 New ingredients, not found in similar approaches, are that each reader 's judgment is weighted on the basis of the reader 's skills as a reviewer, and that readers are encouraged to express correct judgments by a feedback mechanism that estimates their own quality. 5628 43_RESULT UT=000181414100005 132.472 34 2888 motivations and the fluidity of genre on the Web. 5229 43_RESULT UT=000232418400006 418.231 39 2746 Science policy relevance of these indicators is discussed and examples deserving science policy attention are pinpointed. 5377 43_RESULT UT=000227764200016 348.89 37 2621 As a case study we classified a sample of links between sites of Israeli academic institutions. 5546 43_RESULT UT=000171050400004 185.77 23 2488 An information theoretic interpretation of Zipf 's Law is provided. 5577 43_RESULT UT=000086849100004 460.175 41 2426 The second part of the paper explores the close relationship between communication and knowledge in the scientific sector and the role played by ICTs. 5593 43_RESULT UT=000183872300002 341.417 39 2398 There is a need both to compare with the humanities and social sciences and to regard internal differences in the sciences. 5261 43_RESULT UT=000229005500006 313.385 29 2244 This structure, which is typical for scale-free networks, disappears when selecting references of a specific age for the clustering process. 5293 43_RESULT UT=000080331300001 338.313 33 2185 It is suggested that cosine-vector and overlap measures for similarity appear to recover optimal data relationships among the documents of the five sets. 5331 43_RESULT UT=000083037500010 383.451 36 2148 However, for the European universities there are no impact of national size although the countries differ much in scientific size. 5432 43_RESULT UT=000179860200003 378 30 1981 The directory is probably still the foremost such resource in this area, but commercial pressures are building, and the resource must develop to ensure its long-term future. 5262 43_RESULT UT=000229005500006 347.238 34 1831 Changing the publication network as a function of reference age, allows " tuning through the episodic memory ' of the nodes of the network. 5224 43_RESULT UT=000172450000009 240.527 22 1785 The European system can also be decomposed in terms of the contributions of member states. 5550 43_RESULT UT=000185833200004 378.695 34 1752 Two sets of data, varying several parameters, were used The sitation distributions found were coherent with those described in previous experiments of this type, including in the exponent. 5600 43_RESULT UT=000180834700001 418.045 35 1718 The new compactness measure for the cohesion of weighted graphs has several desirable properties related to the disjoint union of two networks. 5592 43_RESULT UT=000183872300002 244.971 26 1515 The original model only considered scientific and technical communication as a whole. 5360 43_RESULT UT=000167187200005 275.81 25 1474 Differences have been found between economists and sociologists, with the former more active in their use of electronic facilities. 5528 43_RESULT UT=000167198000004 141.238 13 1300 Queries about recreation and entertainment rank highest. 5566 43_RESULT UT=000165569100006 298.75 24 1215 We do not find gender differences in use, but there is some evidence that e-mail is having a differential, positive effect for women. 5431 43_RESULT UT=000179860200003 260.21 19 1204 This is part of the WWW Virtual Library and is also supported by the International Council of Museums ( ICOM). 5545 43_RESULT UT=000171050400004 303.271 20 1048 We also suggest an Inverse EMIM term weight for indexing or retrieval applications that is consistent with Luhn 's distribution. 5286 43_RESULT UT=000184989800008 291.248 22 1004 For Taiwan, this is the first evidence of a scholarly association with academic linking for a non-English speaking region. 5512 43_RESULT UT=000169909700005 168.037 18 906 Not all links between individual countries are symmetric. 5513 43_RESULT UT=000169909700005 214.081 16 901 Specific ( unidirectional) co-authorship affinity could also be detected in several countries. 5491 43_RESULT UT=000183501500006 156.468 18 894 Complementary data on rates of coauthorship are also presented. 5359 43_RESULT UT=000167187200005 204.779 19 835 These are already well advanced for informal communication and are beginning to appear for formal communication. 5594 43_RESULT UT=000183872300002 158.934 14 771 There are also other reasons to reconsider and modify this model today. 5225 43_RESULT UT=000172450000009 197.166 13 730 Whereas a European vocabulary can be made visible at the global level, this communality disappears by this decomposition. 5583 43_RESULT UT=000174105900005 245.745 14 674 Hyperlinks are, therefore, important in their own right but are also of sociological interest as artefacts of predominantly human activity. 5473 43_RESULT UT=000246379400006 265.791 16 655 In addition, both the RSS corpus and the concept of public science-related fears are deconstructed, revealing hidden complexity. 5308 43_RESULT UT=000078882500004 333.87 20 594 There is no evidence of changes in the ethnic composition of Serbian and Croatian scientists overall, as revealed by the names of their researchers before and after the civil war. 5394 43_RESULT UT=000228634800002 225.471 15 559 His argument is reproduced here and a discrete-time argument is also given, yielding the same law as that of Lotka. 5386 43_RESULT UT=000087756900005 127.07 10 524 Taken together they provide complementary views of a highly dynamic process. 5414 43_RESULT UT=000167170600005 75.2081 8 459 That will remain so in the " electronic era ". 5279 43_RESULT UT=000088171500001 202.458 13 450 The vast majority of the hyperlinks were attributed to more than one motivation by the authors. 5485 43_RESULT UT=000167170600006 53.1136 7 439 Concluding the article. 5533 43_RESULT UT=000167255500001 212.861 11 340 This curve is obtained by using the Central Limit Theorem in statistics and, hence, has no intrinsic informetric foundation. 5234 43_RESULT UT=000181012900005 142.336 9 308 The self-citing and self-cited rates showed a wide variation. 5321 43_RESULT UT=000171745700019 136.151 9 249 Various definitions of each of the terms are provided from an examination of the literature. 5524 43_RESULT UT=000231332600008 98.401 5 34 ( c) 2005 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5662 44_CONCLUSION UT=000169828600003 66.6219 22 478 The paper makes reference to studies drawn from the academic literature in business studies, information systems, organisational science and sociology, as well as to practice in case study organisations. 5645 44_CONCLUSION UT=000172842500001 47.3595 16 262 The discussion focuses on the roles of intermediaries and social infrastructure in the project, illustrating the trade-offs between transparently simple design and transparency of information in the collaboration between consultants ( those doing the consulting) and consultees ( those consulted). 5656 44_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100008 38.5248 12 144 The article concludes with suggestions for improving communication between communities of practice to enhance the knowledge base of those responsible for producing public use microdata files. 5644 44_CONCLUSION UT=000172842500001 25.6832 8 64 Reflecting on what was made visible through the e-consultant site, and what was hidden by it, the realised and potential 'transparencyenhancing ' effects of this and similar prototypes will be discussed. 5646 44_CONCLUSION UT=000172842500001 16.052 5 25 Finally, indications are given of the direction of the authors ' ongoing research. 5651 44_CONCLUSION UT=000185297700003 12.8416 4 16 ( C) 2003 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 5653 44_METHOD UT=000171753100008 119.795 29 806 The scientific discourse about information privacy focuses on the crosspressures of maintaining confidentiality and ensuring access in the context of the production of statistical data for public policy and social research and the associated technical solutions for releasing statistical data. 5638 44_METHOD UT=000172842500001 115.203 28 711 The paper explores some of this dangerous territory, reflecting on how everyday notions of 'transparency ' relate to two current issues in knowledge management and social informatics: firstly, the design of systems to promote shared awareness of activity and identity; secondly, the study of ICTs to illuminate the invisibility of the 'social infrastructure ' that they depend upon. 5654 44_METHOD UT=000171753100008 99.2975 25 607 This article reports some of the key findings from a small-scale survey of organizational practices to limit disclosure of confidential information prior to publishing public use microdata files, and illustrates how the rules for preserving confidentiality were applied in practice. 5648 44_METHOD UT=000185297700003 61.8203 21 439 Social exchange theory relates to sociology, psychology, and anthropology; this article discusses the extent to which knowledge has been regarded as an " exchange resource. 5649 44_METHOD UT=000185297700003 54.4134 15 267 " This section is followed by an analysis of previous work that has tied exchange theory to areas of interest to information scientists. 5639 44_METHOD UT=000172842500001 31.4474 9 135 The paper briefly reviews uses of the term 'transparency ', drawing on literature from the fields mentioned above. 5658 44_METHOD UT=000169828600003 47.4744 11 128 For many organisations, there is a particular dilemma regarding the development of internally produced intranet resources for KM applications. 5659 44_METHOD UT=000169828600003 36.992 8 67 Employees will not feel encouraged to provide content until they believe that what they provide will be used and they will not use an intranet if it does not provide useful content. 5636 44_METHOD UT=000172842500001 26.3882 6 58 Transparency is an abstract benefit, perhaps more so than 'knowledge management ' itself. 5637 44_METHOD UT=000172842500001 37.1133 7 49 It promises gain for all, but risks being lost between expectations first raised by political and managerial 'spin ' and then deflated by the same corporate forgetting what it is meant to address. 5647 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000185297700003 87.2588 35 1105 This article discusses the applicability of " borrowing " theory originally developed in other disciplines to information science research and, in particular, the analytical concepts and assumptions of social exchange theory as a framework for exploring motivational factors of knowledge sharing in large, distributed, information-intensive organizations. 5634 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000172842500001 46.1909 26 640 Transparency is also a common term in political theory and practice and one that has been associated with teledemocracy: the application of information and communication technologies ( ICTs) to support democratic processes. 5632 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000172842500001 29.4752 21 492 Transparency is a term common to distributed computing, communications studies and other fields that information science draws upon. 5652 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100008 49.1826 19 383 Public concern about personal privacy has recently focused on issues of Internet data security and personal information as big business. 5657 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000169828600003 49.4359 19 378 The value of an intranet for knowledge management ( KM) is largely dependent on the calibre of the content and tools that it provides to its users and its ultimate application in business operations. 5633 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000172842500001 28.8702 16 295 Its everyday uses and connotations are carried over into these domains, coalescing around some common issues relevant to knowledge management. 5635 44_OBJECTIVE UT=000172842500001 31.7985 12 171 For example, 'greater transparency ' is commonly used to justify the use of ICT by governments to consult with the governed; the topic of the work in progress reported here. 5650 44_RESULT UT=000185297700003 70.6266 23 511 An ongoing research project tests the analytical concepts and assumptions of social exchange theory in a knowledge market and the potential for such work to generate further theory. 5655 44_RESULT UT=000171753100008 73.9898 21 444 Explanation for the apparent deficits and wide variations in the extent of knowledge about statistical disclosure limitation ( SDL) methods is located in theories of organizational life and communities of practice. 5641 44_RESULT UT=000172842500001 53.8107 18 332 Ethnographic methods were used to document outcomes of an 'electronic consultation ' project that contributed to a Government consultation of eleven to eighteen year olds in Scotland. 5643 44_RESULT UT=000172842500001 61.0175 18 308 Using brief extracts from field notes, the website itself and audio and video transcripts of the site in use, the paper will show how those participating in the consultation collaboratively shared and managed awareness of their activities and identities. 5661 44_RESULT UT=000169828600003 64.3807 16 263 The discussion explores factors that encourage intranet contributions, These include enabling conditions such as the provision of appropriate tools, the development of organisational KM culture and reward systems. 5640 44_RESULT UT=000172842500001 56.213 13 169 The aim is to delineate dimensions of transparency that may help designers, policy makers or citizens to evaluate what can or should be made transparent in the interplay between technology and due political process. 5642 44_RESULT UT=000172842500001 38.4362 10 108 A website 'econsultant ' was developed and its usage monitored online and offline, including in events leading up to a 'Scottish Youth Summit '. 5660 44_RESULT UT=000169828600003 38.4362 10 108 This paper considers strategies for making intranets 'input-friendly ', how can organisations extract the content needed to add to the body of internally produced resources from their employees? 5770 45_CONCLUSION UT=000252808500010 192.041 75 4327 Open access journal articles attracted more web citations but the citations to print/ subscription journal articles more often represented intellectual impact. 5707 45_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800008 176.314 73 4275 Web citation numbers are higher than ISI citation counts, suggesting that Web searches might be conducted for an earlier or a more fine-grained assessment of an article 's impact. 5734 45_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 122.091 72 4229 Since these form only a small proportion of the Web citations, however, Web citation counts should first be processed to remove irrelevant citations. 5758 45_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100009 312.018 64 3650 We conclude that the Web provides access to a new and different type of citation information, one that may therefore enable us to measure different aspects of research, and the research process in particular; but to obtain good information, the different types should be separated. 5708 45_CONCLUSION UT=000230603800008 185.868 51 2810 The Web-evident impact of non-UK/ USA publications might provide a balance to the geographic or cultural biases observed in ISI 's data, although the stability of Web citation counts is debatable. 5789 45_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300005 192.655 56 2722 Conducting citation analysis on research inputs ( data file use and survey products) provides a tangible assessment of the value accrued from large-scale ( and expensive) national surveys. 5746 45_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500011 180.371 50 2697 Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic. 5683 45_CONCLUSION UT=000206501000005 234.728 50 2358 Originality/ value - The study for the first time thoroughly analyses the usage data of a significant experimental open access journal and reveals the huge impact of search engines on driving up usage. 5689 45_CONCLUSION UT=000181362300005 114.291 34 1571 Comparisons with ( the few) other surveys and with citation data do not suggest this to be a peculiarity of Danish social scientists, however. 5723 45_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100010 148.327 36 1536 The study does provide evidence that ArXiv accelerates citation due to the fact that ArXiv makes papers available earlier rather than makes them freely available. 5778 45_CONCLUSION UT=000253550400012 153.702 32 1535 It seems that the main scientometric value for online presentations may be in tracking the popularization of research, or for comparing the impact of whole journals rather than individual articles. 5788 45_CONCLUSION UT=000246379300005 97.5488 32 1519 As far as I am aware, however, little use has been made of citation tracking to assess the long-term value of such surveys. 5682 45_CONCLUSION UT=000206501000005 264.769 36 1488 Findings - The analysis showed that the rise in use of NAR over the survey period ( 140 per cent) could largely be attributed to the opening up of the site to search engines and that the move to OA had a relatively small influence on driving usage up further ( less than 10 per cent). 5796 45_CONCLUSION UT=000259455500009 139.49 29 1246 A policy implication is that, at least in the sciences, multidisciplinary researchers should not be evaluated by citations on the same basis as monodisciplinary researchers. 5771 45_CONCLUSION UT=000252808500010 167.595 29 1144 In spite of problems with Google Scholar, it has the potential to provide useful data for research evaluation, especially in a field where rapid and fine-grained analysis is desirable. 5722 45_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100010 175.414 28 1081 Correcting for these effects, there is in a sample of six condensed matter physics journals studied in detail no sign of a general " open access advantage " of papers deposited in ArXiv. 5715 45_CONCLUSION UT=000259455500008 33.3383 19 949 The cause of this citation advantage has not been determined. 5699 45_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600012 159.616 19 473 It may well be that, with webometric methods and new indicators for gender studies, there is a real continuation of gender equality in COLLNET over time. 5675 45_CONCLUSION UT=000245453300004 95.2455 16 448 The data suggest that arXiv and the publisher 's website may be fulfilling distinct functional needs of the reader. 5751 45_CONCLUSION UT=000169989400001 69.1429 15 203 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 5763 45_CONCLUSION UT=000245605100019 55.9849 13 159 ( c) 2006 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5736 45_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 52.61 11 135 ( C) 2007 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 5740 45_CONCLUSION UT=000256839600011 58.1614 7 127 We demonstrate the methods on a number of informetric topics, among them the h-index. 5700 45_CONCLUSION UT=000231332600012 28.0047 7 81 ( c) 2005 Published by ElsevierLtd. 5735 45_CONCLUSION UT=000251813600004 23.7731 3 70 This can be a time-consuming process unless automated. 5669 45_CONCLUSION UT=000249135100004 42.4608 4 16 Only half of the collection meets all the requirements. 5743 45_METHOD UT=000246678500011 352.482 143 15122 Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/ URL citations, indicating that the Web/ URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. 5748 45_METHOD UT=000169989400001 497.897 151 15088 In this paper, we analyze two views of information production and use in computer-related research based on citation analysis of PDF and Postcript formatted publications on the Web using autonomous citation indexing ( ACI), and a parallel citation analysis of the journal literature indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) in SCISEARCH. 5703 45_METHOD UT=000230603800008 323.484 146 13926 About 30 % of Web citations in each area indicate intellectual impact ( citations from articles or class readings, in contrast to citations from bibliographic services or the author 's or journal 's home page). 5730 45_METHOD UT=000251813600004 247.762 113 10457 About 19 % of the Web citations represented formal impact equivalent to journal citations, and 11 % were more informal indicators of impact. 5742 45_METHOD UT=000246678500011 364.318 98 10077 For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific ( formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/ URL citations. 5704 45_METHOD UT=000230603800008 166.702 92 8551 Journals receiving more Web citations also have higher percentages of citations indicating intellectual impact. 5728 45_METHOD UT=000251813600004 232.98 91 7276 The authors analyzed 1530 citations from Google ( TM) to 492 research articles from 44 open access social science journals. 5754 45_METHOD UT=000249135100009 233.031 83 6822 We sought evidence based upon a sample of1,577 Web citations of the URLs or titles of research articles in 64 open-access journals from biology, physics, chemistry, and computing. 5711 45_METHOD UT=000259455500008 232.146 76 6108 Of a sample of4,633 articles examined,2,280 ( 49 %) were OA and had a mean citation count of9.04 whereas the mean for TA articles was5.76. 5760 45_METHOD UT=000245605100019 457.39 83 5867 Each database is evaluated with reference to a set of 155 core articles selected in advance-the most important studies of later-life migration published from 1990 to2000. Of the eight databases, Google Scholar indexes the greatest number of core articles ( 93 %) and provides the most uniform publisher and date coverage. 5775 45_METHOD UT=000253550400012 183.422 68 5370 We also manually classified1,378 online PowerPoint citations to journals in eight additional science and social science disciplines. 5767 45_METHOD UT=000252808500010 120.217 50 4632 A sample of the web citations was examined and classified as representing intellectual or non-intellectual impact. 5755 45_METHOD UT=000249135100009 261.884 57 4614 Only 25 % represented intellectual impact, from references of Web documents ( 23 %) and other informal scholarly sources ( 2 %). 5719 45_METHOD UT=000250741100010 265.29 58 4370 To discriminate between an " open access " effect and an early view effect, longitudinal citation data were analyzed covering a time period as long as 7 years. 5783 45_METHOD UT=000246379300005 268.631 52 4318 Shifts in electronic publishing and the emergence of new tools for citation analysis are changing the discovery process for published and unpublished work based on inputs to the research process. 5793 45_METHOD UT=000259455500009 308.856 67 4309 Multi consists of all journals in the subject and at least one other subject whereas Mono consists of all journals in the subject and in no other subject. 5712 45_METHOD UT=000259455500008 119.75 48 4045 There appears to be a clear citation advantage for those articles that are OA as opposed to those that are TA. 5766 45_METHOD UT=000252808500010 128.831 42 3909 For Google the median number of citations ranged from 9 for conference papers to 41 for books. 5671 45_METHOD UT=000245453300004 174.219 49 3903 Open Access, Early View, and Quality Differential were examined as three non-exclusive postulates for explaining the citation advantage. 5665 45_METHOD UT=000249135100004 211.791 54 3480 Some delayed journals evolved into gold OA; however, these are scarce compared to the number of journals that withdrew from gold OA to be an embargoed or a partially OAJ. 5774 45_METHOD UT=000253550400012 193.85 45 2794 For this purpose, we searched for online PowerPoint files mentioning any one of1,807 ISI-indexed journals in ten science and ten social science disciplines. 5761 45_METHOD UT=000245605100019 257.161 43 2786 It covers 27 % more core articles than the second-ranked database ( SSCI) and2.4 times as many as the lowest-ranked database ( GEOBASE). 5749 45_METHOD UT=000169989400001 149.163 40 2728 Our goal is to establish a baseline profile of computer science " literature " as it appears in the published journals and as it appears on the publicly available Web. 5782 45_METHOD UT=000246379300005 224.991 43 2659 This article shows that articles using NPHS data files and products have been used by a diverse and global network of scholars, practitioners, methodologists, and policy makers. 5792 45_METHOD UT=000259455500009 148.834 34 2044 For each subject, the study divides the journals into two disjoint sets called Multi and Mono. 5685 45_METHOD UT=000181362300005 112.907 28 1731 A set of common scientific journals is often assumed to be instrumental in the formation of these hierarchies. 5784 45_METHOD UT=000246379300005 318.629 34 1681 Evidence of use of large surveys throughout the knowledge transfer process can be critical in assessing grant and operating funding levels for research units, and in influencing design, methodology, and access channels in planning major surveys. 5666 45_METHOD UT=000249135100004 117.073 29 1649 A majority of the journals meet three of the criteria as they provide free and immediate access to their entire contents. 5727 45_METHOD UT=000251813600004 56.8523 23 1636 This article investigates whether the Web can help to fill this gap. 5718 45_METHOD UT=000250741100010 107.598 27 1550 It presents estimates for a number of journals in the field of condensed matter physics. 5693 45_METHOD UT=000231332600012 291.94 36 1529 The co-operation among COLLNET members results in a publication set with a different pattern to other gender studies in science, which show low contribution rates of women in collaboration activities. 5672 45_METHOD UT=000245453300004 189.62 25 1124 There was little support for a universal Open Access explanation, and no empirical support for Early View. 5729 45_METHOD UT=000251813600004 99.6378 20 1083 The articles were published in 2001 in the fields of education, psychology, sociology, and economics. 5678 45_METHOD UT=000206501000005 151.178 19 811 The study also aims to demonstrate the potential of deep log analysis for monitoring change in usage over time. 5694 45_METHOD UT=000231332600012 145.017 16 497 In the sample the collaboration patterns of female COLLNET members are almost the same as their male counterparts. 5679 45_METHOD UT=000206501000005 172.989 17 462 Design/ methodology/ approach - Data were gathered from the logs for the period 2003-June 2005 and analysed using deep log methods. 5695 45_METHOD UT=000231332600012 91.0704 9 277 However, when considering only the arrangement of gender in the by-line of publications, this is in favour of men. 5738 45_METHOD UT=000256839600011 111.599 9 155 We discuss methodological issues related to the computation of h-index of topics ( denoted h-b index by BANKS [ 2006]). 5686 45_METHOD UT=000181362300005 98.1768 8 84 However, the character of the hierarchies, how monolithic/ pluralistic they are and the functions of this differentiation have been discussed and caused controversy. 5741 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500011 804.889 244 35875 We use a new data gathering method, " Web/ URL citation, " Web/ URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines ( biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of1,650 articles from 108 open access ( OA) journals published in2001. A Web/ URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. 5670 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000245453300004 292.922 192 26587 An analysis of 2, 765 articles published in four math journals from 1997 to 2005 indicate that articles deposited in the arXiv received 35 % more citations on average than non-deposited articles ( an advantage of about1.1 citations per article), and that this difference was most pronounced for highly-cited articles. 5716 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100010 268.161 144 19291 This article statistically analyzes how the citation impact of articles deposited in the Condensed Matter section of the preprint server ArXiv ( hosted by Cornell University), and subsequently published in a scientific journal, compares to that of articles in the same journal that were not deposited in the archive. 5702 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800008 184.474 127 16320 For a sample of5,972 articles published in 114 journals, the median Web citation counts per journal article range from6.2 in medicine to10.4 in genetics. 5791 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000259455500009 309.069 131 14513 This study uses citation analysis to examine diverse subjects in the Web of Science and Scopus to ascertain whether, in general, research published in journals classified in more than one subject is more highly cited than research published in journals classified in a single subject. 5663 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100004 363.608 120 14311 This article examines the evolution of a collection of open access journals ( OAJs,) indexed by the Science Citation Index ( SCI; Thomson Scientific Philadelphia, PA) against four validity criteria including a free, immediate, full and constant access policy for at least 5 years. 5709 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000259455500008 240.223 107 14131 Four subjects-ecology, applied mathematics, sociology, and economics-were selected to assess whether there is a citation advantage between journal articles that have an open-access ( OA) version on the internet compared to those articles that are exclusively toll access ( TA). 5701 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000230603800008 199.744 116 13529 The number and type of Web citations to journal articles in four areas of science are examined: biology, genetics, medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. 5765 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000252808500010 373.405 115 13455 The median number of citations found through WoS was zero for all types of publications except book chapters; the median for Google Scholar ranged from 1 for print/ subscription journal articles to 3 for books and book chapters. 5781 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 310.706 114 12693 Peer-reviewed articles from research using numeric data files and documentation from the Canadian National Population Health Survey ( NPHS) were searched in ISI 's Web of Science and in Scopus for articles citing the original research. 5717 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100010 263.928 105 11640 Its principal aim is to further illustrate and roughly estimate the effect of two factors, " early view " and " quality bias, " on differences in citation impact between these two sets of papers, using citation data from Thomson Scientific 's Web of Science. 5710 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000259455500008 179.983 95 11322 Citations were counted using the Web of Science, and the OA status of articles was determined by searching OAIster, OpenDOAR, Google, and Google Scholar. 5737 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000256839600011 476.816 102 10988 In this paper we examine the applicability of the concept of h-index to topics, where a topic has index h, if there are h publications that received at least h citations and the rest of the publications on the topic received at most h citations. 5752 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 139.101 88 9543 Although the analysis of citations in the scholarly literature is now an established and relatively well understood part of information science, not enough is known about citations that can be found on the Web. 5724 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 173.351 77 8322 For a long time, Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI) journal citations have been widely used for research performance monitoring of the sciences. 5759 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000245605100019 415.892 84 8317 This paper evaluates the content of Google Scholar and seven other databases ( Academic Search Elite, AgeLine, ArticleFirst, GEOBASE, POPLINE, Social Sciences Abstracts, and Social Sciences Citation Index) within the multidisciplinary subject area of later-life migration. 5773 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000253550400012 156.122 73 8278 In this article, we focus on citations in online presentations, seeking evidence of their value as nontraditional indicators of research impact. 5676 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000206501000005 222.803 67 6339 Purpose - The purpose of this research is to examine the impact on usage of the journal Nucleic Acids Research ( NAR) moving to an open access model. 5764 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000252808500010 212.896 67 6240 A sample of1,483 publications, representative of the scholarly production of LIS faculty, was searched in Web of Science ( WoS), Google, and Google Scholar. 5725 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 192.78 60 5753 For the social sciences, however, the Social Sciences Citation Index ( R) ( SSCI ( R)) can sometimes be insufficient. 5780 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 157.354 52 5294 The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of these national data sets on research using bibliometric measures. 5691 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600012 228.071 61 4906 Considering the sample of 223 papers and their visibility on the Web, analyses were performed on the sets comprised of publications on the one hand and the authors ( social network analysis) on the other. 5677 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000206501000005 170.02 48 4583 A major objective was to examine the impact of open access in the context of other initiatives that have improved accessibility to scholarly journals. 5664 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100004 89.0222 30 3159 Few journals are found to be wrongly identified as OAJ or to have a dubious access policy. 5753 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000249135100009 120.819 37 2943 In particular, are there new Web types, and if so, are these trivial or potentially useful for studying or evaluating research communication? 5772 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000253550400012 155.993 30 2193 Open-access online publication has made available an increasingly wide range of document types for scientometric analysis. 5747 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000169989400001 123.182 28 1905 The Web is revolutionizing the entire scholarly communication process and changing the way that researchers exchange information. 5692 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600012 145.89 31 1901 The indicators developed include: Gender co-operation; Web visibility rates and Gender centrality in networks. 5726 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000251813600004 177.446 32 1867 Broader types of publications (e.g., books and non-ISI jounals) and informal scholarly indicators may also be needed. 5690 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000231332600012 165.329 30 1729 New indicators for gender studies are introduced using the multi-authored publications of a set of 64 members of the COLLNET network. 5779 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000246379300005 129.892 20 1366 Large national social surveys are expensive to conduct and to process into usable data files. 5684 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000181362300005 75.6112 17 1191 The existence of hierarchies based on reputation in modern science is indisputable. 5790 45_OBJECTIVE UT=000259455500009 91.7329 19 1175 Interdisciplinary collaboration is a major goal in research policy. 5794 45_RESULT UT=000259455500009 773.49 219 30318 The main findings are: ( a) For social science subject categories in both the Web of Science and Scopus, the average citation levels of articles in Mono and Multi are very similar; and ( b) for Scopus subject categories within life sciences, health sciences, and physical sciences, the average citation level of Mono articles is roughly twice that of Multi articles. 5744 45_RESULT UT=000246678500011 416.201 159 19308 Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. 5713 45_RESULT UT=000259455500008 430.751 149 16826 This advantage, however, varies between disciplines, with sociology having the highest citation advantage, but the lowest number of OA articles, from the sample taken, and ecology having the highest individual citation count for OA articles, but the smallest citation advantage. 5705 45_RESULT UT=000230603800008 316.377 126 13196 There is significant correlation between the number of citations reported in the databases from the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI, now Thomson Scientific) and the number of citations retrieved using the Google search engine ( Web citations). 5777 45_RESULT UT=000253550400012 357.999 115 12153 Surprisingly, however, there was little difference overall in the number of PowerPoint citations to science and to the social sciences, and also in the proportion representing traditional impact ( about 60 %) and wider impact ( about 15 %). 5768 45_RESULT UT=000252808500010 189.548 106 10550 Almost 92 % of the citations identified through Google Scholar represented intellectual impact - primarily citations from journal articles. 5750 45_RESULT UT=000169989400001 314.961 95 10268 From this starting point, we hope to identify additional research areas dealing with information dissemination and citation practices in computer science and the utility of autonomous citation indexing on the Web as an adjunct to commercial indexing. 5674 45_RESULT UT=000245453300004 328.823 87 8942 In spite of their citation advantage, arXiv-deposited articles received 23 % fewer downloads from the publisher 's website ( about 10 fewer downloads per article) in all but the most recent two years after publication. 5733 45_RESULT UT=000251813600004 220.808 70 7516 The results suggest that new types of citation information and informal scholarly indictors could be extracted from the Web for the social sciences. 5680 45_RESULT UT=000206501000005 347.535 76 6659 The data were analysed to provide the following information on use: type of item viewed; usage over time; usage for individual journal issues; usage per type of article; age of article. 5757 45_RESULT UT=000249135100009 280.974 70 6218 Additional analyses revealed significant disciplinary differences in the types of Google unique Web/ URL citations as well as some characteristics of scientific open-access publishing on the Web. 5731 45_RESULT UT=000251813600004 139.964 61 6201 The average was about 3 formal and 2 informal impact citations per article. 5687 45_RESULT UT=000181362300005 254.708 64 6107 The article brings together results from a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, concerning their assessments of the most influential researchers and most important journals. 5762 45_RESULT UT=000245605100019 210.434 64 6070 At the same time, a substantial proportion of the citations provided by Google Scholar are incomplete ( 32 %) or presented without abstracts ( 33 %). 5785 45_RESULT UT=000246379300005 260.398 67 5964 The project has gathered citations from the peer-reviewed article stage of knowledge transfer, providing valuable evidence on the use of the data files and methodologies of the survey and of limitations of the survey. 5720 45_RESULT UT=000250741100010 215.88 63 5328 Quality bias was measured by calculating ArXiv citation impact differentials at the level of individual authors publishing in a journal, taking into account coauthorship. 5745 45_RESULT UT=000246678500011 158.592 53 5060 We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. 5769 45_RESULT UT=000252808500010 145.078 51 4657 Bibliographic services ( non-intellectual impact) were the largest single contributor of citations identified through Google. 5756 45_RESULT UT=000249135100009 181.785 52 4606 Many of the Web/ URL citations were created for general or subject-specific navigation ( 45 %) or for self-publicity ( 22 %). 5732 45_RESULT UT=000251813600004 307.491 60 4459 Although the proportions of formal and informal online impact were similar in sociology, psychology, and education, economics showed six times more formal impact than informal impact. 5776 45_RESULT UT=000253550400012 304.342 49 3344 The results showed that very few journals were cited frequently enough in online PowerPoint files to make impact assessment worthwhile, with the main exceptions being popular magazines like Scientific American and Harvard Business Review. 5795 45_RESULT UT=000259455500009 149.373 28 2630 Hence, one cannot assume that in general, multidisciplinary research will be more highly cited, and the converse is probably true for many areas of science. 5667 45_RESULT UT=000249135100004 218.628 34 2235 Although a lot are found to follow a constant policy, a large number has an OA lifetime shorter than 5 years, due to the high frequency of newly launched or newly converted journals. 5673 45_RESULT UT=000245453300004 127.92 26 2150 There was some inferential support for a Quality Differential brought about by more highly-citable articles being deposited in the arXiv. 5696 45_RESULT UT=000231332600012 200.171 30 1894 Regarding average Web visibility rates, there are no differences dependent upon the arrangement of gender in publications with both male and female co-authors. 5706 45_RESULT UT=000230603800008 169.711 31 1441 The correlation is much weaker for journals published outside the United Kingdom or United States and for multidisciplinary journals. 5714 45_RESULT UT=000259455500008 147.522 20 1250 Tests of correlation or association between OA status and a number of variables were generally found to weak or inconsistent. 5739 45_RESULT UT=000256839600011 222.08 30 1249 Data collection for computing the h-b index is much more complex than computing the index for authors, research groups and/ or journals, and has several limitations. 5697 45_RESULT UT=000231332600012 149.838 22 871 However, the results also show strong gender differences in favour of publications with only male co-authors. 5786 45_RESULT UT=000246379300005 166.758 20 671 Further work can be done to expand the scope of material cited and analyze the data to understand how the longitudinal aspect of the survey contributes to the value of the research output. 5681 45_RESULT UT=000206501000005 197.066 19 630 Usage analyses were further examined with regard to the following user characteristics: subscriber/ non-subscriber; referrer link employed, organisational affiliation; geographical location. 5698 45_RESULT UT=000231332600012 238.883 20 549 The centrality of female actors in the networks is correlated with the central positions of women in the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics ( ISSI), where they are leading either as presidents or organisers of its international conferences. 5721 45_RESULT UT=000250741100010 125.699 15 450 The analysis provided evidence of a strong quality bias and early view effect. 5787 45_RESULT UT=000246379300005 105.056 12 322 Building a case for continued funding of national, longitudinal surveys is a challenge. 5688 45_RESULT UT=000181362300005 102.112 9 191 The rankings indicate a pluralistic picture and only a moderate degree of consensus among researchers. 5668 45_RESULT UT=000249135100004 55.2333 5 50 That is the major factor affecting the validity of the collection. 5818 46_CONCLUSION UT=000088919100004 27.8663 16 247 Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns. 5814 46_CONCLUSION UT=000171745700014 23.0617 12 144 Observed differences in the scale of international co-operation in science and in social sciences are being the matter under discussion. 5802 46_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400006 10.57 7 58 When reading the maps and tabulating the links it could be concluded that the two departmental networks were structured differently by sex and seniority. 5808 46_CONCLUSION UT=000088919400008 7.68725 4 16 No correlation between group size and productivity was found. 5805 46_METHOD UT=000088919400008 131.121 53 2504 Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/ one article to 180 authors/ 83 articles ( all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). 5804 46_METHOD UT=000088919400008 89.1517 38 1505 By an author-gated retrieval from ISI 's database National Science Indicators on Diskette ( NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992-1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by3,486 authors, were obtained. 5798 46_METHOD UT=000088919400006 43.7493 22 605 Papers from two departments at two different universities, but within the same field of research, were analyzed in terms of co-authorship, direct and indirect citations among the authors. 5811 46_METHOD UT=000171745700014 46.6344 17 336 It was found that the number of internationally co-authored papers was many times higher ( 18 982 records) in science than in social sciences ( 342 records). 5799 46_METHOD UT=000088919400006 12.8657 7 125 Considerable overlap was found between the co-authorship and the citation based networks. 5816 46_METHOD UT=000088919100004 41.6522 11 121 Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities. 5810 46_METHOD UT=000171745700014 26.506 7 49 Information obtained from SCI and SSCI were elaborated, completed, coded and entered in two-international files " designed for analytical purposes. 5809 46_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700014 40.3581 24 555 The paper presents a comparative analysis of publications, co-authored by Polish and foreign researchers, selected from seven annual files of Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index ( CD-ROM Editions 1992-1998). 5803 46_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400008 33.6317 19 366 To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. 5815 46_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919100004 12.4918 8 80 As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. 5797 46_OBJECTIVE UT=000088919400006 13.4527 7 49 The mapping of author networks at academic departments is the focus of this study. 5806 46_RESULT UT=000088919400008 124.383 51 2236 Most of Norwegian microbiological research ( 73 % of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups ( with greater than or equal to 70 % of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile ( who were responsible for 95 % of the non-microbiological articles). 5817 46_RESULT UT=000088919100004 87.9493 28 774 The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. 5812 46_RESULT UT=000171745700014 54.4181 25 750 The share of these, international papers " in the " Polish files " increased in the time under review, but for those derived from SCI was also higher (39.1-46.0 %) than in case of SSCI (22.4-37.0 %). 5807 46_RESULT UT=000088919400008 51.3427 20 586 The productivity ( articles per capita) showed only moderate ( Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about0.1 article per author per year. 5813 46_RESULT UT=000171745700014 43.4956 15 258 Results of the analysis include countries of foreign partners and affiliation of domestic coauthors, as well as, subject structure of both international files. 5800 46_RESULT UT=000088919400006 28.012 11 148 The paper also introduces the idea of socio-bibliometric maps that can be used to make social interpretations of bibliometric networks. 5801 46_RESULT UT=000088919400006 22.0717 7 53 The nodes of the networks were labeled by sex and seniority and supervisor-student links were also indicated. 5848 47_CONCLUSION UT=000085495700005 557.37 87 6269 Overall, it appears that for this population, interacting with databases through a common interface, is preferable on all grounds to interacting with databases through an integrated interface, These results suggest that: ( 1) the general assumption of the information retrieval ( IR) literature that an integrated interaction is best needs to be revisited; ( 2) it is important to allow for more user control in the distributed environment; ( 3) for digital library purposes, it is important to characterize different databases to support user choice for integration; and, ( 4) certain users prefer control over database selection while still opting for results to be merged. 5924 47_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100003 238.877 48 1898 Because expert services are likely to continue to fill a niche for factual questions in the digital reference environment, implications for further research and the development of digital reference services may be appropriately turned to source questions. 5891 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500011 130.319 24 855 A basic research program in computational molecular biology enhances the database and software tool development initiatives. 5877 47_CONCLUSION UT=000084513300009 186.167 24 770 Researchers also found that there are still significant issues that need to be addressed if young users in a variety of learning contexts, especially those who are only recently literate, are to be able to make sense of richer metadata such as EAD that is used to describe collections of primary source material. 5925 47_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100003 105.584 20 696 This is contrary to current practice and the emergence of digital reference services reported in related literature thus far. 5824 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500002 176.863 26 695 The field of bioinformatics will continue to evolve through the incorporation of diverse technologies and methodologies that draw experts from disparate fields to create the latest computational and informational tools specifically design for the biomedical research enterprise. 5871 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500008 125.53 21 629 With a programming-by-example authoring tool, a user can generate a complete Web wrapper agent by browsing the target Web sites. 5832 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500007 115.645 18 588 In addition, we introduce a new and promising application of the rule extraction algorithm on gene expression databases. 5884 47_CONCLUSION UT=000171253800006 86.8843 19 551 Furthermore, it may be useful to practitioners in the field who are engaged in designing and evaluating policies and procedures for digital reference. 5892 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500011 170.208 21 527 Future plans include further data integration, enhanced genome annotation and protein classification, additional data types, and links to a wider range of resources. 5858 47_CONCLUSION UT=000173359000006 102.877 16 367 This article describes the features of instant messaging reference systems and the in-house development of a system that incorporates them. 5914 47_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100003 156.763 18 326 " We explore statistical techniques for fitting the model to the training data and use the receiver operating characteristic curve of signal detection theory to represent the power of the resulting models. 5899 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200001 130.454 17 293 The experiments showed that the automatically constructed corpus is equally useful in training as compared with manually annotated corpora and that effective performance can be achieved in identifying compound protein names with PROTEX. 5843 47_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200007 58.2831 17 265 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 5870 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500008 91.9126 14 235 IEPAD allows our software agents to automatically discover the extraction rules to extract the contents of a structurally formatted Web page. 5853 47_CONCLUSION UT=000172955600002 55.9283 15 233 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 5900 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227764200001 46.7833 15 233 ( c) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5905 47_CONCLUSION UT=000225323100006 46.7833 15 233 ( C) 2003 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 5831 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500007 101.791 14 193 The usefulness of the method is confirmed by its ability to produce previously unknown and useful knowledge in the area of biological sequence analysis. 5872 47_CONCLUSION UT=000227150500008 53.6085 8 96 We built a variety of biological applications to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. 5915 47_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100003 78.3816 9 86 The trained prediction methods predict whether fusion will beat an oracle, at levels much higher than could be achieved by chance. 5842 47_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200007 28.6636 3 9 For the Chinese track, we used manually constructed queries. 5845 47_METHOD UT=000085495700005 561.163 77 4520 In particular, this study compared usability, user preference, effectiveness, and searching behaviors in systems that implement interaction with multiple databases through a common interface, and with multiple databases as if they were one ( integrated interaction) in an experiment in the Text REtrieval Conference ( TREC) environment, Twenty-eight volunteers were recruited from the graduate students of the School of Communication, Information, & Library Studies at Rutgers University. 5887 47_METHOD UT=000227150500011 485.384 77 4248 GenBank is accessible through the Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases, along with resources for taxonomy, genome maps, sequence variation, gene expression, gene function and phenotypes, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical literature via PubMed(R). 5821 47_METHOD UT=000227150500002 335.396 62 2761 This is achieved by creating unified data models, standardizing data interfaces, developing structured vocabularies, generating new data visualization methods, and capturing detailed metadata that describes various aspects of the experimental design and analysis methods. 5918 47_METHOD UT=000171753100003 378.212 54 2553 Following suggestions in library and information literature regarding quality standards for digital reference, researchers make clear the importance of developing a practicable methodology for critical examination of expert services, and consideration of their relevance to library and other professional information services. 5850 47_METHOD UT=000172955600002 425.253 50 2368 Based on systems analysis, the framework consists of about 110 questions related to 18 categories in four broad areas: mission and purpose, structure and responsibilities to client, core functions, and quality control, To illustrate the framework 's usefulness, the study applies the framework 's archive segment to a selective sample of 20 DRSs. 5836 47_METHOD UT=000084265200007 274.956 52 2308 For the routing task, we used training data to compute an estimate of the probability of relevance as a function of passage length and used this estimate to construct compound queries which were then applied to new data. 5838 47_METHOD UT=000084265200007 229.907 37 1529 For the ad hoc task ( manual query formulation), we used an interactive user interface that displayed passages and allowed users to judge the relevance of documents based on these passages. 5846 47_METHOD UT=000085495700005 190.576 31 1319 Significantly more subjects preferred the common interface to the integrated interface, mainly because they could have more control over database selection. 5903 47_METHOD UT=000225323100006 123.118 31 1203 The package described here can quickly index data sets of up to 256 terabytes using a B-tree based multi-dimensional data model. 5855 47_METHOD UT=000173359000006 173.33 29 1119 Various companies have developed systems for purchase that meet this need without requiring users to download new software or learn a new skill. 5902 47_METHOD UT=000225323100006 286.075 31 1093 This application is implemented for Linux and is written in Mumps, C, and C++ with supporting components that include the Berkeley Data Base, the Perl Compatible Regular Expression Library, GLADE, and tools such as FASTA, Smith-Waterman, and modules from EMBOSS. 5863 47_METHOD UT=000227150500008 143.381 33 1029 Wrapper construction for Web data sources is often specially hand coded to accommodate the differences between each Web site. 5837 47_METHOD UT=000084265200007 228.222 30 1021 For the ad hoc task ( automatic query formulation), we retrieved passages containing terms from the title and description, and automatically selected words from these passages to expand the set of terms. 5896 47_METHOD UT=000227764200001 280.754 29 964 In contrast to previously proposed methods, our proposed method avoids the use of natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech taggers and syntactic parsers and solely relies on surface clues, so as to reduce the processing overhead. 5862 47_METHOD UT=000227150500008 127.791 25 922 These systems usually rely on an intermediate software layer called wrappers to access connected information sources. 5874 47_METHOD UT=000084513300009 247.569 27 882 The Dublin Core was chosen because it provided a systematic, yet minimal way for students to describe these resources at the item level and relate them to collection-level metadata prepared for digitized primary sources by archivists using Encoded Archival Description ( EAD). 5827 47_METHOD UT=000227150500007 160.827 22 857 We start with the identification of these signals inside protein sequences by exhaustive database searching and automatic pattern recognition strategies. 5820 47_METHOD UT=000227150500002 163.554 24 822 Bioinformatics enables biomedical investigators to exploit existing and emerging computational technologies to seamlessly store, mine, retrieve, and analyze data from genomics and proteomics technologies. 5851 47_METHOD UT=000172955600002 242.117 26 791 This analysis focuses on existence of a public archive, content, selectivity, safeguards for privacy, access, browsability and searchability, and relationship to frequently asked questions and other site content. 5875 47_METHOD UT=000084513300009 240.585 25 729 Researchers found that while students were able to supply simple elements such as title and subject with relative ease, they had difficulty moving between general and progressively more granular or refined descriptive elements. 5910 47_METHOD UT=000165132100003 249.318 25 724 In previous study ( Ng & Kantor, 1998), we identified two predictive variables for the effectiveness of fusion: ( a) a list-based measure of output dissimilarity, and ( b) a pair-wise measure of the similarity of performance of the two schemes. 5865 47_METHOD UT=000227150500008 139.821 23 723 In this article we provide a solution for rapidly building software agents that can serve as Web wrappers for biological information integration. 5856 47_METHOD UT=000173359000006 133.797 21 674 These systems share many features in common, including transcript storage, sending URLs, and pushing Web pages. 5888 47_METHOD UT=000227150500011 103.958 20 665 Computational tools allow scientists to analyze vast quantities of diverse data. 5919 47_METHOD UT=000171753100003 77.9753 17 633 A methodology for research in this area and initial data are described. 5908 47_METHOD UT=000165132100003 107.636 15 467 " There are many successful data fusion experiments reported in in literature, but there are also cases in which it did not work well. 5881 47_METHOD UT=000171253800006 139.85 17 413 The authors have developed a model that describes the various roles played by participants in this process and the ways in which those roles interact. 5909 47_METHOD UT=000165132100003 122.696 15 401 Thus, if would be quite valuable to have a theory that can predict, in advance, whether fusion of two or more retrieval schemes will be worth doing. 5880 47_METHOD UT=000171253800006 129.585 16 394 A useful step in this direction is the development of consensus models that describe the digital reference process. 5828 47_METHOD UT=000227150500007 140.014 15 364 In a second step we address the discovering of association rules that will allow tagging sequences that hold LMS signals with consequent functional keywords. 5920 47_METHOD UT=000171753100003 86.0191 12 357 Two hundred forty questions were asked of 20 expert service sites. 5864 47_METHOD UT=000227150500008 104.697 15 325 However, programming a Web wrapper requires substantial programming skill, and is time-consuming and hard to maintain. 5895 47_METHOD UT=000227764200001 59.6763 7 204 In addition, a protein name dictionary is complementarily consulted. 5901 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000225323100006 281.006 49 1979 This paper describes an extensible, open-source ( GPL) data repository and retrieval system that supports fast, efficient, keyword based retrieval of genomic sequences from 1 multiple libraries with retrieved sequences post-processed by FASTA, Smith-Waterman and other analysis software. 5917 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100003 118.291 51 1740 These services are referred to as " expert services, " while the term " digital reference " is reserved for library-related on-line information services. 5885 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500011 245.066 44 1606 The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI) provides access to more than 30 publicly available molecular biology resources, offering an effective discovery space through high levels of data integration among large-scale data repositories. 5844 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000085495700005 139.801 34 1113 This article addresses a crucial issue in the digital library environment: how to support effective interaction of users with heterogeneous and distributed information resources. 5833 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200007 153.085 34 1096 The MultiText information retrieval system finds arbitrary passages of text, as opposed to complete documents, that are likely to be relevant to a particular topic. 5906 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100003 136.352 32 1092 Effective automation of the information retrieval task has long been an active area of research, leading to sophisticated retrieval models. 5916 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100003 123.84 31 954 This article discusses the history and emergence of non-library commercial and noncommercial information services on the World Wide Web. 5886 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500011 131.973 29 948 The foundation for many services is GenBank(R), a public repository of DNA sequences from more than133,000 different organisms. 5878 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000171253800006 113.235 28 853 Over the course of the past five years, researchers and practitioners have demonstrated that digital reference services can indeed work well and have developed much of the necessary technology. 5834 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200007 155.205 26 779 Passage retrieval provides the basis for the relevance ranking, term expansion, interactive user interface, and distributed searching used in the MultiText experiments for TREC-6. 5849 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000172955600002 71.2084 24 750 This article presents a framework for analyzing and evaluating digital reference services ( DRSs). 5854 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000173359000006 61.1083 23 742 Libraries are expanding digital reference services to include chat and instant messaging. 5907 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100003 194.163 26 737 With many IR schemes available, researchers have begun to investigate the benefits of combining the results of different IR schemes to improve performance, in the process called " data fusion. 5861 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500008 73.7634 23 685 Many information integration systems have been proposed for integrating biological data. 5894 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200001 169.29 26 663 Our approach employs a set of simple heuristics for initial detection of protein names and uses a probabilistic model for locating complete protein names. 5873 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000084513300009 203.431 25 660 Researchers evaluated the ability of 4th and 5th grade science and social science students to create Dublin Core metadata to describe their own images for inclusion in Digital portfolio Archives. 5893 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227764200001 152.567 24 630 This paper presents a hybrid approach to identifying protein names in biomedical texts, which is regarded as a crucial step for text mining. 5835 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200007 150.542 23 616 The essence of the relevance ranking technique is that shorter passages containing a particular set of terms are more likely to be relevant than longer ones. 5826 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500007 170.392 23 615 This methodology allows the identification of relationships between low-magnitude similarity ( LMS) sequence patterns and other well-contrasted protein characteristics, such as those described by database annotations. 5819 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500002 156.012 23 594 Bioinformatics is a multifaceted discipline combining many scientific fields including computational biology, statistics, mathematics, molecular biology, and genetics. 5860 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500008 90.5992 21 548 How to rapidly capture, utilize, and integrate the information on the Internet to discover valuable biological knowledge is one of the most critical issues in bioinformatics. 5825 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500007 125.22 18 390 We present a novel application of knowledge discovery technology to a developing and challenging application area such as bioinformatics. 5879 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000171253800006 56.3132 14 382 The next step we must take is to figure out how to optimize the design and operation of our services. 5859 47_OBJECTIVE UT=000227150500008 93.2931 15 324 A variety of biological data is transferred and exchanged in overwhelming volumes on the World Wide Web. 5823 47_RESULT UT=000227150500002 270.437 40 1366 Clinical Bioinformatics and Biomedical Informatics are emerging as transitional fields to promote the utilization of genomics and proteomics data combined with medical history and demographic data towards personalized medicine, molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomics and predicting outcomes of therapeutic interventions. 5852 47_RESULT UT=000172955600002 285.945 39 1308 Results of the analysis demonstrate the framework 's ability to develop descriptive models of DRS functions, identify most common practices as a first step to identifying best practices, reveal gaps in coverage or implementation, and support comparisons across individual services. 5912 47_RESULT UT=000165132100003 259.356 39 1279 We use the in systems participating in the TREC 4 routing task to train a model that predicts the effectiveness of data fusion, and use the in systems participating in the TREC 5 routing task to test that model. 5867 47_RESULT UT=000227150500008 92.9663 32 915 A WNDL script describes how to locate the data, extract the data, and combine the data. 5882 47_RESULT UT=000171253800006 188.176 30 829 This model is illustrated by several case studies: the Internet Public Library, the Saskatchewan Provincial Library, and the Virtual Reference Desk network. 5847 47_RESULT UT=000085495700005 177.416 28 765 Subjects were also more satisfied with the results from the common interface, and performed better with the common interface than with the integrated interface. 5857 47_RESULT UT=000173359000006 201.874 28 737 Several librarians at an Association of Research Libraries academic library wished to test instant messaging reference with the ability to control and experiment with different implementations of these features. 5890 47_RESULT UT=000227150500011 178.044 27 710 Other tools support mapping disease loci to the genome, identifying new genes, comparing genomes, and relating sequence data to model protein structures. 5898 47_RESULT UT=000227764200001 185.12 25 691 We implemented a protein name identification system, named PROTEX, based on our proposed method and evaluated it by comparing with a system developed by other researchers on a common test set. 5830 47_RESULT UT=000227150500007 163.077 24 619 Computational efficiency has been verified both with synthetic and real biological data showing that the algorithm is well suited to this application area compared to state of the art algorithms. 5869 47_RESULT UT=000227150500008 163.077 24 619 We also describe IEPAD ( information Extraction Based on Pattern Discovery), a data extractor based on pattern discovery techniques. 5883 47_RESULT UT=000171253800006 127.095 21 534 The authors hope that the model will facilitate further research by providing a framework and terminology for discussion about the digital reference process. 5841 47_RESULT UT=000084265200007 180.131 24 512 Our Very Large Collection experiment achieved high performance using distributed retrieval on a network of low cost workstations, with manually constructed queries and no user interaction. 5911 47_RESULT UT=000165132100003 102.945 18 450 In this article we investigate the predictive power of these two variables in simple symmetrical data fusion. 5897 47_RESULT UT=000227764200001 93.7844 18 447 Moreover, we propose a framework to automatically create a large-scale corpus annotated with protein names, which can be then used for training our probabilistic model. 5829 47_RESULT UT=000227150500007 169.579 19 411 We have designed our own algorithm for discovering association rules, meeting the special necessities of bioinformatics problems, where the patterns we search lie in sparse datasets and are uncommon and thus difficult to locate. 5913 47_RESULT UT=000165132100003 79.8552 16 406 The model asks, " when will fusion perform better than an oracle who uses the best scheme from each pair? 5839 47_RESULT UT=000084265200007 148.409 18 356 A similar, more streamlined, user interface was used for the high precision track, in which the objective was to retrieve ten relevant documents in five minutes. 5866 47_RESULT UT=000227150500008 131.853 18 308 We define an XMIL-based language called Web Navigation Description Language ( WNDL), to model a Web-browsing session. 5921 47_RESULT UT=000171753100003 145.583 17 288 Findings include performance measures such as response rate, response time, and verifiable answers. 5922 47_RESULT UT=000171753100003 139.093 17 277 Sites responded to 70 % of all questions, and gave verifiable answers to 69 % of factual questions. 5868 47_RESULT UT=000227150500008 84.613 13 237 By executing different WNDL scripts, we can automate virtually all types of Web-browsing sessions. 5840 47_RESULT UT=000084265200007 98.818 13 217 In addition, we participated in the Very Large Collection and Chinese language tracks. 5923 47_RESULT UT=000171753100003 78.686 13 212 Performance was generally highest for factual type questions. 5876 47_RESULT UT=000084513300009 111.235 13 189 Students performed poorly in distinguishing between and completing related, but distinct metadata elements, such as title, subject, and description. 5889 47_RESULT UT=000227150500011 97.3057 11 170 The BLAST(R) sequence similarity programs are instrumental in identifying genes and genetic features. 5904 47_RESULT UT=000225323100006 86.5773 10 158 An example is presented that indexes the text of the full NCBI Genbank library. 5822 47_RESULT UT=000227150500002 83.3764 9 116 Already there are a number of related undertakings that are dividing the field into more specialized groups. 5927 48_METHOD UT=000171745700004 0 5 25 Nevertheless, it is no coincidence that Nalimov is regarded as one of the founding fathers of scientometrics. 5926 48_OBJECTIVE UT=000171745700004 0 22 484 Although the word " naukometriya " ( first translated as sciencemetrics) was coined byV. V, Nalimov ( 1910-1997) in 1969, this field was not his main concern In the work of this multifaceted and intriguing scientist and scholar, scientometrics was only of central concern for a short period of time. 5928 48_RESULT UT=000171745700004 0 24 576 In this article, we discuss the development of Nalimov 's style of scientometric research within the context of his distinctive approach to the sciences, social sciences and humanities in their entirety: his probabilistic philosophy of science and the world. 5943 49_CONCLUSION UT=000082124000003 27.3188 33 1008 Usage of Best of Health mirrors experience found in other studies: more women than men use such services, and higher socio-economic groups make greater use of such facilities than others, such as unemployed or retired people. 5937 49_CONCLUSION UT=000075840800003 14.4834 12 144 The informed consumer goal may be achievable if writers of health-care information attend to communication as much as to the adequacy of their medical advice. 5936 49_CONCLUSION UT=000075840800003 3.07151 6 117 Guidelines for revising such material are described and illustrated. 5939 49_METHOD UT=000082124000003 13.5912 12 133 The study investigates who is using the service and what they use it for, users ' opinions of the service and how they use the information obtained. 5933 49_METHOD UT=000075840800003 21.5052 11 117 This is a report of the revision of health-care information leaflets and their testing on 59 volunteers ( 61-81 years old). 5940 49_METHOD UT=000082124000003 20.6508 10 104 Findings indicate that most people use the service to become better informed about a specific personal health problem. 5932 49_METHOD UT=000075840800003 20.7223 8 64 An understandable record of advice is more likely to bring about compliance with treatment and lessen the need to revisit the surgery. 5931 49_METHOD UT=000075840800003 8.5537 6 47 Information is sometimes untrustworthy, incomprehensible, or simply forgotten by patients. 5938 49_OBJECTIVE UT=000082124000003 24.139 28 708 This study examines a consumer health information project, sponsored by the Highland Health Board; based in Inverness, it caters for the health information needs of the widely dispersed population of the Scottish Highlands. 5929 49_OBJECTIVE UT=000075840800003 7.24169 10 134 The concept of the informed health-care 'consumer ' rests on the availability of comprehensible information. 5930 49_OBJECTIVE UT=000075840800003 4.8278 8 106 While various bodies have made information available, its quality is mixed. 5941 49_RESULT UT=000082124000003 19.2181 10 100 A wide range of socio-economic classes uses the facility and usage is spread across the whole Health Board region and beyond. 5942 49_RESULT UT=000082124000003 8.64815 6 35 Most users are highly satisfied with the service and the information obtained, but some areas which could be developed have been identified. 5935 49_RESULT UT=000075840800003 6.72634 5 26 The goal of making health-care information comprehensible was achieved. 5934 49_RESULT UT=000075840800003 5.76544 3 9 Presentation, reading ease and understanding were considered. 5958 4_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VC23200003 139.399 31 953 The marked public library orientation is undoubtedly a reflection of the unique position of public libraries in Denmark and the existence of powerful funding schemes supporting public library development. 5953 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082318600006 92.2355 30 844 Analysis of JASIS 's, and its immediate predecessor, American Documentation 's, position in these rankings, found that they were logically excluded from18. In the remaining 160, they ranked first in 20 and in the top five in88. It is noted that JASIS also appears on many lists of " core " LIS journals, and that it has been the object of investigation in numerous studies. 5989 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082347000005 74.4408 27 684 Authors cited in dissertations represent a somewhat less parochial list in terms of citingU.S. publications than authors cited in studies analyzing journal citations; over half of all works cited were published within the last 10 years. 5965 4_CONCLUSION UT=A1996VC23200004 67.1123 24 562 The value of this study was in the development of content analysis categories specifically applicable to the information needs and uses literature, that measure particular aspects of interest to researchers working in this area. 5983 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082318600005 34.9796 18 371 Such changes may have serious implications for information science and for JASIS, and deserve study. 5982 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082318600005 34.9148 17 318 Contributions by authors whose professional concerns are primarily with applied aspects of information science have thus become rarer. 5981 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082318600005 57.6303 16 277 The proportion of authors with academic affiliations has grown so large that other types of affiliations, although significant in the 1950s, are now hardly represented at all. 5980 4_CONCLUSION UT=000082318600005 34.9148 14 222 It appears that the field of information science underwent an important transition in authorship characteristics after the 1950s. 5949 4_CONCLUSION UT=000167097900009 14.4834 3 9 Suggestions for further research are discussed. 5946 4_METHOD UT=000167097900009 199.743 95 6787 The majority of these theories were from the social sciences (45.4 %), followed by IS (29.9 %), the sciences (19.3 %), and humanities (5.4 %), New IS theories were proposed by 71 authors, When compared with previous studies, our results suggest an increase in the use of theory within IS. 5960 4_METHOD UT=000176415300008 196.41 75 4916 The research was carried out by examining the references of articles published in Scientometrics in the course of two calendar years, 1990,2000. The results show that in 2000,56.9 % ( and47.3 % in 1990) of the references originated from three fields: scientometrics and bibliometrics; library and information science; and the sociology, history and philosophy of science. 5986 4_METHOD UT=000082347000005 190.211 69 4102 In dissertations related to school or public libraries, the male/ female distribution is less disparate; for studies in academic or special libraries two thirds of the authors are male, and male authorship is 75 % when only information science dissertations are analyzed. 5945 4_METHOD UT=000167097900009 194.769 56 3677 Our findings indicate that theory was discussed in34.1 % of the articles (0.93 theory incidents per article;2.73 incidents per article when considering only those articles employing theory). 5985 4_METHOD UT=000082347000005 102.745 51 3329 About 80 % of the citations are to single authors, and as in analyses of periodical literature, males are cited more than females overall ( about 61 % to 39 %). 5955 4_METHOD UT=A1996VC23200003 132.896 39 1734 Throughout the 30 years of data analyzed, one subject area was more popular within the profession than any other, Individual Libraries/ National Library Systems, or the geographical viewpoint on libraries and library systems. 5972 4_METHOD UT=000082318600005 54.1846 23 1012 Authorship has been growing even a little faster, because multiple authorship of information science papers has become much more common. 5971 4_METHOD UT=000082318600005 49.4387 21 956 Based on this survey of JASIS, the literature of information science has grown exponentially, as would be expected in a new or developing discipline. 5963 4_METHOD UT=A1996VC23200004 105.097 23 828 Analyses measured the degree of interdisciplinarity evident in references cited, determined whether this literature was concerned with users ' cognitive processes and with systems ' design and use, and identified the research methods used. 5974 4_METHOD UT=000082318600005 78.1746 24 777 But, compared to various library journals, JASIS is not outstanding in either multiple authorship or degree of foreign representation. 5970 4_METHOD UT=000082318600005 57.6184 17 520 Findings are presented, and are compared with findings of other studies of JASIS and related publications. 5973 4_METHOD UT=000082318600005 27.78 8 271 Representation of authors from different countries has increased greatly. 5951 4_METHOD UT=000082318600006 27.1715 7 209 An eight-variable model for classifying journal-ranking studies is outlined. 5956 4_METHOD UT=A1996VC23200003 70.2547 11 149 Management of People, Resources, and Systems was a major concern as was Cooperation, Networks, and Resource Sharing. 5954 4_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VC23200003 161.434 58 2578 A content analysis of Danish library and information science ( LIS) serial literature was conducted to determine the subject focus of the literature from 1957 to1986. Two nonresearch journals, the union-owned periodical Bibliotek 70, and Bogens Verden published by the Danish Library Association, produced both the greatest number of articles and the largest number of pages. 5968 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082318600005 113.99 38 1327 For each substantial paper in these volumes, data were collected regarding number of authors, type of affiliation of each author, author 's gender, and author 's country if it was not the United States. 5984 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082347000005 54.6077 28 916 A citation analysis of 61 library science and information science dissertations revealed some interesting publication patterns. 5944 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000167097900009 44.7146 26 812 We report on our findings regarding authors ' use of theory in1,160 articles that appeared in six information science ( IS) journals from 1993-1998. 5966 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082318600005 44.9572 24 661 The Journal of the American Society for Information Science ( JASIS) is completing 50 years of publication. 5962 4_OBJECTIVE UT=A1996VC23200004 24.1723 15 488 This investigation used content analysis to examine the information needs and uses literature published from 1990-1994. 5950 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082318600006 50.8111 18 432 The concept of journal ranking is explained along with the theoretical and practical significance of ranking journals. 5969 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082318600005 45.3253 17 385 Also noted were data on length, content, and " colonicity " of the title, and data on the extent of citing and self-citing in the paper. 5967 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000082318600005 46.2786 15 291 Aspects of authorship of papers in JASIS were studied by examining one volume from each decade of JASIS 's existence. 5959 4_OBJECTIVE UT=000176415300008 58.0782 13 186 The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the field of bibliometrics and scientometrics makes use of sources outside the field. 5987 4_RESULT UT=000082347000005 135.222 42 1540 Journal articles are cited more than books, book chapters, proceedings, theses, and other formats with College & Research Libraries and Journal of the American Society for Information Science used most. 5961 4_RESULT UT=000176415300008 95.994 39 1397 When comparing the two periods, there is also a considerable increase in journal self-citation (i.e., references to the journal Scientometrics) and in the percentage of references to journals. 5964 4_RESULT UT=A1996VC23200004 101.557 37 1209 Secondary analyses included journal type, author type, article type, whether the literature was grounded in theory, and user groups considered. 5952 4_RESULT UT=000082318600006 119.875 29 907 A review of LIS journal rankings of the last half-century identifies 178 published between 1952 and1997. The majority of these used some type of citation measure, followed by rankings based on production, subjective judgment, and reading, respectively. 5957 4_RESULT UT=A1996VC23200003 133.772 28 795 Overall, the results of the analysis reveal strong concerns with practical librarianship and action and current events oriented topics whereas the theoretical aspects of librarianship and the areas of information science have received scant attention. 5988 4_RESULT UT=000082347000005 95.8917 24 657 Library and information science is impacted by several other disciplines, primarily education, computer science, health/ medicine, psychology, communications, and business. 5976 4_RESULT UT=000082318600005 53.1914 20 568 The percentage of authors who are female has grown, but is higher in many related journals than it is in JASIS. 5948 4_RESULT UT=000167097900009 51.9522 21 543 Results from citation analysis indicate that IS theory is not heavily cited outside the field, except by IS authors publishing in other literatures. 5979 4_RESULT UT=000082318600005 77.3347 24 541 More importantly, scholarship has increased greatly on the basis of the disappearance of papers that lack citations and the exponential growth in the average number of references per paper. 5975 4_RESULT UT=000082318600005 91.879 22 476 Individual authors, at least in JASIS, are increasingly likely to produce multiple papers; the extent, explanation, and significance of this phenomenon warrant further inquiry. 5978 4_RESULT UT=000082318600005 53.4272 13 207 " Scholarliness " of papers has increased on the basis of a rapid rise in use of colons in titles. 5947 4_RESULT UT=000167097900009 52.5032 10 138 However, clear discrepancies were evident in terms of how researchers working in different subfields define theory. 5977 4_RESULT UT=000082318600005 33.262 9 128 Trends in the titling of papers suggest that writings have become more informative, but also considerably wordier. 5996 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100003 47.0922 23 470 This result suggests that information systems must have mechanisms such as user models to direct users to optimal configurations. 6022 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 38.1084 22 450 Subjects ' comments suggest a potentially complex interplay between individuals ' mental models and the high-dimensional semantic model. 6023 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 51.5521 20 401 Qualitative and process-oriented studies are, therefore, called for to reveal the complex interaction between individuals ' cognitive abilities, domain knowledge, and direct manipulation skills. 6004 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100002 41.943 20 374 Striking the balance between individuals ' abilities and the demanding task for detecting, understanding, and utilizing such structures is an emerging theme across the five articles in this special issue. 6024 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 34.7407 17 319 A recommendation is made that spatial-semantic models should be adaptable to suit individuals and tasks at various levels. 5997 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100003 38.1028 17 307 These experiments suggest some of the complexities and problems encountered in applying individual differences research to user-centered design of information systems. 6011 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100004 29.7914 12 192 The conclusion is reached that interfaces for shaping information should be built on an increasing analysis of users ' semantic processing. 6005 5_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100002 29.3076 9 103 We outline the approaches and the major findings of these articles with reference to this central theme. 6017 5_METHOD UT=000085990100005 66.7756 19 326 The effects of spatial ability ( VZ-2), associative memory ( MA-1), and on-line experience were tested on a set of interrelated search performance scores. 6016 5_METHOD UT=000085990100005 53.0583 18 310 The same spatial user interface and a simple textual user interface were used. 6008 5_METHOD UT=000085990100004 63.1658 17 289 To date, the research response has been predominantly based on the analysis of visual navigational aids that might support users ' bottom-up processing of the spatial display. 6001 5_METHOD UT=000085990100002 62.4269 16 235 More fundamentally, theories and methods developed for the earlier generations of information systems are subject to a close examination of their applicability, efficiency, and effectiveness. 6007 5_METHOD UT=000085990100004 36.6563 12 165 As a result, users frequently experience disorientation in navigating large digital spaces to locate and use information. 6018 5_METHOD UT=000085990100005 41.2193 12 161 A statistically significant main effect of on-line experience was found, F(6, 4) =6.213, p =0.049, two-tailed. 5993 5_METHOD UT=000085990100003 33.0845 12 152 Findings suggest that a compensatory match is likely to be encountered more frequently in designing information systems. 5992 5_METHOD UT=000085990100003 41.9299 12 144 Two matching strategies were explored in the first experiment: the capitalization match, and the compensatory match. 6000 5_METHOD UT=000085990100002 30.8581 8 79 The effects of individual differences on the use of these new technologies are yet to be found out. 6015 5_METHOD UT=000085990100005 31.6901 7 58 In the second study, 12 subjects participated in a within-subject experimental design. 6006 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100004 88.6676 45 1724 User problems with large information spaces multiply in complexity when we enter the digital domain, Virtual information environments can offer 3D representations, reconfigurations, and access to large databases that may overwhelm many users ' abilities to filter and represent. 5999 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100002 74.3655 40 1375 There is a renewed interest in individual differences due to the advances in virtual environments, especially through far-reaching technologies such as information visualization and 3D graphical user interfaces on the World Wide Web. 6014 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 92.7364 31 915 A strong positive correlation was found between associative memory ( MA-I) and search performance ( r =0.855, p =0.003), but no significant correlation was found between visual memory ( MV-1) and search performance. 5990 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100003 22.4743 27 782 Individual differences between users of information systems can influence search performance. 6012 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 26.4316 19 499 This article presents two studies concerning the role of individual differences in searching through a spatial-semantic virtual environment. 6013 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 34.4767 17 430 In the first study, 10 subjects searched for two topics through a spatial user interface of a semantic space. 5991 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100003 26.3135 16 402 In user-centered design it is important to match users with system configurations that will optimize their performance. 5998 5_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100002 25.464 13 263 The practical significance of identifying and accommodating individual differences has been established across a number of fields of research. 6003 5_RESULT UT=000085990100002 85.0913 39 1291 In particular, we highlight the notion of structure in the perception of individual users of an information system and the role of individuals ' abilities to recognize and use such structures to perform various information-intensive tasks. 5995 5_RESULT UT=000085990100003 51.9017 34 1132 The second experiment examined user selection of system configurations, and concluded that users do not act to optimize system configuration when they select features. 5994 5_RESULT UT=000085990100003 51.9017 31 1013 Having determined an optimal match between users and system configurations, it is necessary to find ways to ensure that users are guided to the appropriate configuration. 6010 5_RESULT UT=000085990100004 81.4642 32 988 A distinction between spatial and semantic cues is introduced, and existing empirical data are reviewed that highlight the differential reliance on spatial or semantic information as the domain expertise of the user increases. 6009 5_RESULT UT=000085990100004 79.8086 29 862 In the present paper, an emerging alternative is considered that places greater emphasis on the top-down application of semantic knowledge by the user gleaned from their experiences within the sociocognitive context of information production and consumption. 6020 5_RESULT UT=000085990100005 58.831 25 626 Individuals experienced in on-line search are more likely to have a higher recall score with the textual interface than less experienced individuals. 6019 5_RESULT UT=000085990100005 40.7205 18 379 In particular, on-line experience has a significant effect on the recall scores with the textual interface. 6002 5_RESULT UT=000085990100002 49.1816 15 307 In this article, we present a brief historical overview of research in individual differences in the context of virtual environments. 6021 5_RESULT UT=000085990100005 34.8436 12 223 No significant main effects were found for spatial ability and associative memory. 6044 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226297800003 78.6793 22 467 We compare conventional expansion techniques ( pseudo-relevance feedback) with relevance modeling, a new IR approach which fits into the formal framework of language modeling. 6045 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226297800003 70.7871 20 405 We find that relevance modeling and pseudo-relevance feedback achieve comparable levels of retrieval and that good translation probabilities confer a small but significant advantage. 6063 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226508300003 78.8006 21 402 Extensive experiments have been conducted on a large-scale parallel corpus enabling studies on retrieval performance for two different cross-lingual settings of full-length documents as well as automated summaries. 6070 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226297800004 52.4124 15 256 While stemming is useful normally, with a very large parallel corpus for Arabic-English, stemming hurt performance in our empirical studies with Arabic, a highly inflected language. 6057 6_CONCLUSION UT=000166072300008 19.7256 16 239 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6046 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226297800003 14.4237 15 223 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 6071 6_CONCLUSION UT=000226297800004 14.4237 15 223 ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 6033 6_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400008 68.8034 14 202 Subjects expressed concerns about the accuracy of machine translation of scholarly terminologies and preferred to have user control over multilingual Web searches. 6034 6_CONCLUSION UT=000230105400008 15.377 13 190 ( c) 2005 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. 6051 6_CONCLUSION UT=000168426400007 31.6901 7 63 The tests were run with InQuery(1) in a subcollection of the TREC collection, which contained some515,000 documents. 6053 6_METHOD UT=000166072300008 135.37 24 535 This paper shows that Swedish has unique features, in particular gender features, the use of fogemorphemes in the formation of compound words, and a high frequency of homographic words. 6048 6_METHOD UT=000168426400007 115.694 23 488 Methods of characterizing the resolution power of keys automatically are studied, and the effects search keys of varying resolution power have on retrieval effectiveness are analyzed. 6029 6_METHOD UT=000230105400008 91.6787 19 340 The case study reported here explored bilingual user behaviors, perceptions, and preferences with respect to the capability of the Web as a multilingual information resource. 6067 6_METHOD UT=000226297800004 76.841 19 332 Our findings include: One can achieve an acceptable CLIR performance using only a bilingual term list ( 70-80 % on Chinese and Arabic corpora). 6039 6_METHOD UT=000226297800003 84.2598 19 327 We compare the two approaches on Arabic and Spanish data sets, using two kinds of bilingual dictionaries-one derived from a conventional dictionary, and one derived from a parallel corpus. 6049 6_METHOD UT=000168426400007 66.6066 18 324 It is shown that it often is possible to identify the best key of a query while the discrimination between the remaining keys presents problems. 6025 6_METHOD UT=000226297800002 65.8784 16 288 This paper reviews state-of-the-art techniques and methods for enhancing effectiveness of cross-language information retrieval ( CLIR). 6040 6_METHOD UT=000226297800003 44.1612 15 224 We find that structured query processing gives slightly better results when queries are not expanded. 6054 6_METHOD UT=000166072300008 60.8749 13 211 Especially in dictionary-based CLIR, correct word normalization and compound splitting are essential. 6030 6_METHOD UT=000230105400008 56.247 13 199 Twenty-eight bilingual academic users from Myongji University in Korea were recruited for the study. 6060 6_METHOD UT=000226508300003 57.208 13 176 Contexts in the query as well as in the documents based on co-occurrence statistics from different granularity of passages are exploited. 6059 6_METHOD UT=000226508300003 37.5311 12 150 Our model considers contexts in the query translation process. 6038 6_METHOD UT=000226297800003 43.0048 8 72 language models incorporate translation probabilities into a unified framework. 6066 6_METHOD UT=000226297800004 14.692 5 67 Spanish and Arabic. 6036 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226297800003 130.479 48 1924 INQUERY, as a query net model, allows the easy incorporation of query operators, including a synonym operator, which has proven to be extremely useful in cross-language information retrieval ( CLIR), in an approach often called structured query translation. 6064 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226297800004 90.0075 37 1283 In this paper, we compile and review several experiments measuring cross-lingual information retrieval ( CLIR) performance as a function of the following resources: bilingual term lists, parallel corpora, machine translation ( MT), and stemmers. 6052 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000166072300008 77.4573 37 1268 This paper analyzes the features of the Swedish language from the viewpoint of mono- and cross-language information retrieval ( CLIR), The study was motivated by the fact that Swedish is known poorly from the IR perspective. 6035 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226297800003 64.0873 33 1063 Two probabilistic approaches to cross-lingual retrieval are in wide use today, those based on probabilistic models of relevance, as exemplified by INQUERY, and those based on language modeling. 6027 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400008 29.9829 26 843 The problem of language in Web searching has been discussed primarily in the area of cross-language information retrieval ( CLIR). 6058 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226508300003 32.8825 22 648 We develop a context-based generic cross-lingual retrieval model that can deal with different language pairs. 6065 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226297800004 55.704 22 603 Our CUR system uses a simple probabilistic language model; the studies used TREC test corpora over Chinese. 6028 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000230105400008 43.8642 15 368 However, much CLIR research centers on investigation of the effectiveness of automatic translation techniques. 6047 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000168426400007 95.4342 18 324 Search key resolution power is analyzed in the context of a request,i.e., among the set of search keys for the request. 6037 6_OBJECTIVE UT=000226297800003 5.3019 1 1 In contrast. 6026 6_RESULT UT=000226297800002 267.096 69 3812 The following research issues are covered: ( 1) matching strategies and translation techniques, ( 2) methods for solving the problem of translation ambiguity, ( 3) formal models for CLIR such as application of the language model, ( 4) the pivot language approach, ( 5) methods for searching multilingual document collection, ( 6) techniques for combining multiple language resources,etc. ( C) 2004 ElsevierLtd. All rights reserved. 6062 6_RESULT UT=000226508300003 111.818 37 1344 We have implemented our model for two different cross-lingual settings, namely, retrieving Chinese documents from English queries as well as retrieving English documents from Chinese queries. 6032 6_RESULT UT=000230105400008 79.3286 31 1120 For search queries, they selected a language that represents their information need most accurately depending on the types of information task rather than choosing their first language. 6055 6_RESULT UT=000166072300008 149.697 31 984 It was shown in this study, however, that publicly available morphological analysis tools used for normalization and compound splitting have pitfalls that might decrease the effectiveness of TR and CLIR, A comparative study was performed to test the degree of lexical ambiguity in Swedish, Finnish and English. 6041 6_RESULT UT=000226297800003 78.5043 31 977 On the other hand, when queries are expanded, language modeling gives better results, but only when using a probabilistic dictionary derived from a parallel corpus. 6042 6_RESULT UT=000226297800003 63.4533 24 818 We pursue two additional issues inherent in the comparison of structured query processing with language modeling. 6068 6_RESULT UT=000226297800004 75.2896 23 601 However, if a bilingual term list and parallel corpora are available, CLIR performance can rival monolingual performance. 6050 6_RESULT UT=000168426400007 43.8865 22 597 It is also shown that query performance is improved by suitably using the best key in a structured query. 6069 6_RESULT UT=000226297800004 82.7337 22 524 If no parallel corpus is available, pseudo-parallel texts produced by an MT system can partially overcome the lack of parallel text. 6043 6_RESULT UT=000226297800003 50.413 10 239 The first concerns query expansion, and the second is the role of translation probabilities. 6031 6_RESULT UT=000230105400008 47.3377 10 201 Findings show that the subjects did not use Web search engines as multilingual tools. 6056 6_RESULT UT=000166072300008 66.6463 12 182 The results suggest that part-of-speech tagging might be useful in Swedish IR due to the high frequency of homographic words. 6061 6_RESULT UT=000226508300003 33.3231 6 67 We also investigate cross-lingual retrieval of automatic generic summaries. 6131 7_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200007 111.884 21 421 The assumption is that if these proteins have a particular keyword/ phrase in common, and they are related to a query protein, then the keyword/ phrase may also describe the query. 6132 7_CONCLUSION UT=000089368200007 92.8675 16 256 Overall, PAA employs a number of in techniques in a novel setting and is thus related to text categorization, where multiple categories may be suggested, except that in this case none of the categories are specified in advance. 6118 7_CONCLUSION UT=000166468700009 53.125 16 233 A description is given of tests carried out for documents in Spanish, which involved some stemming techniques widely used in English, as well as the application of n-grams, and the results are compared. 6107 7_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500002 47.6418 13 169 Easy access through the Web is provided, as well as a graphical user interface to display the classification results. 6108 7_CONCLUSION UT=000085006500002 41.7131 13 169 We also describe the use of this system to retrieve and analyze sets of documents from public Web sites. 6096 7_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 41.7131 13 168 We apply our analysis to the Web, using recent statistics on the distribution of the document sizes. 6095 7_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 39.158 11 149 These results are valid for classical exact queries as well as for approximate searching. 6076 7_CONCLUSION UT=000087054000002 54.2259 12 148 Editcost-distances produce the best E results, and both dynamic-programming methods rank second in finding R&R mean measures. 6114 7_CONCLUSION UT=000087054000009 68.1684 12 145 We demonstrate the utility of these approaches using data from the Astrophysics Data System and show how we can reduce the human effort involved in the creation of authority files. 6097 7_CONCLUSION UT=000084325300010 42.1224 11 132 We show that pointing to documents instead of to fixed size blocks reduces space requirements but increases search times. 6081 7_CONCLUSION UT=000085411400006 32.104 10 100 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6122 7_CONCLUSION UT=000167290000003 32.104 10 100 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6073 7_METHOD UT=000087054000002 337.007 62 3024 Two dynamic-programming methods that measure longest common subsequence and editcost-distance are used, Several search combinations of query and dictionary words are performed in the experiments, the best being one that stems both query and dictionary words using an existing Malay stemming algorithm, The retrieval effectiveness ( E) and retrieved and relevant ( R&R) mean measures are calculated from weighted combination of recall and precision values. 6127 7_METHOD UT=000089368200007 186.603 42 1582 Working backward from SwissProt, a database which describes known proteins, and a prior sequence similarity search that returns a list of known proteins similar to a query, PAA suggests keywords and phrases which may describe functions performed by the query. 6102 7_METHOD UT=000085006500002 134.289 35 1169 The result of a query using this kind of search interface can consist of a large unordered set of documents, or a ranked list of documents based on the frequency of the keywords. 6089 7_METHOD UT=000084325300010 173.985 31 891 These low overhead indices ( whose most notorious exponent is Glimpse) are modified inverted files, where space is saved by making the lists of occurrences point to text blocks instead of exact word positions. 6078 7_METHOD UT=000085411400006 100.37 25 630 Traditional ranking methods for information retrieval, based on term and inverse document frequencies, have been found to work poorly in this context. 6120 7_METHOD UT=000167290000003 131.862 24 610 We challenged these assumptions in the Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC) interactive track, with real users following a consensus protocol to search for an instance recall task. 6116 7_METHOD UT=000166468700009 74.6468 19 567 Otherwise, dispersal occurs in the calculation of frequency of these terms and it also becomes difficult to compare queries and documents. 6103 7_METHOD UT=000085006500002 80.5579 21 545 Both lists can contain articles unrelated to the user 's inquiry unless a sophisticated search was performed and the user knows exactly what to look for. 6126 7_METHOD UT=000089368200007 112.838 18 450 uk/ paa/) is a software system which assists protein annotators in the task of assigning functions to newly sequenced proteins. 6090 7_METHOD UT=000084325300010 56.7451 14 326 Despite their existence, little is known about the expected behavior of these " block addressing " indices, and even less is known when it comes to cope with approximate search. 6082 7_METHOD UT=000086651400004 80.6205 14 272 A unified mathematical definition for the classical ( vector and probabilistic) models of information retrieval is given. 6101 7_METHOD UT=000085006500002 77.2502 13 263 Most users type in a single keyword, click the button, and hope for the best. 6074 7_METHOD UT=000087054000002 56.5037 10 244 Results from these experiments are then compared with available digram, a string-similarity method. 6088 7_METHOD UT=000084325300010 75.31 13 218 In recent years some indexing schemes with very low space overhead have appeared, some of them dealing with approximate searching. 6079 7_METHOD UT=000085411400006 65.1734 11 208 Under the cover density measure, ranking is based on term proximity and cooccurrence. 6110 7_METHOD UT=000087054000009 88.1641 11 120 Authority work, the need to discover and reconcile variant forms of strings in bibliographic entries, will become more critical in the future. 6111 7_METHOD UT=000087054000009 63.7065 10 120 Spelling variants, misspellings, and transliteration differences will all increase the difficulty of retrieving information. 6087 7_METHOD UT=000084325300010 29.1122 7 103 This is called " approximate text searching, " which is becoming more and more popular. 6125 7_METHOD UT=000089368200007 8.66972 1 1 ac. 6115 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000166468700009 173.319 45 1815 At some stage, most of the models and techniques implemented in information retrieval use frequency counts of the terms appearing in documents and in queries, However, many words, since they are derived fi om the same stem, have very close semantic content, This makes a grouping of such variants under a single term advisable. 6077 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000085411400006 174.244 44 1731 We investigate the application of a novel relevance ranking technique, cover density ranking, to the requirements of Web-based information retrieval, where a typical query consists of a few search terms and a typical result consists of a page indicating several potentially relevant documents. 6072 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000002 141.944 31 1009 This article evaluates the effectiveness of spelling-correction and string-similarity matching methods in retrieving similar words in a Malay dictionary associated with a set of query words, The spelling-correction techniques used are SPEEDCOP, Sounder, Davidson, Phonix, and Hartlib. 6119 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000167290000003 105.404 28 899 Two common assumptions held by information retrieval researchers are that searching using Boolean operators is inferior to natural language searching and that results from batch-style retrieval evaluations are generalizable to the real-world searching. 6109 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000087054000009 85.3427 28 756 As more online databases are integrated into digital libraries, the issue of quality control of the data becomes increasingly important, especially as it relates to the effective retrieval of information. 6084 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 80.9607 19 376 The issue of reducing the space overhead when indexing large text databases is becoming more and more important, as the text collections grow in size. 6086 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 54.9531 14 292 One of the best tools to make the search more flexible is to allow a limited number of differences between the words found and those sought. 6100 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 59.3819 14 288 To retrieve documents of interest, the user is provided with a search interface that may only consist of one input field and one push button. 6085 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000084325300010 70.0214 15 249 Another subject, which is gaining importance as text databases grow and get more heterogeneous and error prone, is that of flexible string matching. 6099 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 59.8103 15 247 Easy access to a digital library is provided by commercially available Web browsers, which provide a user-friendly interface. 6098 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000085006500002 59.3819 14 227 The recent explosion of the Internet and the World Wide Web has made digital libraries popular. 6123 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200007 39.4738 6 36 The Protein Annotators ' Assistant ( or PAA) ( http: / /www. 6124 7_OBJECTIVE UT=000089368200007 6.57897 1 1 ebi. 6121 7_RESULT UT=000167290000003 129.549 42 1423 Our results showed that Boolean and natural language searching achieved comparable results and that the results from batch evaluations were not comparable to those obtained in experiments with real users. 6130 7_RESULT UT=000089368200007 167.496 39 1359 At runtime, the search algorithm, invoked by a user via a Web interface, takes a list of protein names and clusters the named proteins around keywords/ phrases shared by members of the list. 6129 7_RESULT UT=000089368200007 183.115 35 1180 Common words either in general English usage or from the biological domain are removed as the phrases are assembled, This process is assisted by the use of a simple stemming algorithm, which extends the list of stop-words (i.e., reject words), together with a list of accept-words. 6117 7_RESULT UT=000166468700009 152.933 33 1022 On the other hand, there are notable differences between different languages in the way of forming derivatives and inflected forms, so that the application of specific techniques can produce unequal results according to the language of the documents and queries. 6106 7_RESULT UT=000085006500002 117.949 31 953 In this article we describe the design of a language-independent document classification system being developed to help users of the Florida Center for Library Automation analyze search query results. 6128 7_RESULT UT=000089368200007 156.291 29 883 In a preprocessing step, a database is built from the protein names that appear in the SwissProt database, and against each protein are listed key words and phrases that are extracted from the corresponding text records. 6104 7_RESULT UT=000085006500002 71.0949 28 862 More sophisticated algorithms for ranking the search results according to how well they meet the users ' needs as expressed in the search input may help. 6105 7_RESULT UT=000085006500002 59.2804 18 482 However, what is desperately needed are software tools that can analyze the search result and manipulate large hierarchies of data graphically. 6075 7_RESULT UT=000087054000002 40.7854 12 296 The best R&R and E results are given by using digram. 6113 7_RESULT UT=000087054000009 70.4904 13 243 We then introduce the notion of approximate word matching and show how it can be used to improve detection and categorization of variant forms. 6093 7_RESULT UT=000084325300010 76.6413 14 220 We find that, under reasonable assumptions, it is possible to build an index which is simultaneously sublinear in space overhead and in query time. 6094 7_RESULT UT=000084325300010 67.6148 11 145 This surprising analytical conclusion is validated with extensive experiments, obtaining typical performance figures. 6092 7_RESULT UT=000084325300010 59.5877 10 112 We study the space overhead and retrieval times as functions of the block size. 6091 7_RESULT UT=000084325300010 58.455 9 103 Our main contribution is an analytical study of the space-time trade-offs for indexed text searching. 6112 7_RESULT UT=000087054000009 42.4008 7 81 We investigate a number of approximate string matching techniques that have traditionally been used to help with this problem. 6080 7_RESULT UT=000085411400006 41.2682 6 41 Experimental comparisons show performance that compares favorably with previous work. 6083 7_RESULT UT=000086651400004 48.1626 6 36 Also, a mathematical structure ( Diophantine set) behind relevance feedback is identified. 6283 8_CONCLUSION UT=000073044700003 1306.8 181 20921 In benchmark testing, although the genetic algorithm spider did not outperform the best first search spider, rare bound both results to be comparable and complementary, an user evaluation, the genetic algorithm spider obtained significantly higher recall value than that of the best first: search spider, However their precision values were not statistically different, The mutation process introduced in genetic algorithm allows users Po find other potential relevant homepages that cannot be explored via a conventional local search process, In addition, we Found the Java-based interface to be a necessary component for design of a truly interactive and dynamic Web agent. 6136 8_CONCLUSION UT=000169032200004 532.176 106 8518 Using this concept, a term discrimination capacity for distinguishing one term from others in the space can also be visualized within the visual space, Applications of these methods facilitate more effective assignment of term weights to index terms within documents and may assist searchers in the selection of search terms. 6257 8_CONCLUSION UT=000071805500002 609.761 84 6700 Another series of benchmark tests was performed to determine the effectiveness of various filtering techniques in reducing the negative impact of noisy input terms, Preliminary user tests confirmed our expectation that the Hopfield net algorithm is potentially useful as an associative memory technique to improve document recall and precision by solving discrepancies between indexer vocabularies and end-user vocabularies. 6216 8_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100005 506.922 80 5823 Initial results of a user evaluation study comparing MetaSpider, NorthernLight, and MetaCrawler in terms of clustering performance and of time and effort expended show that MetaSpider performed best in precision rate, but disclose no statistically significant differences in recall rate and time requirements. 6317 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000005 427.926 76 5387 Additionally, the searching characteristics of Web users are compared and contrasted with users of traditional information retrieval and online public access systems to discover if there is a need for more studies that focus predominantly or exclusively on Web searching, The comparison indicates that Web searching differs from searching in other environments. 6207 8_CONCLUSION UT=000073044700002 397.75 71 5316 The recall measures indicated that the combination of subject-and thesaurus-suggested terms exhibited significantly better recall than subject-suggested terms alone, Furthermore, analysis of the homepages indicated that there was limited overlap between the homepages retrieved by the subject-suggested and thesaurus-suggested terms. 6244 8_CONCLUSION UT=000172088200003 286.317 58 3636 Insights from the study can also assist system designers and programmers in future planning and redesigns of these systems, in order to maximize use and expand the user base of these search systems. 6272 8_CONCLUSION UT=000080463400002 410.231 53 3189 This paper describes a neural information retrieval model and emphasizes the results obtained with the associated relevance back-propagation algorithm in three different environments: manual ad hoc, automatic ad hoc and mixed ad hoc strategy ( automatic plus manual ad hoc). 6298 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 258.92 47 3136 Using the metrics relative subject recall and precision, our results show that, with the exception of Chopper, the phrasing tools were fairly comparable in recall and precision. 6279 8_CONCLUSION UT=000170123900002 310.714 49 3122 The resulting algorithm is directly applicable to many approaches to IR, and the unified framework can help explain previously reported results as well as guide the search for new methods that utilize feedback data in IR. 6217 8_CONCLUSION UT=000171753100005 279.147 46 3040 Our experimental study also reveals that MetaSpider exhibited a higher level of automation than the other two systems and facilitated efficient searching by providing the user with an organized, comprehensive view of the retrieved documents. 6209 8_CONCLUSION UT=000073044700002 259.969 44 3024 Subjects especially liked the level of control that they could exert over the search, and the fact that the terms suggested by the thesaurus were " real " (i.e., originating in the homepages) and therefore guaranteed to have retrieval success. 6208 8_CONCLUSION UT=000073044700002 197.754 36 2903 Since the retrieved homepages for the most part were different, this suggests that a user can enhance a keyword-based search by using an automatically generated concept space. 6196 8_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6228 8_CONCLUSION UT=000086838600009 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6234 8_CONCLUSION UT=000170642700002 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6239 8_CONCLUSION UT=000084265200008 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6252 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800008 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6273 8_CONCLUSION UT=000080463400002 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 1999 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6287 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800006 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2001 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6325 8_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800004 107.425 44 1908 ( C) 2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved. 6154 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800004 122.782 25 1865 In the combination approach Algorithm 1 does not allow overlapping of n-grams while Algorithm 2 does. 6265 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300004 337.673 44 1762 Given the increasing recognition of text structure in the fields of information retrieval in unpartitioned text, this approach provides a quantitative model and an efficient tool in text segmentation. 6324 8_CONCLUSION UT=000087256800004 208.024 29 1634 Given the immense practical importance of searches for people there seems to be a large need for such systems and, consequently, for addressing the open research questions involved in designing them. 6291 8_CONCLUSION UT=000165132100004 187.367 27 1600 They also pointed out aspects of information visualization, multilevel browsing, and common user interface as novel characteristics exhibited by BIRS. 6222 8_CONCLUSION UT=000178399500003 99.3971 37 1593 ( C) 2002 Elsevier ScienceInc. All rights reserved. 6306 8_CONCLUSION UT=000076489900007 152.844 26 1575 While this study utilizes index terms from a fixed taxonomy, that restriction is not inherent; the descriptors can be generated from the corpus. 6185 8_CONCLUSION UT=000078081000006 168.792 29 1561 This new unified model is valid even for traditional interpretations of term estimates. 6155 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800004 225.843 26 1445 The boundary detection approach detects the segmentation points on a sentence based on the values and the change of values of the mutual information. 6157 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800004 234.714 29 1444 An interface of the system is also presented to show how a Chinese web page is downloaded, the text in the page filtered, and segmented into words. 6264 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167187300004 132.27 21 1240 Comparison with a related method demonstrates that the algorithm is closely related to the topic boundaries. 6299 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800005 164.773 22 1191 It was also shown that augmenting the AZ Noun Phraser by including the SPECIALIST Lexicon from the National Library of Medicine resulted in improved recall and precision. 6312 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167198000006 178.375 26 1167 We demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods on test data, and show how all three methods can be combined to produce a single improved method. 6195 8_CONCLUSION UT=000086070400005 216.176 27 1088 The performance of the system using the neural network classifier was generally satisfactory and, as expected, the filtering performance varied with regard to the accuracy rates of classes. 6251 8_CONCLUSION UT=000167008800008 217.254 22 834 Such pruning has achieved a 65 % reduction ton average) in the number of non-zeros with a precision loss of 5 % for most collections. 6177 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 184.529 25 742 Subjects ' comments suggest a potentially complex interplay between individuals ' mental models and the high-dimensional semantic model. 6178 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 201.853 21 628 Qualitative and process-oriented studies are, therefore, called for to reveal the complex interaction between individuals ' cognitive abilities, domain knowledge, and direct manipulation skills. 6179 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085990100005 157.353 19 567 A recommendation is made that spatial-semantic models should be adaptable to suit individuals and tasks at various levels. 6166 8_CONCLUSION UT=000172450000006 125.079 14 566 To test the results, we use a topological classification of sets of transformed and untransformed vectors to check that the same structure underlies both. 6307 8_CONCLUSION UT=000076489900007 127.821 12 316 Hence, co-word analysis and the supporting software tools employed here can provide unique insights into any discipline 's evolution. 6158 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800004 118.419 12 232 The segmented words can be submitted for indexing or new unknown words can be identified and submitted to a dictionary. 6156 8_CONCLUSION UT=000085224800004 41.8287 5 144 Experiments are conducted to evaluate their performances. 6320 8_METHOD UT=000087256800004 1034.94 151 12734 Based on case studies in two product-development organisations we find that engineers search for documents to find people, search for people to get documents, and interact socially to get information without engaging in explicit searches, This intricate interplay between document and people sources can be explained by the nature of the design task, Many possible solutions are normally available to the designer and in choosing one over the others the designer must take into account a complex set of issues involving both the product as such and its context. 6160 8_METHOD UT=000078411700006 1111.58 123 12014 Such a case summary facilitates the rapid determination of the relevance of the case or may be employed in text search, An important part of the research concerns the development of techniques for automatic recognition of representative text paragraphs ( or sentences) in texts of unrestricted domains, These techniques are employed to eliminate redundant material in the case texts, and to identify informative text paragraphs which are relevant to include in the case summary. 6281 8_METHOD UT=000073044700003 648.317 96 6802 In this experiment, we developed two Web personal spiders based on best first search and genetic algorithm techniques, respectively, These personal spiders can dynamically take a user 's selected starting homepages and search for the most closely related homepages in the a Web, based on the links and keyword indexing. 6289 8_METHOD UT=000165132100004 523.132 100 6706 In this respect, a Web-based Bibliometric Information Retrieval System ( BIRS) has been designed and created, with facilities to assist the end users to get better understanding of their search domain, formulate and expand their search queries, and visualize the bibliographic research results. 6314 8_METHOD UT=000167198000005 601.206 71 4575 This aspect provides a unique opportunity to review the current state of research in the field, identify common trends, develop a methodological framework, and define terminology for future Web searching studies, In this article, the results from published studies of Web searching are reviewed to present the current state of research. 6231 8_METHOD UT=000170642700002 387.532 62 4290 Our prototype acted as an intermediate layer between the user and a commercial Internet search engine ( AltaVista), thus allowing searches of the significant portion of World Wide Web. 6212 8_METHOD UT=000171753100005 357.801 60 4227 Meta-search engines improve precision by selecting and integrating search results from generic or domain-specific Web search engines or other resources. 6236 8_METHOD UT=000084265200008 464.673 64 3913 In this paper, we report on the progress of the-Natural Language Information Retrieval project, a joint effort of several sites led by GE Research and its evaluation the 6th Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC-6). 6242 8_METHOD UT=000172088200003 327.745 55 3676 This is a case study of how three nurses used and evaluated three different types of information search databases in terms of three measure criteria. 6310 8_METHOD UT=000167198000006 337.683 61 3401 This approach is acceptable for some applications such as statistical estimates of the similarity of queries and documents for the purpose of document retrieval. 6134 8_METHOD UT=000169032200004 427.343 60 3078 The term discrimination capacity is analyzed using the comparison of the distance and angle-based visual representations with and without a specified term, thereby allowing the user to see the impact of the term on individual documents within the density space. 6146 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 300.441 55 2948 Much work has been done on English information retrieval, however, there is relatively less work on Chinese information retrieval. 6276 8_METHOD UT=000170123900002 229.021 41 2090 The problem is that it is not clear whether the relevance feedback data should be used to train the system about what the users really mean, or about what the documents really mean. 6255 8_METHOD UT=000071805500002 197.825 36 2018 INSPEC, a collection of more than320,000 document abstracts from leading journals, was used as the document testbed. 6247 8_METHOD UT=000167008800008 311.763 35 1999 For each query, level search extracts a much smaller subset of the original term-by-document matrix, containing on average 27 % of the original non-zero entries. 6172 8_METHOD UT=000085990100005 303.549 37 1993 The effects of spatial ability ( VZ-2), associative memory ( MA-1), and on-line experience were tested on a set of interrelated search performance scores. 6321 8_METHOD UT=000087256800004 253.086 34 1977 However, design documentation seems to be biased toward technical aspects of the chosen solution, while information about the context of the design process is typically not available. 6248 8_METHOD UT=000167008800008 241.707 32 1975 When LSI is applied to such subsets, the average precision can degrade by as much as 23 % due to level search filtering. 6200 8_METHOD UT=000073044700002 305.622 43 1954 Our results indicate that a Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM)-based algorithm can successfully categorize a large and eclectic Internet Information space ( the Entertainment subcategory of Yahoo! 6147 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 232.324 38 1863 In this article, we focus on Chinese indexing, which is the foundation of Chinese and cross-lingual information retrieval. 6315 8_METHOD UT=000167198000005 230.889 32 1850 The analysis of the limited Web searching studies available indicates that research methods and terminology are already diverging. 6269 8_METHOD UT=000080463400002 166.499 32 1719 Relevance feedback can be viewed as an aid to the information retrieval task. 6213 8_METHOD UT=000171753100005 160.066 30 1622 Document categorization promises better organization and presentation of retrieved results. 6230 8_METHOD UT=000170642700002 273.146 36 1614 We went through a complete system development and evaluation cycle: designing the algorithms and interface for our prototype, implementing them and testing with human users. 6237 8_METHOD UT=000084265200008 209.749 28 1390 In this paper we describe the 'stream- architecture ', a method we designed to combine evidence obtained from several different document representations. 6219 8_METHOD UT=000178399500003 169.832 28 1346 First, the vector model is used to represent the terms as vectors according to which documents they appear in. 6261 8_METHOD UT=000167187300004 199.639 24 1332 As a result, segments in the text are segregated into clusters according to their textual similarity. 6189 8_METHOD UT=000086070400005 230.343 28 1313 In the first phase, a multilayer feedforward neural network was trained to classify medical documents in the area of cell biology. 6171 8_METHOD UT=000085990100005 217 30 1311 The same spatial user interface and a simple textual user interface were used. 6181 8_METHOD UT=000078081000006 225.524 34 1263 The difficulty of unifying those approaches was introduced as a problem of resolving query-focused with document-focused retrieval, and an approach towards unification was offered. 6190 8_METHOD UT=000086070400005 211.774 29 1234 The accuracy of the supervised classifier was established by comparing its performance with a baseline system that uses human classification information. 6268 8_METHOD UT=000080463400002 121.59 20 1149 As a consequence, efforts to retrieve relevant documents have become significantly greater. 6143 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 133.425 24 1146 The better the indexing, the better the searching result. 6241 8_METHOD UT=000172088200003 166.886 23 1084 Information that is available through advancing computer and technology is oftentimes difficult and cumbersome to learn and access. 6302 8_METHOD UT=000076489900007 188.644 20 1083 Other themes have arisen, matured, and then faded as major research topics, while still others seem transient or immature. 6225 8_METHOD UT=000086838600009 234.803 28 1079 We empirically test our approach along with two alternative approaches found in the literature using real-world data and four popular classification techniques. 6309 8_METHOD UT=000167198000006 352.737 29 1029 In general, automatic indexing has dealt with this problem by removing instances of a few hundred common words known as stop words, and treating the remaining words as though they were content bearing. 6254 8_METHOD UT=000071805500002 257.175 27 982 A Hopfield net algorithm was used to simulate human associative memory for concept exploration in the domain of computer science and engineering. 6202 8_METHOD UT=000073044700002 171.823 24 925 The SOM algorithm worked best with browsing tasks that were very broad, and in which subjects skipped around between categories. 6260 8_METHOD UT=000167187300004 247.082 26 753 A corpus of mutual linguistic knowledge that captures the similarity of meaning and causal relations is encoded in the discourse network, which is then subjected to a cluster algorithm. 6170 8_METHOD UT=000085990100005 146.913 16 730 In the second study, 12 subjects participated in a within-subject experimental design. 6164 8_METHOD UT=000172450000006 149.226 21 727 We used the Kohonen algorithm and a fuzzification module to perform a fuzzy clustering of the terms. 6182 8_METHOD UT=000078081000006 162.433 20 697 That approach rests on a re-conceptualization of the meaning of term weight estimates. 6145 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 140.25 18 687 The most critical is to support a cross-lingual retrieval or multilingual digital library. 6144 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 209.373 19 672 Developing a universal digital library has been the dream of many researchers, however, there are still many problems to be solved before such a vision is fulfilled. 6224 8_METHOD UT=000086838600009 220.474 21 559 We introduce a new approach for solving an aggregation problem where a decision maker needs to classify an observation based on group-membership predictions coming from multiple experts. 6142 8_METHOD UT=000085224800004 81.3188 11 550 Indexing is an important task for searching. 6285 8_METHOD UT=000167008800006 152.288 14 542 The concept of the iso-extent contour, which facilitates the understanding of the nature of the newly developed similarity measure, is introduced. 6201 8_METHOD UT=000073044700002 117.755 14 539 ) into manageable sub-spaces that users can successfully navigate to locate a homepage of interest Po them. 6303 8_METHOD UT=000076489900007 91.4071 9 438 Go-word analysis is the specific technique used. 6294 8_METHOD UT=000085224800005 259.221 19 413 Four noun phrase generation tools were evaluated as to their ability to isolate noun phrases from medical journal abstracts. 6163 8_METHOD UT=000172450000006 103.534 13 398 The algorithms used to manipulate them, however consume enormously increasing amounts of computational capacity as the said dimension grows. 6203 8_METHOD UT=000073044700002 114.477 11 303 Subjects especially liked the visual and graphical aspects of the map. 6173 8_METHOD UT=000085990100005 156.658 12 269 A statistically significant main effect of on-line experience was found, F(6, 4) =6.213, p =0.049, two-tailed. 6220 8_METHOD UT=000178399500003 103.138 10 214 Second, these vectors are used as the input to a Kohonen network, which organizes them topologically. 6275 8_METHOD UT=000170123900002 108.286 10 209 Still, one fundamental difficulty has limited the ability to fully exploit this valuable data. 6191 8_METHOD UT=000086070400005 104.646 9 163 A relatively high degree of accuracy was achieved by the supervised method. 6295 8_METHOD UT=000085224800005 105.113 7 97 Tests were conducted using the National Cancer Institute 's CANCERLIT database. 6245 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800008 398.165 93 5970 Latent semantic indexing ( LSI) has been demonstrated to outperform lexical matching in information retrieval, However, the enormous cost associated with the singular value decomposition ( SVD) of the large term-by-document matrix becomes a barrier for its application to scalable information retrieval. 6140 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800004 382.348 79 4453 Digital library research projects ( DLI-1) sponsored by NSF/ DARPA/ NASA have a common theme of bringing search to the net, which is the flagship research effort for the National Information Infrastructure ( NII) in the United States. 6288 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000165132100004 352.921 77 4421 The aim of this article is to test whether the results obtained from a specific bibliographic research can be applied to a real search environment and enhance the level of utility of an information retrieval session for all levels of end users. 6235 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000084265200008 408.54 72 4234 Natural language processing ( NLP) techniques may hold a: tremendous potential for overcoming the inadequacies of purely quantitative methods of text information retrieval, but the empirical evidence to support such predictions has thus far been inadequate and appropriate scale evaluations have been slow to emerge. 6197 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000073044700002 303.727 72 4197 The Internet provides an exceptional testbed for developing algorithms that can improve browsing and searching large information spaces, Browsing and searching tasks are susceptible to problems of information overload and vocabulary differences. 6133 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000169032200004 299.869 69 3834 A visual term discrimination value analysis method is introduced using a document density space within a distance-angle-based visual information retrieval environment. 6267 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000080463400002 250.553 64 3427 Improving effectiveness is important since these information retrieval systems must gain access to large document collections distributed over different distant sites. 6293 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 201.499 57 3293 The goal of this research is to determine whether noun phrasing could be a viable technique to include in medical information retrieval applications. 6292 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800005 334.309 52 2942 In an effort to assist medical researchers and professionals in accessing information necessary for their work, the A1 Lab at the University of Arizona is investigating the use of a natural language processing ( NLP) technique called noun phrasing. 6199 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000073044700002 313.045 56 2934 Our research was focused an discovering whether two of the algorithms our research group has developed, a Kohonen algorithm category map for browsing, and an automatically generated concept space algorithm for searching, can help improve browsing and/ or searching the Internet. 6266 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000080463400002 193.81 51 2851 It is well-known that relevance feedback is a method significant in improving the effectiveness of information retrieval systems. 6274 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000170123900002 224.428 50 2817 Empirical work shows significant benefits from using relevance feedback data to improve information retrieval ( IR) performance. 6246 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800008 193.889 44 2568 This work shows that information filtering using level search techniques can reduce the SVD computation cost for LSI. 6223 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000086838600009 269.319 49 2520 A general problem of combining the classifications or predictions of n local information systems S-1, S-2,..., S-n into a single system S is considered in this paper. 6159 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000078411700006 483.868 50 2453 The SALOMON project automatically summarizes Belgian criminal cases in order to improve access to the large number of existing and future court decisions, SALOMON extracts text units from the case text to form a case summary. 6229 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000170642700002 177.213 46 2263 We report our experience with a novel approach to interactive information seeking that is grounded in the idea of summarizing query results through automated document clustering. 6180 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000078081000006 159.007 42 2224 Two competing approaches for document retrieval were first identified by Robertson, Maron, & Cooper ( 1982) for probabilistic retrieval. 6300 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000076489900007 211.843 45 2081 This empirical research demonstrates the effectiveness of content analysis to map the research literature of the software engineering discipline. 6169 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 385.946 43 2072 A strong positive correlation was found between associative memory ( MA-I) and search performance ( r =0.855, p =0.003), but no significant correlation was found between visual memory ( MV-1) and search performance. 6211 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100005 252.187 45 2048 Two approaches to addressing the low precision and poor presentation of search results of current search tools are studied: meta-search and document categorization. 6284 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167008800006 451.214 46 2024 In this paper two distinct similarity measures in a document vector space, the distance-based and angle-based similarity measures, are compared, and a newly developed similarity measure based upon both the distance and angle strengths of two compared objects is presented. 6210 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000171753100005 163.92 39 1970 It has become increasingly difficult to locate relevant information on the Web, even with the help of Web search engines. 6280 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000073044700003 225.918 38 1620 As part of the ongoing Illinois Digtal Library initiative project, this research proposes an intelligent agent approach to Web searching. 6308 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000006 225.521 36 1594 An important problem in the indexing of natural language text is how to identify those words and phrases that reflect the content of the text. 6138 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800004 194.2 33 1411 Research and development in digital libraries includes content creation, conversion, indexing, organization, and dissemination. 6162 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000172450000006 178.936 33 1324 The vectors used in IR, whether to represent the documents or the terms, are high dimensional, and their dimensions increase as one approaches real problems. 6240 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000172088200003 117.423 26 1311 Nurses are constantly faced with information needs to keep up in the fast pace, ever-changing state of health and nursing. 6198 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000073044700002 140.785 28 1286 Much of the current research is aimed at the development and refinement of algorithms to improve browsing and searching by addressing these problems. 6318 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800004 88.7832 24 1249 Engineers get most of their information from colleagues and internal reports. 6301 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000076489900007 151.824 26 1157 The results suggest that certain research themes in software engineering have remained constant, but with changing thrusts. 6258 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300004 179.15 28 1040 This paper proposes a novel approach to automatic text segmentation without a full semantic understanding. 6313 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167198000005 86.0265 19 811 Research on Web searching is at an incipient stage. 6253 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000071805500002 126.083 22 810 This paper presents a neural network approach to document semantic indexing. 6186 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 118.274 20 725 Document classifiers can play an intermediate role in multilevel filtering systems. 6259 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000167187300004 204.995 21 668 in order to analyse the linguistic bonds and determine the degree of coherence that a text may exhibit, the tremendous diversity of textual relations in a discourse network is represented. 6168 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 158.994 19 667 In the first study, 10 subjects searched for two topics through a spatial user interface of a semantic space. 6218 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000178399500003 129.706 16 577 This article describes a method of finding the contextual relationships among different terms in a database. 6319 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000087256800004 115.904 17 519 This study investigates how engineers ' information-seeking practices intertwine looking for informing documents with looking for informed people. 6167 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085990100005 146.089 16 495 This article presents two studies concerning the role of individual differences in searching through a spatial-semantic virtual environment. 6139 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800004 131.205 14 461 The key technological issues are how to search and display desired selections from and across large collections effectively [ Schatz & Chen, 1996]. 6187 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 122.389 14 396 The effectiveness of a classifier that uses supervised learning was analyzed in terms of its accuracy and ultimately its influence on filtering. 6137 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800004 87.5969 10 312 Digital libraries store materials in electronic format. 6141 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000085224800004 55.0662 6 142 A repository is an indexed collection of objects. 6188 8_OBJECTIVE UT=000086070400005 35.9571 4 122 The analysis was conducted in two phases. 6290 8_RESULT UT=000165132100004 2578.32 324 69122 There are three specific features in the system design of the BIRS: the information visualization feature of the BIRS ( cocitation maps) to guide the end users to identify the important research groups and capture the detailed information about the intellectual structure of the search domain; the multilevel browsing feature to allow the end users to go to different levels of interesting topics; and the common user interface feature to enable the end users to search all kinds of databases regardless of different searching systems, different working platforms, different database producer and supplier, such as different Web search engines, different library OPACs, or different on-line databases, A preliminary user evaluation study of BIRS revealed that users generally found it easy to form and expand their queries, and that BIRS helped them acquire useful background information about the search domain. 6243 8_RESULT UT=000172088200003 331.282 57 7007 The results are useful in guiding nurses to use these information sources, as well as other database users with little or no experience in searching such systems. 6232 8_RESULT UT=000170642700002 296.945 49 5934 In our final evaluation, we processed data from 36 users and concluded that our prototype improved search performance over using the same search engine ( AltaVista) directly. 6282 8_RESULT UT=000073044700003 382.779 53 5799 A graphical, dynamic, Java-based interface was developed and is available for Web access, a system architecture for implementing such an agent-based spider is presented, followed by detailed discussions of benchmark testing and user evaluation results. 6193 8_RESULT UT=000086070400005 355.13 43 5359 In the second phase, to clarify the impact of this performance on filtering, different types of user profiles were created by grouping subsets of classes based on their individual classification accuracy rates. 6316 8_RESULT UT=000167198000005 350.711 52 4809 A framework is proposed for future studies that will facilitate comparison of results, The advantages of such a framework are presented, and the implications for the design of Web information retrieval systems studies are discussed. 6227 8_RESULT UT=000086838600009 223.572 36 3715 Researchers may use this method to create a knowledge base of information for a distributed expert system or one that acquires prediction information from the Internet. 6323 8_RESULT UT=000087256800004 215.957 39 3260 While document retrieval is a well-established field, this study concludes by briefly outlining how computer systems could support searches for people. 6194 8_RESULT UT=000086070400005 238.609 50 3239 Then, a filtering system with the neural network integrated into it was used to filter the medical documents and this performance was compared with the filtering results achieved using the baseline system. 6311 8_RESULT UT=000167198000006 412.325 53 3057 However, when the indexing terms are to be examined by a human as a means of accessing the literature, it greatly improves efficiency if most of the noncontent-bearing words and phrases can be eliminated from the indexing, Here we present three statistical techniques for identifying content-bearing phrases within a natural language database. 6175 8_RESULT UT=000085990100005 275.542 35 2627 Individuals experienced in on-line search are more likely to have a higher recall score with the textual interface than less experienced individuals. 6286 8_RESULT UT=000167008800006 207.338 20 2569 The three different similarity measures are compared and the properties of the newly developed similarity measure are addressed. 6250 8_RESULT UT=000167008800008 199.597 35 2424 Further enhancement of level search can be based on a pruning scheme which deletes terms connected to only one document from the query-specific submatrix. 6322 8_RESULT UT=000087256800004 216.281 26 2350 Hence: people become a critical source of information because they can explain and argue about why specific decisions were made and what purpose is served by individual parts of the design. 6304 8_RESULT UT=000076489900007 305.56 43 2339 This methodology identifies associations among publication descriptors ( indexing terms) from the ACM Computing Classification System and produces networks of descriptors that reveal these underlying patterns. 6256 8_RESULT UT=000071805500002 436.977 49 2290 Benchmark tests confirmed that three parameters ( maximum number of activated nodes, epsilon-maximum allowable error, and maximum number of iterations) were useful in positively influencing network convergence behavior without negatively impacting central processing unit performance. 6206 8_RESULT UT=000073044700002 306.872 47 1774 There were no significant differences among the precision measures far the set of documents identified by subject-suggested teams, thesaurus-suggested terms, and the combination of subject- and thesaurus-suggested terms. 6148 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 327.403 40 1732 The smallest indexing units in Chinese digital libraries are words, while the smallest units in a Chinese sentence are characters. 6204 8_RESULT UT=000073044700002 176.813 20 1731 Subjects who tried to do a directed search, and those that wanted to use the more familiar mental models ( alphabetic or hierarchical organization) far browsing, found that the map did not work well. 6152 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 182.797 28 1697 In this article, we investigate the combination and boundary detection approaches based on mutual information for segmentation. 6297 8_RESULT UT=000085224800005 405.545 38 1666 In addition, the National Library of Medicine 's SPECIALIST Lexicon was incorporated into two versions of the AZ Noun Phraser to be evaluated against the other tools as well as a nonaugmented version of the AZ Noun Phraser. 6221 8_RESULT UT=000178399500003 305.604 43 1655 This organization, in turn, generates term clusters arranged on a grid, so that each term is not only related to the others in its own cluster but also to those of neighboring clusters. 6174 8_RESULT UT=000085990100005 195.27 23 1242 In particular, on-line experience has a significant effect on the recall scores with the textual interface. 6165 8_RESULT UT=000172450000006 206.841 33 1166 The degrees of membership obtained were used to represent the terms and, by extension, the documents, yielding a smaller number of components but still endowed with meaning. 6305 8_RESULT UT=000076489900007 156.013 19 1130 This methodology is applicable to other domains with a supporting corpus of textual data. 6278 8_RESULT UT=000170123900002 188.991 26 1082 We show how all the available data can be used to simultaneously estimate both documents and queries in proportions that are optimal in a maximum likelihood sense. 6161 8_RESULT UT=000078411700006 209.548 24 1042 An evaluation of a test set of 700 criminal cases demonstrates that the algorithms have an application potential for automatic indexing, abstracting, and text linking. 6226 8_RESULT UT=000086838600009 176.051 29 1023 The results show that our approach produced the best performance according to certain performance measures. 6135 8_RESULT UT=000169032200004 162.096 27 959 Next, the concept of a " term density space " is introduced for term discrimination analysis. 6296 8_RESULT UT=000085224800005 390.496 30 950 The NLP tools evaluated were Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's ( MIT 's) Chopper, The University of Arizona 's Automatic Indexer, Lingsoft 's NPtool, and The University of Arizona 's AZ Noun Phraser. 6263 8_RESULT UT=000167187300004 161.387 21 921 The experimental results show that the combination of the heterogeneous knowledge is capable of addressing the topic shifts. 6238 8_RESULT UT=000084265200008 222.383 27 914 Some of the document representations used in the experiments described here involved the use of phrases and proper names computed using Natural Language Processing techniques. 6262 8_RESULT UT=000167187300004 157.196 19 783 Topic boundaries in a text can be identified by observing the shifts of segments from one cluster to another. 6153 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 170.092 25 752 The combination approach combines n-grams to form words with more number of characters. 6214 8_RESULT UT=000171753100005 141.026 16 743 This article introduces MetaSpider, a meta-search engine that has real-time indexing and categorizing functions. 6151 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 181.351 24 702 In Chinese, a number of characters are placed together without any delimiters indicating the boundaries between consecutive characters. 6150 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 167.447 23 685 In English or other languages using Roman or Greek-based orthographies, often, spacing reliably indicates word boundaries. 6149 8_RESULT UT=000085224800004 181.326 25 673 However, Chinese text has no delimiter to mark word boundaries as it is in English text. 6271 8_RESULT UT=000080463400002 148.89 23 620 The strategy is based on back-propagation of the relevance of retrieved documents using an algorithm developed in a neural approach. 6205 8_RESULT UT=000073044700002 103.041 14 413 The results from the concept space experiment: were especially encouraging. 6249 8_RESULT UT=000167008800008 76.6004 13 379 However, for some document collections an increase in precision has also been observed. 6277 8_RESULT UT=000170123900002 120.918 13 344 In this paper, we resolve the question using a maximum likelihood framework. 6215 8_RESULT UT=000171753100005 151.365 17 322 We report in this paper the major components of MetaSpider and discuss related technical approaches. 6233 8_RESULT UT=000170642700002 150.697 14 243 We also analyzed effects of various related demographic and task related parameters. 6184 8_RESULT UT=000078081000006 146.281 12 202 The unification problem is re-framed as resulting from a lack of theory regarding the relationship of two sorts of data, absolute and relative. 6192 8_RESULT UT=000086070400005 64.3321 7 193 however, classification accuracy varied across classes. 6176 8_RESULT UT=000085990100005 122.543 11 184 No significant main effects were found for spatial ability and associative memory. 6270 8_RESULT UT=000080463400002 79.4783 8 108 In this paper, a relevance feedback strategy is presented. 6183 8_RESULT UT=000078081000006 65.9018 5 40 In this work, we propose a new unified model. 6337 9_CONCLUSION UT=000248247400006 107.12 40 1508 It is argued that a subject-dependent/ situation specific understanding of information is best suited to fulfill the needs in information science and that it is urgent for us to base Information Science ( IS; or Library and Information Science, LIS) on this alternative theoretical frame. 6350 9_CONCLUSION UT=000250741100005 53.2859 17 381 The concrete example of application of the domain-analytic approach to subject analysis in IS to the aesthetic evaluation of works of information arts is used to support this argument. 6358 9_CONCLUSION UT=000206467600009 32.1359 12 135 Originality/ value - This paper suggests a new perspective on the role of meaning in IR: the dialectical model. 6333 9_CONCLUSION UT=000246242400005 20.7762 9 90 Originality/ value - The paper questions one of the old dogmas of the field. 6344 9_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500004 15.1463 4 16 A set of four propositions are advanced to describe the mechanisms. 6332 9_CONCLUSION UT=000246242400005 11.3597 3 9 The received view on Bradford 's law needs to be revised. 6345 9_CONCLUSION UT=000246678500004 3.78657 1 1 The implications are discussed. 6347 9_METHOD UT=000250741100005 229.639 52 2294 By utilizing a concrete example from the High Accuracy Retrieval from Documents ( HARD) track of a Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC), the author suggests that the " bag of words " approach to information retrieval ( IR) and techniques such as relevance feedback have significant limitations in expressing and resolving complex user information needs. 6335 9_METHOD UT=000248247400006 124.504 34 1153 The conflict between objective and subjective ways of understanding information corresponds to the conflict between an understanding of information as a thing or a substance versus an understanding of it as a sign. 6348 9_METHOD UT=000250741100005 94.4246 28 904 He argues that a comprehensive analysis of information needs involves explicating often implicit assumptions made by the authors of scholarly documents, as well as everyday texts such as news articles. 6351 9_METHOD UT=000181925300004 120.012 28 808 In a critical analysis of the recent development and deployment of the North American Industry Classification System, this article focuses on the discourse surrounding the creation of the system 's " information " category. 6355 9_METHOD UT=000206467600009 74.9385 17 405 Findings - A dialectical understanding of meaning can assist in clarifying some aspects of the complex nature of current IR theory. 6329 9_METHOD UT=000246242400005 92.3684 20 387 The results of two empirical tests ( Bradford analyses) demonstrate that different operationalizations of the concept of " subject " produce quite different lists of core-journals. 6363 9_METHOD UT=000186515800007 55.8098 16 298 The author provides a critique of opinions on the nature of IS as a discipline, using Biglan 's categories as a framework. 6354 9_METHOD UT=000206467600009 45.8873 12 225 Design/ methodology/ approach - Conceptual analysis and literature review. 6328 9_METHOD UT=000246242400005 54.7733 13 193 Findings - Literature studies reveal that the concept of " subject " has never been explicitly addressed in relation to Bradford 's law. 6340 9_METHOD UT=000246678500004 67.0746 13 151 The extant research has taken cognitive and behavioral perspectives to study information-seeking behavior, and observed its dynamics in multiple sessions. 6362 9_METHOD UT=000186515800007 37.3664 12 150 Indicators of a discipline are summarized and Biglan 's categorization of disciplines is explained. 6361 9_METHOD UT=000186515800007 41.4954 9 94 Two visions of the impact of IS are presented to illustrate a key problem area addressed by the discipline. 6341 9_METHOD UT=000246678500004 27.6008 7 67 However, the underlying mechanisms that govern the dynamics of information-seeking behavior are not well understood. 6334 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000248247400006 88.3453 28 737 This article contrasts Bates ' understanding of information as an observer-independent phenomenon with an understanding of information as situational, put forward by, among others, Bateson, Yovits, Spang-Hanssen, Brier, Buckland, Goguen, and Hjorland. 6353 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000206467600009 62.3355 26 581 Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of whether the often paradoxical and conceptually contradictory discipline of information retrieval ( IR) can be understood more clearly when it is analyzed from a dialectical perspective. 6346 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000250741100005 60.0084 21 460 In the article, the author aims to clarify some of the issues surrounding the discussion regarding the usefulness of a substantive classification theory in information science ( IS) by means of a broad perspective. 6359 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000186515800007 34.2786 17 324 The author aims to review the status of information science ( IS) as a discipline, with particular focus on the UK. 6326 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000246242400005 56.4171 17 318 Purpose - The purpose of this research is to examine the practical potentials of Bradford 's law in relation to core-journal identification. 6338 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500004 31.2939 11 130 Human information-seeking behavior is a topic of increasing interest in many disciplines. 6327 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000246242400005 43.1469 10 107 Design/ methodollogy/ approach - Literature studies and empirical tests ( Bradford analyses). 6360 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000186515800007 12.286 6 72 A consideration of the discipline begins by comparing definitions of IS. 6339 9_OBJECTIVE UT=000246678500004 14.1801 4 23 However, the dynamics of this behavior remain elusive. 6352 9_RESULT UT=000181925300004 139.683 34 1051 A close reading of the relevant government documents suggests that the category functions simultaneously to position information as a major sector of the economy and to organize data about information as a commodity, The discourse also points to the continuing complexities involved in conceptualizing information as a measurable object. 6343 9_RESULT UT=000246678500004 96.0345 23 547 This framework is not only comprehensive and integrated, but also offers an explanation of the mechanisms governing the interaction between users ' cognitive states and their manifested behavior when using an information retrieval system. 6342 9_RESULT UT=000246678500004 77.0594 22 512 With a focus on interactive information retrieval behavior, this study proposes an integrated framework based on activity theory. 6336 9_RESULT UT=000248247400006 84.1172 22 495 It is a fundamental distinction that involves a whole theory of knowledge, and it has roots back to different metaphors applied in Shannon 's information theory. 6367 9_RESULT UT=000186515800007 91.7571 15 223 Factors considered are: evidence of networks and communities of practice; the name and standing of academic departments and courses; artefacts and personal identification. 6366 9_RESULT UT=000186515800007 59.368 14 196 The last section of the paper reviews the state of IS in the UK, drawing on evidence and on personal experience. 6356 9_RESULT UT=000206467600009 78.4364 14 185 Research limitations/ implications - Philosophy has the potential to explore the conflicts and contradictions in IR and should not be used just as a means of synthesis and resolution. 6357 9_RESULT UT=000206467600009 77.2194 12 146 The use of the philosophy of meaning should include a broader understanding of the philosophical oppositions which lie behind the nature of meaning. 6365 9_RESULT UT=000186515800007 54.3645 11 127 This section of the paper concludes by considering disciplinary boundaries and the international scope of the discipline. 6349 9_RESULT UT=000250741100005 44.315 9 120 He also argues that progress in IS can be furthered by developing general theories that are applicable to multiple domains. 6364 9_RESULT UT=000186515800007 44.8303 11 117 The author contrasts the views of those who see the discipline as problematically fragmented and those who envision a discipline of fruitfully interlinked specialisms. 6331 9_RESULT UT=000246242400005 50.5779 10 102 Practical implications - Bradford analysis can no longer be regarded as an objective and neutral method. 6368 9_RESULT UT=000186515800007 43.6133 9 93 The author concludes by identifying particular challenges for IS in the UK and indicates areas for research. 6330 9_RESULT UT=000246242400005 43.6133 9 85 Further, an empirical test reveals that Bradford analyses function discriminatorily against minority views.